Deck 29: A: Central Nervous System Smoke on the Brain

Question 1

Do you believe that addiction is an illness? Use your knowledge of the physiology of addiction to support your answer.

Answer 1

Answers will vary.One example is that addiction is associated with alterations in brain chemistry and in the levels of certain neurotransmitters and receptors.Since these are altered from what is normal,addiction is an illness and affects one's mental health.

Question 2

Does knowing more about the physiology of addiction change your attitudes about it? Provide examples of how addiction affects the brain and body.

Answer 2

Answers will vary.One example is that after prolonged use,drugs of abuse change the structure and function of the brain in ways that can wreak havoc on user's lives.

Question 3

When smoking,nicotine passes from the lungs to the _______.

A) heart
B) bloodstream
C) white blood cells
D) blastocysts
E) stomach

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The central nervous system is composed of the _______ and the _______.

A) spinal cord, peripheral nerves
B) sensory nerves; motor nerves
C) interneurons; motor nerves
D) brain; spinal cord
E) cerebral; spinal cord

Question 5

People who receive a sharp blow to the elbow will sometimes feel their pinky and third finger go numb.The injury that causes this happens to the ________.

A) central nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) sensory neurons
D) motor neurons
E) spinal cord

Question 6

Sensory receptors in your skin belong to the _______.

A) central nervous system
B) spinal cord
C) peripheral nervous system
D) effector system
E) None of the above.

Question 7

Sensory neurons and motor neurons are part of the _______.

A) peripheral nervous system
B) cerebral cortex
C) limbic system
D) cerebellum
E) C and D

Question 8

Sensory input is received by the _______ nervous system.

A) central
B) polar
C) involuntary
D) peripheral
E) cerebral

Question 9

When you jerk your hand away from a hot surface,the path taken from stimulus to action is _______.

A) central nervous system to peripheral nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system to central nervous system
C) central nervous system to peripheral nervous system and back to central nervous system
D) peripheral nervous system to central nervous system and back to peripheral nervous system
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Suppose you are walking on the beach and step on a piece of broken glass.Describe the path that nervous impulses would take in causing you to jerk your foot up.Make sure to describe the kinds of cells involved.

Question 11

Most of a neuron's organelles are contained in the _______.

A) myelin sheath vacuole
B) axon
C) cell body
D) axon hillock
E) synaptic cleft

Question 12

Which of the following correctly lists the steps by which nicotine from cigarettes reaches the pleasure centers of the brain?

A) Nicotine moves to the lungs, travels to the brain, is absorbed into the bloodstream, and travels throughout the body.
B) Nicotine moves to the lungs, is absorbed into the bloodstream, and travels to the brain and the rest of the body.
C) Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream, moves to the lungs, and travels to the brain and the rest of the body.
D) Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream and travels simultaneously to the lungs, brain, and rest of the body.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

_______ control contractions of skeletal muscle.

A) Interneurons
B) Glial cells
C) Potassium ions
D) Motor neurons
E) Skeletal neurons

Question 14

An example of an effector cell is_______.

A) a motor neuron
B) a sensory neuron
C) a muscle cell
D) A and D
E) A and B

Question 15

The nervous system is composed of two parts,the _______ and the _______.

A) sensory; central
B) central; peripheral
C) central; peripheral
D) motor; central
E) brain; nerves

Question 16

Muscle cells that respond to signals from the central nervous system are examples of _______.

A) sensory receptors
B) peripheral nervous system
C) central nervous system
D) effector cells
E) None of the above.

Question 17

A difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems is that _________.

A) the peripheral nervous system contains neurons, unlike the central nervous system
B) the peripheral nervous system is not involved in regulating body functions
C) the neurons of central nervous system use neurotransmitters
D) the central nervous system only contains receiving neurons
E) None of the above.

Question 18

The general flow of information through the nervous system is from _____ to _____ to _____.

A) sensory receptors; the brain; the peripheral nervous system
B) the central nervous system; the brain; effector cells
C) the peripheral nervous system; the central nervous system; effector cells
D) the peripheral nervous system; effector cells; the central nervous system
E) the central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system; effector cells

Question 19

The central nervous system consists of ________ ,whereas the peripheral nervous system consists of _______.

A) the brain, spinal cord, and other nervous tissue; peripheral nerves
B) the brain and spinal cord; effector cells
C) all nervous tissue; effector cells
D) the brain and spinal cord; peripheral nerves
E) effector cells; sensory cells

Question 20

The ___________ connects the peripheral nervous system to the rest of the central nervous system.

A) brain
B) brain stem
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum
E) spinal cord

Question 21

Sensory neurons _______.

A) convey information to the central nervous system
B) are part of the peripheral nervous system
C) are part of the central nervous system
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 22

Use the diagram to answer Questions 31-35.

Which of the following gives the name and number of the labeled structure that transmits nerve signals along the length of the neuron?

