Deck 8: Genes to Proteins Medicine From Milk

Question 1

Many human proteins are in the range of

A) 100-200 amino acids.
B) 200-250 amino acids.
C) 250-300 amino acids.
D) 50-100 amino acids.
E) 400-450 amino acids.

Answer 1

400-450 amino acids.

Question 2

The shape and function of a protein is determined by its ...................................

Answer 2

amino acid sequence

Question 3

A mutation in a gene results in a protein with a distorted three-dimensional structure.What is the likely effect of that mutation on the cell,and why?

Answer 3

The overall structure of a protein is very specifically related to its function.A mutation that distorts the three-dimensional structure of a protein could disrupt the activity of the protein's normal function.

Question 4

All proteins begin with the amino acid

A) glycine (gly).
B) valine (val).
C) leucine (leu).
D) methionine (met).
E) proline (pro).

Question 5

The sequence of its amino acids determines the shape of a protein.

Question 6

Most of a cell's work is carried out by _____,which are made from many _____.

A) proteins; amino acids
B) proteins; nucleic acids
C) amino acids; nucleic acids
D) nucleic acids; nucleotides
E) nucleic acids; amino acids

Question 7

A mutation in the gene for insulin results in a protein with a drastically distorted three-dimensional shape.What is the most likely outcome?

A) The insulin protein will not function properly.
B) Other proteins will be mutated to replace it.
C) There will be no effect; the shape is rarely important.
D) The effect will be minor, and the protein will mostly function.
E) None of the above.

Question 8

How many different amino acids are responsible for making up the thousands of different proteins found in a cell?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 15
D) 20
E) thousands

Question 9

Proteins do all of the following tasks EXCEPT

A) carry out chemical reactions.
B) store information.
C) regulate processes within the body.
D) help blood to clot.
E) give structure to cells, such as hair, skin, and muscle.

Question 10

The function of a protein does NOT depend on

A) its gene's DNA sequence.
B) the protein's three-dimensional shape.
C) its gene's regulatory sequence.
D) the sequence of the amino acids.
E) accurate messenger RNA expression.

Question 11

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by

A) the kind of ribosomes that build it.
B) how other enzymes react with it and shape it.
C) the order of amino acids and how it folds up.
D) the type of cell that makes it.
E) the cell's water content.

Question 12

How does the sequence of amino acids in a protein influence the way it folds?

Question 13

The shape of proteins

A) determines what they can do and how they function.
B) can be formed by more than one folded chain of amino acids.
C) is determined by the side groups on its amino acids.
D) can be altered by a change in gene sequence.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

Most tasks in a cell are carried out by

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) DNA.
D) lipids.
E) membranes.

Question 15

Proteins are linear chains made out of

A) lipids.
B) carbohydrates.
C) amino acids.
D) nucleotides.
E) deoxyribonucleotides.

Question 16

What is a protein?

A) a macromolecule that is made from various nucleotides
B) a macromolecule that is made from various amino acids
C) a molecule that plays only a minor role in cellular function
D) a molecule that comes in many shapes but is always the same size
E) a molecule that comes in many sizes but is always the same shape

Question 17

What are amino acids?

A) sequences of DNA that help determine the function of proteins
B) proteins, which in turn aid in making other proteins
C) building blocks used to construct proteins
D) a type of chemical used to break down cellular wastes
E) small sugar molecules important in cellular function

Question 18

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Some proteins contain more than one amino acid chain.
B) A protein's function can be altered by just one amino acid change.
C) The side chains of amino acids are responsible for protein folding.
D) All proteins begin with the amino acid methionine.
E) All proteins fold into the same basic three-dimensional shape.

Question 19

In your body,what kind of molecule acts as an enzyme,helps to transport other molecules,and gives structural support in many cells?

A) sugar
B) protein
C) lipid
D) nucleic acid
E) carbohydrate

Question 20

Amino acid side groups

A) help determine the structure of the protein and its function.
B) can be found throughout an individual's DNA.
C) are the parts that are linked together to form long chains.
D) will be removed when amino acids are linked together.
E) are the same for every amino acid, to allow efficient packing.

Question 21

A functioning allele on one chromosome

A) can prevent a disease.
B) can cause a protein deficiency disease.
C) can never be inherited by the offspring.
D) can never make up for a defective allele.
E) is usually inherited from the mother.

Question 22

______ contain(s)many ______,and ______ are instructions for producing ______.

A) Chromosomes; genes; genes; proteins
B) DNA; chromosomes; chromosomes; genes
C) DNA; genes; genes; chromosomes
D) Genes; proteins; chromosomes; genes
E) Proteins; genes; chromosomes; proteins

Question 23

Chromosomes contain genes; genes have the information for making _______.

Question 24

What is gene expression?

Question 25

The coding sequence of a gene is the portion of the DNA that

A) determines the timing, amount, and location of the protein produced.
B) acts like an "on/off" switch for gene expression.
C) specifies the shape and function of a protein.
D) encodes for carbohydrates.
E) is removed prior to transcription.

