Deck 32: Digestion and Nutrition

Question 1

Compare a small animal that soaks up food from its external environment with an animal with a tube type digestive system.What is/are the major advantage(s)of having a tube?

A) it isolates the food the organism ingests.
B) it permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions.
C) it permits more time for chemical action.
D) additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible.
E) All of the choices are advantages.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Both nerves and hormones serve in biological communication,but they carry out different functions.Which of the follow best describes the relationship of nerves and hormones?

A) any organic debris in the ocean.
B) plant and animal microorganisms drifting in the ocean.
C) a group of filter-feeding microorganisms.
D) oceanic bacteria.
E) seaweed.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are

A) formed in the large intestine.
B) absorbed directly into the blood.
C) absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system.
D) absorbed only when glucose is not present.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An egg-eating snake carefully retracts its teeth and engulfs a bird egg whole.Once it has completely closed its mouth,it can then break the eggshell internally and let the liquid contents move down the digestive tract.To avoid having the sharp pieces of eggshell proceed to the stomach,it must regurgitate them before they pass the

A) small intestine.
B) epiglottis.
C) cardiac sphincter.
D) pyloric sphincter.
E) esophagus.

Question 5

Salivary amylase would begin the digestion of

A) fats.
B) milk.
C) starches.
D) proteins.
E) All of the choices would begin to digest.

Question 6

Which of the following is an inward folding of the dorsal intestinal wall of an earthworm that enhances food absorption by increasing the surface area of the intestine?

A) villi.
B) cannula.
C) pylorus.
D) typhlosole.
E) fistula.

Question 7

Digestive enzymes

A) are hydrolases.
B) break chemical bonds by adding water across them.
C) break specific bonds.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 8

Which represents the proper sequence of teeth from the front to the back of a mammal's mouth if all are present?

A) Incisors, canines, molars, premolars
B) Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
C) Canines, incisors, premolars, molars
D) Canines, incisors, molars, premolars
E) Incisors, premolars, canines, molar

Question 9

Which of the following digestive enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate?

A) pepsin-protein.
B) trypsin-nucleic acid.
C) salivary amylase-starch.
D) lipase-fat.
E) rennin-milk.

Question 10

The evolution of an alimentary system is primarily to allow

A) storage of food before digestion.
B) intracellular digestion.
C) extracellular digestion.
D) filter feeding.
E) fluid feeding.

Question 11

When a food molecule is split by a digestive enzyme

A) water is produced.
B) water is used.
C) proteins are produced.
D) food calories are produced.
E) simple sugars are broken apart.

Question 12

What is the role of HCl in the stomach?

A) symptom of a digestive disorder.
B) only to cause stomach ulcers.
C) digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes fats.
D) aids in the digestion of starch.
E) activates the digestive enzyme pepsinogen, a precursor to pepsin.

Question 13

Examples of a suspension feeder and a deposit feeder would be,respectively,

A) clams and fish
B) polychaete annelid and earthworms.
C) earthworms and rotifers.
D) basking sharks and rotifers.
E) earthworms and clams.

Question 14

In the stomach

A) most of the food is digested.
B) most of the nutrients are absorbed.
C) protein digestion begins.
D) carbohydrate digestion is completed.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

The main function of the esophagus is to

A) digest proteins.
B) digest carbohydrates.
C) transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine.
D) transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
E) transport food from the stomach to the large intestine.

Question 16

In the small intestine

A) food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed.
B) there is no digestion, but nutrients are absorbed.
C) mostly water is absorbed.
D) considerable bacterial action occurs on the food.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The distinction between segmentation and peristalsis (as digestive processes)is mainly

A) separating versus rejoining lumps of food.
B) forward movement versus backward movement.
C) holding useful food versus moving wastes along.
D) dividing and squeezing contents of the intestine in one place versus moving food along.
E) before versus after saliva is added.

Question 18

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

A) pharynx.
B) uvula.
C) epiglottis.
D) glottis.
E) soft palate.

Question 19

A bird,insect or worm gizzard is a

A) food storage area.
B) site of food molecule absorption comparable to our small intestine.
C) food crushing and grinding organ.
D) site of water absorption similar to our large intestine.

Question 20

The end products of fat digestion are

A) simple sugars.
B) amino acids.
C) only long chain fatty acids.
D) fatty acids and glycerol and monoglycerides.
E) water and carbon dioxide.

Question 21

Canine teeth are adapted for seizing and piercing prey and then _________ meat.

Question 22

The release of secretin is stimulated by the action of

A) the alkaline material in the duodenum.
B) the bile.
C) muscular contractions in the stomach.
D) nerves to the duodenum.
E) strong acid and food in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 23

At body temperature,which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?

A) protein, water, pepsin.
B) protein, HCl, carboxylase.
C) protein, bile, lipase.
D) protein, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 24

Nearly all animals are ________ organisms that depend on already synthesized organic compounds.

Question 25

The liver produces bile,which functions to

A) eliminate particles of dead red blood cells.
B) help emulsify or break down fats for digestion.
C) color the feces.
D) All of the choices are liver functions.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 26

Vitamins are classified based on

A) whether they affect carbohydrates or proteins.
B) how much they are required.
C) the amount of energy they contain.
D) whether they are water or fat soluble.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Brown fat appears to be specialized for which function?

