Deck 18: Prokaryotic Diversity Lost City

Question 1

The hydrothermal vents of Lost City are unique because

A) they have the highest temperature ever found.
B) they have a different chemistry and inhabitants.
C) they are the deepest found.
D) they have the most acidic environment.
E) they are the most remote.

Answer 1

they have a different chemistry and inhabitants.

Question 2

Why would a researcher process microbes collected from a deep-sea chimney in an anaerobic bag?

A) to avoid cross contamination of biological species
B) to keep aerobes separate from anaerobes
C) to prevent oxygen from harming the microbes and to control the environment
D) to document a specific environment
E) to culture aerobes

Answer 2

to prevent oxygen from harming the microbes and to control the environment

Question 3

The vent fluids of the chimneys of Lost City range from

A) 0 to 4.
B) 4 to 8.
C) 7 to 9.
D) 9 to 11.
E) 11 to 14.

Answer 3

9 to 11.

Question 4

All of the following are true of hydrothermal vents,EXCEPT

A) they form when rocks from Earth's crust meet seawater.
B) the gas and fluids that seep out of the vents can be very acidic or very basic.
C) the temperatures never get higher than 60°C.
D) many microbial species can inhabit hydrothermal vents.
E) scientists are interested in organisms that live on hydrothermal vents because these organisms might give clues about how life first evolved.

Question 5

The chimneys of Lost City are composed of

A) hydrocarbons.
B) carbonate.
C) iron.
D) iron and sulphur.
E) lava.

Question 6

Why would a researcher be slow,careful,and meticulous while vacuuming a specific part of a deep-sea chimney?

A) to avoid cross contamination of biological species
B) to avoid breaking the chimney
C) to document a specific environmental habitat
D) because it is done remotely and requires skill
E) All of the above.

Question 7

Lost City is located

A) at a depth of 2,600 feet.
B) on the mid-Atlantic ridge.
C) 2,300 miles east of Florida.
D) on top of a submerged mountain.
E) All of the above.

Question 8

Where would a scientist most likely find an archaean when sampling carbonate hydrothermal vents?

A) at the outside base of a chimney
B) mid-way up the outside of a chimney
C) at the outside top of a chimney
D) inside the chimney beside the warm vent flow
E) inside the chimney far away from the warm vent flow

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT refer to a prokaryotic organism?

A) smaller than a eukaryotic organism
B) does not have a nucleus
C) has one chromosome
D) reproduces by binary fission
E) has organelles

Question 10

The habitats surrounding a deep-sea hydrothermal vent support differing microbial communities because of variations in

A) temperature.
B) pH.
C) hydrogen concentration.
D) methane concentration.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

Some microbes found at Lost City

A) use hydrogen as an energy source.
B) use methane as a carbon source.
C) are anaerobic.
D) are heterotrophic.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

Why do scientists who collect microbes from hydrothermal vents have to be so careful when handling those microbes on the surface? Specifically,what about the surface is so dangerous for the microbes?

Question 13

At which temperature would you incubate microbes collected at Lost City?

A) 100°C, boiling point
B) 2°C, seawater temperature
C) 37°C, body temperature
D) would vary, depending on collection point
E) 150 to 170°C, vent-fluid temperature

Question 14

Why are scientists so interested in studying the microbes that inhabit microbial vents?

Question 15

Lost City microbial samples must be processed in an anaerobic glove bag because

A)they are potentially harmful,and the anaerobic glove bag keeps scientists from being exposed to them.
B)the glove bag keeps samples of individual species from contaminating one another,which would make the microbes impossible to culture.
C)the anaerobic glove bag maintains a sterile environment that prevents any harmful microbes from growing.
D)the microbes are anaerobic and might be damaged if exposed to oxygen; the anaerobic glove bag eliminates oxygen.
E)All of the above.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the rock chimneys of the Lost City host such a variety of unique microbial communities?

A) The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of temperatures (hottest at the top and coolest at the bottom) along the chimney; these, in turn, become separate environments and host different communities.
B) The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of pH (most acidic at the top and most basic at the bottom) along the chimney; these, in turn, become separate environments and host different communities.
C) Although temperatures, pH, and other factors are the same all over each chimney, the chimneys are so big that different communities can occupy different sections of the chimney.
D) The Lost City comprises a huge number of rock chimneys, each of which has its own unique environment; this means that each chimney hosts its own unique microbial community.
E) None of the above.

Question 17

Which condition(s)is/are likely to be found in a habitat near or in the hydrothermal vents of Lost City?