Question 26

Explain the function of DNA.

Question 27

If a person has an antithrombin deficiency,what is the likelihood that both alleles are defective?

A) 50%
B) 100%
C) 25%
D) 75%
E) 0%

Question 28

Genes

A) are found on chromosomes.
B) are templates for messenger RNA.
C) contain the instructions for making proteins.
D) are part of DNA.
E) All of the above.

Question 29

Antithrombin deficiency results when a person inherits two defective alleles of the antithrombin gene.What do you think would happen if a person had one defective allele and the other allele was functional?

Question 30

Lactose intolerance results when a person inherits two defective alleles for the lactase gene.Normally,this gene produces the enzyme lactase,which breaks down lactose during digestion.What would most likely happen if a person had one defective allele and the other allele was functional?

A) The person would not digest lactose at all.
B) The person would digest less lactose than normal.
C) The person would make lactase but not use it.
D) The person would make more lactase than normal.
E) The person would make no lactase but could digest lactose.

Question 31

Alleles are alternate versions of _____ gene(s)that have ____ nucleotide sequences.

A) different; the same
B) different; completely different
C) different; small differences in their
D) the same; completely different
E) the same; small differences in their

Question 32

A gene is

A) a section of DNA.
B) a set of instructions for building a protein.
C) the way you inherit a physical feature.
D) located on a chromosome.
E) All of the above.

Question 33

What is a gene?

A) a segment of RNA that encodes several proteins
B) a segment of DNA that encodes at least one protein
C) a type of protein found within DNA
D) all the nucleotide sequences contained in one chromosome
E) a molecule that turns on DNA and starts the process of translation

Question 34

If a gene is activated,what is being produced?

A) DNA
B) protein
C) amino acids
D) chromosomes
E) cells

Question 35

A gene is a section of a(n)__________ molecule.

A) DNA
B) protein
C) RNA
D) small
E) amino acid

Question 36

The regulatory sequence of a gene is the portion of DNA that

A) determines when a protein is made.
B) can "turn on" or "turn off" a gene.
C) determines how much of a protein is made.
D) determines in which cells a gene is expressed.
E) All of the above.

Question 37

Explain how some people can make normal antithrombin AND abnormal antithrombin in the same cell.

Question 38

If someone inherits a protein deficiency,it means that the protein

A) might be absent.
B) might be defective.
C) might be a mutant.
D) may be present in insufficient amounts.
E) All of the above.

Question 39

Each gene carries the instructions to make _______.

Question 40

___________ are alternate versions of a gene,which differ slightly in their nucleotide sequence.

Question 41

If a DNA coding region has 12 nucleotides,how many amino acids could it encode?

A) 12
B) 36
C) 3
D) 4
E) 120

Question 42

How is transcription different from translation with respect to 1)location,2)template,and 3)end-product?

Question 43

Transcription occurs in a eukaryotic cell's ____,and it uses ____ to produce _____.

A) cytoplasm; mRNA; proteins
B) nucleus; mRNA; proteins
C) nucleus; genes; mRNA
D) nucleus; ribosomes; proteins
E) cytoplasm; ribosomes; proteins

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT needed for gene expression?

A) transfer RNA
B) ribosome
C) transcription
D) DNA polymerase
E) RNA polymerase

Question 45

What does RNA polymerase do?

A) It binds to the regulatory sequence of DNA and produces mRNA.
B) It binds to the coding sequence of RNA and produces proteins.
C) It is an enzyme that binds to and degrades mRNA.
D) It is a protein that binds to DNA and prevents its degradation.
E) It binds to the coding sequence of DNA and prevents it from being expressed.

Question 46

Translation is a process that occurs in the ____ and uses ___ to produce ____.

A) cytoplasm; mRNA; proteins
B) nucleus; mRNA; proteins
C) cytoplasm; the coding sequence of a gene; mRNA
D) nucleus; the coding sequence of a gene; mRNA
E) nucleus; ribosomes and a gene; tRNA

Question 47

The regulatory region of a gene is required for

A) gene expression.
B) protein secretion.
C) gene activation.
D) turning off a gene.
E) All of the above.

Question 48

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene transcription?

A) In eukaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm; in prokaryotes it occurs in the nucleus.
B) In eukaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm; in prokaryotes it occurs in the ribosomes.
C) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus; in prokaryotes it occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
D) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus; in prokaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm.
E) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus; in prokaryotes genes are never transcribed.

Question 49

Transcription builds ____,whereas translation builds _____.

A) DNA; RNA
B) proteins; DNA
C) RNA; proteins
D) RNA; DNA
E) DNA; proteins

Question 50

The amount of each specific protein made in a cell is generally determined by the

A) age and history of the cell.
B) regulatory sequences in its DNA.
C) overall length of its mRNA.
D) cell's size.
E) number of ribosomes in the cell.

Question 51

If a mutation occurs in the regulatory sequence of a gene,what types of issues might arise?

A) The gene could have abnormal regulation.
B) The gene could be permanently turned on.
C) The gene could be permanently turned off.
D) The gene could be expressed in the wrong places.
E) All of the above.