A) the storage of carbohydrates.
B) the storage of fatty acids.
C) the storage of glycerol.
D) the storage of glycogen.
E) generation of heat.

Question 28

Vitamins are

A) complex proteins.
B) required in large amounts.
C) a ready source of energy.
D) associated with some enzymes and function as coenzymes.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

CCK is

A) a polypeptide hormone.
B) very similar to gastrin.
C) secreted by endocrine cells in the walls of the upper small intestine.
D) secreted in response to fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 30

Saliva contains the enzyme ____________.

Question 31

Which of these do the pancreatic enzymes digest?

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) All of these choices are correct.
E) The pancreatic enzymes do not digest any of these molecules.

Question 32

Secretin,gastrin,and CCK in humans are all

A) enzymes used to digest food.
B) hormones that control digestive secretions.
C) breakdown products of digestion.
D) produced in the gut by an acidic pH.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following absorb water and ions in insects?

A) Typhlosole
B) Malpighian tubules
C) Micelles
D) Rectal glands
E) None of the choices are correct

Question 34

Villi serve to

A) produce enzymes and absorb nutrients.
B) secrete bile.
C) produce antibodies.
D) synthesize vitamins.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 35

Vitamins

A) are not sources of energy but are often associated with activity of important enzymes.
B) are chemicals which all animals can synthesize.
C) are chemicals which only humans need.
D) are the basic 20 amino acids which an animal cannot synthesize itself.
E) are considered sources of energy similar to carbohydrates and fats.

Question 36

At body temperature,which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion?

A) fat, bile, sodium bicarbonate, lipase.
B) fat, bile, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin.
C) fat, HCl, maltase.
D) fat, bile, HCl, sodium bicarbonate, and trypsin.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 37

The large intestine functions mainly in

A) digestion of fats and proteins.
B) digestion of carbohydrates.
C) absorption of water and vitamin production.
D) absorption of amino acids.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 38

Secretin functions to stimulate the

A) release of bile to hydrolyze proteins.
B) release of alkaline pancreatic juices to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
C) release of gastrin.
D) release of CCK.
E) pituitary to control the pancreas.

Question 39

Microvilli form a brush-like border on the cells of the

A) esophagus.
B) stomach.
C) duodenum.
D) tongue.
E) pharynx.

Question 40

Starches are digested to _______,which is/are converted to ______ in the liver,which is/are broken down to be released as _______ in the blood,respectively.

A) glucose, glycogen, glucose
B) glucose, amino acids, glucose
C) glycogen, glucose, glucose
D) amino acids, glucose, glycogen
E) glucose, glycogen, glycogen

Question 41

Distinguish between the following: herbivory,carnivory,omnivory.

Question 42

The feces of a horse are rather dry and fiber laden while the feces of a cow are diarrheic and eventually dry into a "cowpie." Why would the feces of two animals grazing on the same pasture be so different in water content?

Question 43

Digestion in the small intestine is accomplished by enzymes produced by the intestine and the ________.

Question 44

The diet of animals must include carbohydrates,proteins,fats,water,mineral salts,and ___________.

Question 45

The small plants and animals that drift in the ocean's current and provide food for many filter feeders are collectively called ____________.

Question 46

The pancreatic juice contains two powerful proteases,trypsin and ____________.

Question 47

Describe one mechanism for regulating food intake.

Question 48

The earthworm increases the surface area of its intestine by this dorsal fold called a _____________.

Question 49

Distinguish between the following: autotroph,phototroph,chemotroph,heterotroph.

Question 50

A milk-curdling enzyme found in the stomach of ruminant mammals is ____________.

Question 51

With normal people an increased caloric intake is dissipated as excess heat by a diffuse tissue called ______ ______.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the feeding strategies of suspension feeders versus filter feeders.

Question 53

Describe the unique pathway for the digestion of fat molecules and indicate why they are not completely broken down,as are other food molecules.

Question 54

Nutrients that are needed for normal growth and maintenance and that must be supplied in the diet are called ____________.

Question 55

Blood is a rich food supply but it also readily clots.How does a mosquito or leech solve this problem?

Question 56

One of the membrane enzymes that originates in the microvillus membrane of the small intestine splits terminal amino acids from the amino end of short peptides and is called ____________.

Question 57

Outline the action of the major digestive enzymes.

Question 58

Gastric juice contains both hydrochloric acid and ____________.

Question 59

The most characteristic gut movement is _________.

Question 60

Is the fact that humans are classified as omnivores supported by the fact that humans are heterodonts?

Question 61

List the hormones involved in the regulation of digestion.

Question 62

Discuss the possible relationship between fatty diets and the disease known as atherosclerosis.

Question 63

Discuss the function of white adipose and brown adipose tissue.Why should there be two versions of "fat?"

Question 64

What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins? How does this affect the dosage recommended for human consumption?

Question 65

Discuss the current evidence that the increase in fast food meals,larger portion sizes,and more sedentary life style is positively correlated with the prevalence of obesity in developed countries such as the USA.

Question 66

Outline the process of digestion of fats.

Question 67

Outline the process of digestion of carbohydrates.

Question 68

Describe the major compartments and functions of the human digestive system,beginning with the tongue and pharynx.

Question 69

Outline the process of digestion of proteins.