A) cell body/2
B) myelin sheath/3
C) myelin sheath/4
D) axon/5
E) axon/6

Question 23

An axon is to a telephone line as myelin is to _______.

A) a telephone
B) a telephone switchboard
C) rubber wire insulation
D) telephone poles
E) a telephone jack

Question 24

________ are a fatty layer insulating neurons and increasing efficiency.

A) Axon hillocks
B) Cell bodies
C) Dendrites
D) Axon terminals
E) Myelin sheaths

Question 25

The support cells protecting neurons are called _______ cells.

A) glial
B) myelin
C) axial
D) neuroblasts
E) axons

Question 26

Sensory input comes into a neuron at the _______.

A) axon hillocks
B) cell bodies
C) dendrites
D) axon terminals
E) myelin sheaths

Question 27

What is an action potential?

Question 28

Use the diagram to answer Questions 31-35.

Which of the labeled structures is the cell body?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 29

Axon is to electrical cord as _________ is to electrical plug.

A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) myelin
D) axon terminal
E) A and B

Question 30

Motor neurons _______.

A) control the contraction of skeletal muscle
B) control the contraction of cardiac muscle
C) are part of the central nervous system
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 31

What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

Question 32

When a neuron is activated,it goes from having _______ internal charge to having _______ internal charge.

A) a positive; a more positive
B) a negative; a more negative
C) a positive; a negative
D) a negative; a positive
E) a positive; no

Question 33

When a neuron is activated,_______ ions rush into the cell.

A) chloride
B) boron
C) sodium
D) potassium
E) phosphate

Question 34

Two neurons interact with each other at the _______.

A) axon hillocks
B) cell bodies
C) dendrites
D) axon terminals
E) myelin sheaths

Question 35

Use the diagram to answer Questions 31-35.

Which of the following gives the name and number of the labeled structure that insulates the axon and makes neuronal signaling more efficient?

A) axon/6
B) axon/4
C) myelin sheath/4
D) myelin sheath/6
E) cell body/3

Question 36

Use the diagram to answer Questions 31-35.

Which of the labeled structures are the dendrites?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 37

The root word in dendrite means "tree." Explain why this is an appropriate name.

Question 38

The nucleus of a neuron is found in the _______.

A) axon hillocks
B) cell body
C) dendrites
D) axon terminals
E) myelin sheaths

Question 39

A bundle of specialized cells that transmit information are called _______.

A) an interneuron
B) the central nervous system
C) a cell body
D) the corpus luteus
E) a nerve

Question 40

Use the diagram to answer Questions 31-35.

Which of the following gives the name and number of the labeled structure(s)that communicate(s)with the next cell in the signaling pathway?

A) dendrites/1
B) axon terminals/1
C) dendrites/6
D) axon terminals/6
E) cell body/3

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala
E) thalamus

Question 42

The part of the brain that receives and interprets sensory input is the _______.

A) thalamus
B) brain stem
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum
E) pons

Question 43

What is the diencephalon?

Question 44

Explain the steps required for smoking to cause a feeling of pleasure.

Question 45

The amygdala processes _______.

A) temperature fluctuations
B) input from the olfactory nerves
C) fear and anxiety
D) the sex drive
E) memory and learning

Question 46

Release of dopamine in the brain leads to feelings of _______.

A) anxiety
B) lethargy
C) pleasure
D) fear
E) loathing

Question 47

Action potentials travel down axons because _______.

A) sensory signals stimulate axons at many points along their lengths
B) potassium moves rapidly down the length of the axon, triggering action potentials as it does so
C) sodium moves rapidly down the length of the axon, triggering action potentials as it does so
D) positive sodium ions entering the neuron at one spot trigger an action potential at a neighboring spot on the membrane
E) positive potassium ions entering the neuron at one spot trigger an action potential at a neighboring spot on the membrane

Question 48

An action potential at one point along a neuron's membrane ends when _______.

A) sodium channels open and sodium enters the neuron
B) sodium channels open and sodium exits the neuron
C) potassium channels open and potassium enters the neuron
D) potassium channels open and potassium exits the neuron
E) sodium channels close and sodium is pumped out of the neuron

Question 49

The largest part of the forebrain is the _______.

A) thalamus
B) brain stem
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum
E) pons

Question 50

Nicotine causes a release of _______ in the brain.

A) melatonin
B) boron
C) neurons
D) dopamine
E) ephedrine

Question 51

The proper path for an action potential is _________.

A) axon terminals to axon to dendrites
B) axon to axon terminals to dendrites
C) dendrites to axon terminals to axon
D) dendrites to axon to axon terminals
E) Either A or D

Question 52

The region of the brain involved in learning and memory is the _______.

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) medulla
E) hippocampus

Question 53

An action potential begins when,in response to a stimulus,_______.

