Deck 22: Foundations of Nineteenth Century Europe

Question 1

When Napoleon fled Elba and returned to France in March 1815,

A)much of the French army defected to his side.
B)he regained rule of France after Louis XVIII fled the country.
C)he ensured that the final peace would be harsher against France.
D)he undermined Bourbon authority.
E)All these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All these answers are correct.

Question 2

After the fall of Napoleon, France

A)reverted to the social and political order that had characterized the old regime before 1789.
B)was refused a place among the great nations of Europe.
C)kept many changes of the revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes.
D)experienced more repression than any other European country.
E)disintegrated into civil war.

Answer 2

kept many changes of the revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes.

Question 3

Which was NOT true of life as a factory worker in the early nineteenth century?

A)A high percentage of workers were women and children.
B)Employers used fines and physical punishment to impose discipline.
C)Government regulation protected workers from cyclical unemployment.
D)Workers frequently labored twelve hours or more a day.
E)Children and women were paid less than men.

Answer 3

Government regulation protected workers from cyclical unemployment.

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Congress of Vienna?

A)Prussia: acquired territory in Saxony and the Rhineland
B)Austria: achieved dominance in northern Italy
C)Russia: granted independence to Poland
D)Netherlands: became independent
E)France: regained most of its territory

Question 5

The class that benefited most from industrialization was

A)the working class.
B)the nobility.
C)the middle class.
D)peasants.
E)women.

Question 6

Which statement does NOT explain why industrial change became a self-sustaining process in early nineteenth-century Britain?

A)Growth in one economic sector created incentives for change in others.
B)The amount of capital available for investment was expanding.
C)Small-scale manufacturing was literally wiped out, creating a large labor pool and a demand for more mechanization.
D)Railways allowed labor and goods to reach places where they were needed.
E)New inventions spurred new industries.

Question 7

In middle-class families of the nineteenth century,

A)childhood lasted longer than before.
B)women were expected to be the guardians of domestic harmony and moral values.
C)conventional behavior and manners were strongly encouraged.
D)a wife's leisure was a sign of her husband's success.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 8

The Congress of Vienna's goal was to

A)promote national self-determination.
B)restore the balance of power.
C)contain Prussian aggression.
D)allocate overseas colonies fairly among the Great Powers.
E)contain Metternich's expansionist ambitions.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of changes in the standard of living in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A)There is not complete agreement on this question among historians.
B)The middle and upper classes made spectacular advances.
C)While real wages were higher than before, few workers were permanently employed.
D)Some skilled workers were noticeably better off.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 10

Economic differentiation meant that

A)different countries specialized in economic activities most suited to their climate and resources.
B)different types of business organization were allowed by law.
C)workers had to learn a variety of skills to stay employed.
D)groups and institutions became more specialized by function as industrialization progressed.
E)family members specialized in distinct skills.

Question 11

Which best describes the fortunes of political reformers in Spain and Italy in the decade after the fall of Napoleon?

A)Revolts in favor of a constitutional government were put down by outside forces.
B)Free press led to occasional arrests but brought reformers a mass following.
C)Reformers gained the support of the Catholic Church.
D)Their movements lost ground as traditional rulers proved capable of providing stable, efficient governments.
E)Italian intervention prevented the establishment of a constitutional government.

Question 12

By the 1850s which areas of Europe had experienced major industrialization?

A)Belgium, France, northern Italy, western Germany
B)Belgium, eastern Germany, Austria, Russia
C)France, Belgium, Austria, Russia
D)southern Italy, southern France, eastern Germany, Russia
E)Prussia, France, and Austria

Question 13

The Decembrists

A)assassinated Alexander.
B)upheld serfdom.
C)called for a Russian constitution.
D)were defeated by Alexander.
E)called for the restoration of Napoleon.

Question 14

Great Britain pioneered the use of more efficient technology for coal and iron extraction because

A)as a dominant power its military need for weapons was greater.
B)it had exhausted its forests as a source of fuel.
C)it imported large amounts of these resources from its colonies.
D)it was able to imitate key discoveries of continental inventors.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 15

Government policy in all EXCEPT which of the following areas was an important part of early industrialization?

A)railroad building
B)the reduction of trade barriers
C)the stabilization of the currency
D)laws benefiting business organization
E)social welfare programs for workers

Question 16

Although a German Confederation was formed at the Congress of Vienna, German unification was prevented by

A)the rivalry of Austria and Prussia.
B)the conflicting ambitions of individual German princes.
C)German distaste for reform.
D)all of these: the rivalry of Austria and Prussia; the conflicting ambitions of individual German princes; and German distaste for reform.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 17

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic decades contributed to the industrialization of nineteenth-century Europe in all EXCEPT which of the following ways?

A)Security of land tenure made peasants firm defenders of private property.
B)Old commercial restrictions and guilds had been abolished.
C)The Napoleonic Code introduced uniform and clear regulations.
D)The Continental System had stimulated economic growth.
E)Transportation had improved under Napoleon.

Question 18

Why, in spite of agitation in parts of the Austrian Empire, were the Habsburgs able to maintain control?