A) extreme heat
B) extreme pressure
C) basic ph
D) anaerobic
E) All of the above.

Question 18

Most of the organisms found at Lost City are

A) 1-cm-long animals.
B) fish.
C) eukaryotes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) archaea.

Question 19

How are samples collected from Lost City?

A) by an underwater coring apparatus
B) by using a deep-sea drilling machine
C) by using remotely controlled machines
D) by using high-pressurized scuba gear
E) by snorkeling graduate students

Question 20

Which organism would most likely NOT be found at or near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent?

A) methanogen
B) methane-metabolizing archaea
C) aerobic bacteria
D) anaerobic bacteria
E) All of the above.

Question 21

Which statement about prokaryotes is FALSE?

A) Prokaryotes are diverse.
B) All prokaryotes are bacteria.
C) Prokaryotes are usually single celled.
D) Prokaryotes are found in two domains.
E) Prokaryotes cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Question 22

List at least three important differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Question 23

Which prokaryotes would one expect to be found in the chimney-vent fluids of Lost City?

A)E.coil
B)methanogens
C)photosynthetic bacteria
D)aerobes
E)halophiles

Question 24

Which statement is NOT true of archaea?

A) They are prokaryotes.
B) They are the first colonizers of earth.
C) They are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.
D) They do not have a nucleus.
E) They are not all extremophiles.

Question 25

Hiking in the Himalayas,you have discovered a new high-elevation valley surrounded by towering mountain peaks.You obviously expect to find prokaryotes in the hospitable environments,such as meadows and streams.Where else would you expect to find them?

A) living in glacial ice on the mountainsides
B) inside the intestines of the mammals that live in the valley
C) deep underground in mountain caves
D) in salt-evaporation ponds
E) All of the above.

Question 26

Humans are most genetically similar to which of the following prokaryotes:

A) spirochetes
B) gram-positive bacteria
C) cyanobacteria
D) methanogens
E) gram-negative bacteria

Question 27

Which of the following correctly compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and have a single, circular DNA molecule not contained in a nucleus.
B) Prokaryotic cells are about the size of an individual mitochondrion. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes and circular DNA not contained in a nucleus, and they lack the internal structure of eukaryotes.
C) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape, and both are typically found in multicellular organisms. Both have DNA and ribosomes.
D) Prokaryotic cells are about the size of a eukaryotic mitochondrion. Because of their small size, their internal structures-ribosomes, nuclei, mitochondria, etc.-are much smaller than those found in eukaryotic cells.
E) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape. Prokaryotes lack internal organelles, ribosomes, and DNA.

Question 28

Although prokaryotes survive in many different environments,______ have been called "extremophiles" and have their own domain.

A) archaea
B) cyanobacteria
C) protists
D) facultative anaerobes
E) amoebas

Question 29

A prokaryote has all of the following structures,EXCEPT

A) a cell wall.
B) ribosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) DNA.
E) cytoplasm.

Question 30

Which is NOT true of prokaryotes?

A) They are found on you.
B) They are found in you.
C) They are the first colonizers of Earth.
D) They are exclusive to land.
E) They can inhabit extreme environments.

Question 31

Prokaryotes can be found in which of the following environments?

A) glaciers
B) salt lakes
C) intestines
D) miles underground
E) All the above.

Question 32

Prokaryotes live in extreme environments,where eukaryotes cannot live.List at least three such environments where you would expect to find prokaryotic cells,but likely not eukaryotic cells.

Question 33

Which prokaryotes would one expect to be found in a salt mine?

A)E.coil
B)methanogens
C)halophiles
D)photosynthetic bacteria
E)aerobes

Question 34

Which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

A) Archaea and Eukarya
B) Monera and Eukarya
C) Bacteria and Archaea
D) Archaea and Monera.
E) Bacteria and Monera

Question 35

Which prokaryotes inhabit our intestines?

A) aerobic bacteria
B) halophiles
C) photosynthetic bacteria
D) anaerobic bacteria
E) thermophiles

Question 36

This structure differs in its composition in Archaea and Bacteria.

A) cytoplasm
B) cell wall
C) nucleus
D) golgi
E) nucleic acid

Question 37

All of the following are TRUE of eukaryotes,EXCEPT

A) they are larger than prokaryotic cells.
B) they are the types of cells found in humans.
C) they have membrane-bound organelles.
D) their DNA is found in the cytoplasm.
E) they cannot live in as many habitats as prokaryotic cells.

Question 38

Why do you think there are more species of prokaryotes than eukaryotes?