A) sodium channels open and sodium enters the neuron
B) sodium channels open and sodium exits the neuron
C) potassium channels open and potassium enters the neuron
D) potassium channels open and potassium exits the neuron
E) sodium channels close and sodium is pumped out of the neuron

Question 54

In the propagation of an action potential,the entering of ________ into the neuron stimulates _________.

A)sodium ions; entering of more sodium ions
B)potassium ions; entering of sodium ions
C)sodium ions; entering of potassium ions
D)A and C.
E)None of the above.

Question 55

The region of the brain that regulates homeostatic functions and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus is the _______.

A) diencephalon
B) encephalartos
C) medulla
D) parietal lobe
E) pons

Question 56

The arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal stimulates _______.

A) the release of sodium ions
B) the uptake of neurotransmitters
C) the release of neurotransmitters
D) A and B
E) A and C

Question 57

An action potential is best defined as _______.

A) the difference in charge across a resting neuron due to the distribution of ions across the neuron's membrane
B) the opening of sodium channels in response to a stimulus
C) the closing of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels
D) an electrical signal within a neuron caused by the movement of ions
E) None of the above.

Question 58

A resting neuron _______.

A) is more positively charged on the outside of its membrane than on the inside
B) is more negatively charged on the outside of its membrane than on the inside
C) is positively charged on both sides of the membrane
D) is negatively charged on both sides of the membrane
E) is electrically neutral

Question 59

Compare an action potential to the sodium potassium pump.

Question 60

What are the parts of the limbic system?

Question 61

The primary neurotransmitter of addiction is _______.

A) acetylcholine (Ach)
B) nicotine
C) dopamine
D) egotamine
E) GABA

Question 62

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This is the limbic system.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9

Question 63

Neurotransmitters are released _______.

A) into the next neuron
B) into the synaptic cleft
C) right before an action potential reaches the synaptic region
D) whenever magnesium ions enter the neuron
E) into interneuron vesicles

Question 64

When you step on a nail,a series of electrical signals are generated that tell you to raise your foot,but also that signal pain and tell you to change your balance and strengthen your other leg.Explain this,using the following terms: peripheral nervous system,pain neuron,central nervous system,motor neuron,axon terminal,synaptic cleft,action potential,and neurotransmitter.

Question 65

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This region is involved in memory,learning,and the processing of emotions.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9

Question 66

The region between two neurons is known as the _______.

A) synapse
B) axon canyon
C) synaptic cleft
D) neurotransmitter
E) synaptic vacuole

Question 67

List and describe the steps by which a neuron transmits an action potential (AP)to a neighboring cell.

Question 68

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This is the brain stem.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7

Question 69

Use the diagram to answer Question 78.

Structures 1,2,and 3 on the diagram are,in order,_______.

A) neurotransmitter receptor, synaptic cleft, synapse
B) neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter receptor, synaptic cleft
C) dopamine, synaptic cleft, VTA
D) neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft, sodium channel
E) neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter receptor

Question 70

The synaptic cleft is the area where _______.

A) an axon terminal nearly touches a receiving neuron
B) the electrical charge of an action potential moves through an axon to the receiving neuron
C) neurotransmitters are released to stimulate a receiving neuron
D) A and C
E) B and C

Question 71

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This is the prefrontal cortex.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7

Question 72

It is TRUE to say that _______.

A)sodium ions; entering of more sodium ions
B)potassium ions; entering of sodium ions
C)sodium ions; entering of potassium ions
D)A and C.
E)None of the above.

Question 73

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This region controls higher-level functions like thinking.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 74

A pharmaceutical company is developing an anti-addiction drug that lowers dopamine reception in the limbic system.This drug will most likely _________.

A)work very well because the limbic system is one of the main centers of the brain responsible for addiction
B)not work very well because lowered dopamine release is caused by most drugs of abuse
C)work very well because reducing dopamine sensitivity should help people break their addiction
D)not work very well because many different regions in the brain are involved in addiction
E)A and C.

Question 75

The primary neurotransmitter of addiction is produced in the _______ and affects the _______.

A) prefrontal cortex; limbic system
B) nucleus accumbens; limbic system and prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum; nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system
D) ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system
E) ventral tegmental area; hippocampus

Question 76

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This region controls movement,coordination,and balance.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7

Question 77

The ________ is responsible for conscious thought,whereas the ________ is involved with coordination of movement.

A) brainstem; cerebellum
B) cerebrum; cerebellum
C) limbic system; ventral tegumental area
D) cerebrum; diencephalon
E) limbic system; prefrontal cortex

Question 78

Use the diagram to answer Questions 62-68.

This is the diencephalon.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 79

What is a neurotransmitter?

Question 80

The _________ is sometimes referred to as the "old brain" because it is evolutionarily the oldest and controls basic body functions like heart rate and unconscious breathing.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebrum
C) cerebral cortex
D) brain stem
E) ventral tegumental area