Question 52

How does DNA differ from RNA?

A) DNA codes for proteins; RNA codes for lipids.
B) RNA is inherited; DNA is a temporary genetic message.
C) RNA is a double helix; DNA is a single strand.
D) DNA never leaves the nucleus; RNA is in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.
E) DNA lacks sugars in its backbone; RNA has the sugar ribose.

Question 53

You create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse.Which of the following factors would most strongly affect when,where,and how much protein is expressed from that gene?

A) the gene's regulatory region
B) the gene's coding sequence
C) the age of the host animal
D) on which chromosome the gene resides
E) the number of alleles

Question 54

What is a codon?

A) three mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid
B) three mRNA nucleotides that encode a particular protein
C) five mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid
D) five mRNA nucleotides that encode a particular protein
E) the entire mRNA sequence, which codes for a specific protein

Question 55

If there was a mutation in the regulatory sequence of a gene,what types of issues might arise?

Question 56

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe both transcription AND translation?

A) They each require an enzyme.
B) They each involve RNA.
C) They each involve ribosomes.
D) Proteins are part of both processes.
E) All of the above.

Question 57

Translation

A) begins when the regulatory sequence binds to the transfer RNA.
B) occurs in the nucleus.
C) depends directly on RNA polymerase.
D) occurs in the cytoplasm.
E) produces a complementary DNA sequence.

Question 58

Put the following terms in the order they would be needed when a gene is expressed:
amino acid,DNA,mRNA,protein,ribosome,transcription,tRNA

Question 59

A dysfunctional antithrombin protein can result from

A) overexpression of the gene.
B) one allele turning off.
C) DNA replication.
D) a single nucleotide change in the coding region.
E) deep vein thrombosis.

Question 60

A ribosome is cellular machinery that is located in the ____ and assembles ______.

A) nucleus; DNA using a template
B) nucleus; mRNA from the regulatory region of DNA
C) nucleus; proteins during the process of transcription
D) cytoplasm; mRNA from the regulatory region of DNA
E) cytoplasm; proteins from mRNA instructions

Question 61

Which of the following base pairings would never be found in normal DNA or RNA?

A) A and T
B) U and A
C) C and G
D) T and C
E) All of the above.

Question 62

Of the molecules DNA,transfer RNA (tRNA),messenger RNA (mRNA),and amino acids,which are involved in transcription and which in translation?

Question 63

What RNA molecule would be made from the DNA template CGTTACG?

A) CGTTAGC
B) GCAAUGC
C) CGUUAGC
D) GCATTGC
E) CGUAACG

Question 64

What is the correct base pairing of RNA nucleotides?

A) adenine-thymine; cytosine-guanine
B) adenine-guanine; thymine-uracil
C) adenine-cytosine; guanine-uracil
D) adenine-uracil; cytosine-guanine
E) uracil-thymine; cytosine-guanine

Question 65

Explain how RNA nucleotides match up with DNA nucleotides when RNA is made.

Question 66

A mutation in a gene results in a defective protein that is smaller than the normal,functional one.The mutation is probably a result of

A) DNA duplication.
B) mRNA degradation.
C) deletion of the regulatory region.
D) a stop codon in the coding region.
E) a stop codon in the regulatory region.

Question 67

What do you think would be the result of a mutation that reduces the efficiency of RNA polymerase?

Question 68

Transcribe the sequence TAC GTC ATC.Then,rewrite YOUR transcribed sequence with a mutation of a G to a C in the third codon.

Question 69

What happens when a chromosome is finished making mRNA?

Question 70

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA.

Question 71

To make more proteins,a cell will need an increased number of

A) Golgi bodies.
B) lysosomes.
C) vesicles.
D) ribosomes.
E) mitochondria.

Question 72

Which molecules contain thymine?

A) proteins
B) ribosomes
C) transfer RNA
D) chromosomes
E) messenger RNA

Question 73

A piece of mRNA that is 300 bases long can make a protein that has _____ amino acids.

A) 30
B) 100
C) 300
D) 600
E) 900

Question 74

Which two nucleotide bases are complementary to adenine?

Question 75

Put the following steps of transcription in order.(Not every step will be used.)
1.DNA unwinds
2.DNA leaves the nucleus
3.RNA polymerase binds to regulatory sequence
4.mRNA leaves the nucleus
5.DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the RNA
6.DNA primer added
7.RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the RNA

Question 76

mRNA is constantly being broken down by the cell; thus,transcription of a gene cannot occur just once,but must be a continuous process.Why might this be important for the regulation of gene expression?

Question 77

You can differentiate RNA from DNA by the presence or absence of the nucleotide base in the sequence.

Question 78

The cellular machines that make proteins are called

A) vesicles.
B) lysosomes.
C) ribosomes.
D) Golgi bodies.
E) enzymes.

Question 79

Transcription begins when the enzyme ______ binds to the regulatory sequence of a gene.

Question 80

When DNA is copied to make RNA,this process is called _____________.

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) conservative replication
E) polymerization