Question 39

Fill in the following table to contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Question 40

All of the following are true of prokaryotes,EXCEPT

A) they are unicellular.
B) they have no membrane-bound organelles.
C) their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.
D) they are microscopic.
E) they are less numerous than eukaryotes.

Question 41

Bacteria that eat other bacteria are called ________,while photosynthetic bacteria are called ________.

A) autotrophs; heterotrophs
B) autotrophs; nitrogen fixers
C) autotrophs; phototrophs
D) heterotrophs; autotrophs
E) heterotrophs; phototrophs

Question 42

Based on their DNA,place the following species on the evolutionary tree according to their relatedness to their common ancestor.Differences from the common ancestor are underlined.

Question 43

Write T for true and F for false after the following statements.
A. All bacteria are pathogenic.
B. All bacteria are useful.
C. Certain bacteria can be used as bioremediators.
D. Certain bacteria are used in biotechnology to make drugs.
E. Some bacteria are photosynthetic.
F. There are no bacterial symbionts.

Question 44

List one way in which cyanobacteria facilitated the evolution of life on Earth and one way in which they have continued to be extremely important to life on Earth.

Question 45

Bacteria living in the digestive tract of termites digest the cellulose of plant-cell walls,enabling the termite to feed on wood.The bacteria rely on the termite for food,and without these bacteria,the termites would starve.This relationship is an example of

A) symbiosis.
B) biosis.
C) parasitism.
D) anabolism.
E) fraternization.

Question 46

Which is an adaptation for the survival of Helicobacter pylori in the intestinal gut?

A) cilium
B) capsule
C) flagellum
D) pili
E) ribosomes

Question 47

The term "halophile" means "salt-loving" and describes organisms that live in extremely salty environments.Knowing this,you would expect a halophile to be a member of domain

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) Bacteria or Eukarya equally.
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally.

Question 48

Which is an adaptation for the survival of Streptococcus mutans,which causes plaque build up on teeth?

A) cilium
B) flagellum
C) pili
D) capsule
E) ribosomes

Question 49

The term "extremophiles" refers to

A) members of domain Bacteria
B) members of domain Archaea
C) members of domain Eukarya
D) members of both domains Bacteria and Archaea
E) members of both domains Archaea and Eukarya

Question 50

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that can be deadly when transmitted to humans.Malaria is caused by a parasite.Knowing this,you expect the parasite to be a member of domain

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) Bacteria or Archaea equally.
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally.

Question 51

Which of the following statements correctly pairs specific bacteria or groups of bacteria with their adaptations to specific habitats or lifestyles?

A) Symbiotic bacteria use their flagella to adhere to cells and tissues in intestinal tracts.
B) Photosynthetic bacteria use fermentation; we take advantage of this process to produce yogurt.
C) Some harmful bacteria use pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in host organisms.
D) Pathogenic bacteria use flagella for fermentation and photosynthesis.
E) Fermenting bacteria are important symbiotes, using pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in their host organisms.

Question 52

Which of the following methods is the most reliable way to identify a new species of prokaryote?

A) differences in membrane structure and composition
B) differences in cell surface proteins and carbohydrates
C) differences in DNA sequences
D) differences in ribosomal RNA
E) differences in proteins

Question 53

If you explore the life inside a hydrothermal vent,you will most likely find a ________ cell,which is a member of domain ________.

A) eukaryotic; Bacteria
B) eukaryotic; Archaea
C) prokaryotic; Bacteria
D) prokaryotic; Archaea
E) prokaryotic; Eukarya

Question 54

You cut yourself and the cut becomes infected.The cause of this infection is most likely a ________ cell,which is a member of domain ________.

A) eukaryotic; Bacteria
B) eukaryotic; Archaea
C) prokaryotic; Bacteria
D) prokaryotic; Archaea
E) prokaryotic; Eukarya

Question 55

Prokaryotic cells are found in which of the following domains?

A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya
D) Bacteria and Archaea
E) Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 56

Explain the role of heterotrophic bacteria in recycling nutrients.

Question 57

Which prokaryotes were the first to oxygenate our planet?

A) cyanobacteria
B) aerobic bacteria
C) archaeans
D) halophiles
E) thermophiles

Question 58

Which term does NOT apply to bacteria?

A) anaerobic
B) aerobic
C) autotrophic
D) heterotrophic
E) None of the above.

Question 59

Define nitrogen fixation,what types of organisms are responsible for fixing nitrogen,and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to life on Earth.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is TRUE?