A)The claims of the monarchy's opponents were often conflicting.
B)The government always responded quickly to any sign of discontent.
C)The government called in its allies in the Concert of Europe.
D)The Habsburgs capitulated to nationalist demands.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 19

Metternich's dream of a Concert of Europe to maintain the established order failed

A)because Britain disapproved of direct intervention in the affairs of other European states.
B)because Alexander I set up a Holy Alliance to compete with the Concert.
C)because the Prussians did not want to take part in an organization that was dominated by Metternich.
D)both because Britain disapproved of direct intervention in the affairs of other European States and because Alexander I set up a Holy Alliance to compete with the Concert.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 20

Which statement is true about nineteenth-century industrial workers?

A)Housing conditions were better than in the country.
B)Working conditions made them highly susceptible to diseases such as tuberculosis.
C)For the most part, employment was dependable.
D)No matter how poor their wages, they could count on being paid.
E)Workers' standard of living dramatically increased in the late nineteenth century.

Question 21

Review the feature entitled "Metternich Analyzes the Threat to Stability" in this chapter.Who is the "intermediary class" that Metternich blames for creating social unrest? Is his assessment of their role fair?

Question 22

The greatest threat to the European order established by the Congress of Vienna was the spread of liberal ideas and movements.Where did these emerge between the Congress of Vienna and 1830, and what measures did the conservative powers take to suppress them?

Question 23

At the Congress of Vienna the great powers of Europe tried to establish a balance of power among themselves.Where were the power centers of Europe in 1815? Where were the buffer areas? Who controlled those? Did any of the great powers have significant advantages or disadvantages compared to others?

Question 24

What changes did industrialization bring to conditions of work for the average laborer?

Question 25

Review the feature entitled "Metternich Analyzes the Threat to Stability" in this chapter.Was Metternich an ideologue or a pragmatist? Why?

Question 26

How did the "Politics of Order" represent both a reasoned response to and an unreasonable disregard for the French Revolution and the Age of Napoleon?

Question 27

Explain why the laissez-faire attitudes restricting government involvement in commerce would be inapplicable to the building of railroads and other large-scale endeavors.

Question 28

How did the factory system contribute to increasing gender and age differentiation in production?

Question 29

Review the feature entitled "Policing Universities-The Carlsbad Decrees" in this chapter.How did these decrees seek to preserve the status quo?

Question 30

How did industrialization affect women of the middle class? How did it affect women of the working classes? How were their experiences similar and different?

Question 31

Compare the social circumstances of the people portrayed in the images in this chapter.What kind of moods does each of these images emanate? Why?

Question 32

How did industrialization contribute to the formation of a modern conception of the family and the role of women in the family?

Question 33

Review the feature entitled "The Housing Crisis in France and Germany" in this chapter.How do laissez-faire economic concepts and certain ideals from the Enlightenment account for the living conditions among workers?

Question 34

Review the feature entitled "Policing Universities-The Carlsbad Decrees" in this chapter.What do you think the purpose of a university education was in the eyes of the German Confederation?

Question 35

Consider the illustration of the Crystal Palace found in this chapter.How did the international exhibition showcase the triumph of industrialization within England?

Question 36

How does the portrayal of the Congress of Vienna found in this chapter reflect a synthesis of old and new ideals of government and society?

Question 37

How did the excesses of the French Revolution and the defeat of Napoleon act to undermine constitutionalism and social reform?

Question 38

How does the painting of Nasmyth's steam hammer found in this chapter depict both the beneficial and sinister aspects of industrialization?

Question 39

Review the feature entitled "The Housing Crisis in France and Germany" in this chapter.Do you think the conditions described in these passages were new, or was the awareness of these conditions new? Why?

Question 40

Assume the roles of a peasant, an aristocrat, a middle-class professional, and a skilled artisan in, say, western Germany in 1820.How would you view the changes in your world since 1800?

Question 41

Review the Historical Issues feature entitled "Industrialization and the Standard of Living" in this chapter.According to Ashton, what is the price of progress?

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: differentiation.

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Magyars.

Question 44

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: James Watt.

Question 45

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Castlereagh.

Question 46

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Thomas Savery.

Question 47

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: John Wilkinson.

Question 48

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Chamber of Deputies.

Question 49

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Alexander I.

Question 50

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Congress of Vienna.

Question 51

Review the Historical Issues feature entitled "Industrialization and the Standard of Living" in this chapter.How do you think Hamerow would respond to Taylor's assumptions about the "psychological disorientation" of urban life?

Question 52

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Charles X.

Question 53

Review the Historical Issues feature entitled "Industrialization and the Standard of Living" in this chapter.How does Hartwell engage the other arguments?

Question 54

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Decembrists.

Question 55

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Carbonari.

Question 56

Review the Historical Issues feature entitled "Industrialization and the Standard of Living" in this chapter.What, according to Hobsbawm, were some of the beneficial aspects of industrialization? Why do you think Ashton disagrees that those same developments were detrimental effects of industrialization?

Question 57

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Lajos Kossuth.

Question 58

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Carlsbad Decrees.

Question 59

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: the Hundred Days.

Question 60

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Holy Alliance.

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Slavophiles.

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Francis I.

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Ferdinand VII.

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: St.Helena.

Question 65

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: standard of living.

Question 66

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Matthew Boulton.

Question 67

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: July Ordinances.

Question 68

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Louis XVIII.

Question 69

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Crystal Palace.

Question 70

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: white terror.

Question 71

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Thomas Newcomen.

Question 72

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Metternich.

Question 73

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Chamber of Peers.

Question 74

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: German Confederation.

Question 75

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Waterloo.

Question 76

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: University of Berlin.

Question 77

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Talleyrand.