A) Archaea is most closely related to Bacteria.
B) Archaea is most closely related to Eukarya.
C) Bacteria is most closely related to Eukarya.
D) Bacteria and Archaea are equally related to the Eukarya.
E) Bacteria and Archaea have no evolutionary relationship to Eukarya.

Question 61

What is the advantage of keeping food refrigerated? Please be very specific.

Question 62

A scientist who wants to understand what the earliest forms of life might have been like would most likely want to study members of domain

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) Bacteria or Eukarya equally.
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about the domain Archaea is TRUE?

A) Their genetic material is RNA.
B) Their genetic material is housed in a nucleus.
C) Many archaea can survive in the absence of oxygen.
D) They have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
E) They are only found in extreme environments.

Question 64

What have scientists learned about the origins of life on Earth by studying Lost City?

A) Life requires sunlight.
B) Life does not require organic compounds.
C) You don't need life to make organic compounds.
D) Life on Earth could have begun in a cold environment.
E) Life on Earth began with organisms that required oxygen.

Question 65

Describe the process of serpentinization.

Question 66

Which member of the domain Archaea would likely be found in the Dead Sea or the Great Salt Lake of Utah?

A) Halobacterium
B) Pyrodicticum
C) Thermoproteus
D) Methanosarcinia
E) Sulpholobus

Question 67

Why are scientists who are interested in extraterrestrial life also interested in Lost City?

Question 68

The primary energy source used by archaea living in hydrothermal vents is

A) inorganic carbon.
B) nitrogen gas.
C) oxygen gas.
D) methane gas.
E) hydrogen gas.

Question 69

Which does NOT describe members of the domain Archaea?

A) They are genetically close to eukaryotes.
B) Some live in extreme environments.
C) They are prokaryotes.
D) They do not have a nucleus.
E) Their cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

Question 70

At least some Archaeans are called "extremophiles" because

A) as a group, they are extremely diverse.
B) as a group, they occupy an extremely large number of environments.
C) where they occur, they occur in extremely large numbers.
D) they can live in environments where abiotic conditions are extreme--extremely hot, extremely salty, extremely toxic, for example.
E) All of the above.

Question 71

Prokaryotic organisms that produce methane as a waste product are most likely to be members of domain __________.

A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya
D) Bacteria or Archaea equally
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally

Question 72

Which member of the domain Archaea would likely be found in hot springs of volcanic origin?

A) Halobacterium
B) Sulpholobus
C) Pyrodicticum
D) Thermoproteus
E) Methanosarcinia

Question 73

Which member of the domain Archaea would likely be found in the digestive system of cows?

A) Halobacterium
B) Sulpholobus
C) Methanobrevibacter
D) Pyrodicticum
E) Thermoproteus

Question 74

Describe the environment of early Earth at the time when the first life forms arose.

Question 75

Archaeans have been found

A) in acidic environments.
B) in alkaline environments.
C) in hot environments.
D) in cold environments.
E) All of the above.

Question 76

All life as we know it requires carbon and energy.Which of the following BEST describes how organisms in the Lost City can acquire these (understanding that not all species will use all sources)?

A) Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and energy from hydrogen gas.
B) Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and carbon dioxide; they acquire energy from hydrogen gas.
C) Lost City organisms acquire carbon from methane and energy from both hydrogen gas and methane.
D) Lost City organisms acquire carbon from both methane and carbon dioxide; they acquire energy from both hydrogen gas and methane.
E) Lost City organisms acquire carbon from hydrogen gas, methane, and carbon dioxide; they use the same materials as energy sources.

Question 77

Serpentinization describes

A) chemical reactions between lava under pressure and seawater.
B) chemical reactions between lava and seawater.
C) chemical reactions between lava and mantle rocks.
D) chemical reactions between seawater and mantle rocks.
E) chemical reactions between superheated water and seawater.

Question 78

The research from Lost City and its inhabitants has scientists thinking about

A) the evolution of life at deep-sea underwater hydrothermal vents.
B) Earth's primordial past environment.
C) life without oxygen.
D) a possibility of life in outer space.
E) All of the above.

Question 79

One of the most ancient forms of metabolism on Earth is _________.

A) glucogenesis
B) lipogenesis
C) oxygenesis
D) methanogenesis
E) carbonogenesis

Question 80

Long structures that help bacteria move are called ________,while shorter,hair-like structures that enable bacteria to stick to a surface are called ________.

A) pili; flagella
B) vibrissae; flagella
C) vibrissae; pili
D) flagella; vibrissae
E) flagella; pili