Deck 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Question 1

As many as _____ neurons throughout the body are involved in the control of behavior.

A)1 billion
B)1 trillion
C)5 million
D)50 million

Answer 1

1 trillion

Question 2

The basic elements of the nervous system are called:

A)axons.
B)glial cells.
C)neurons.
D)neurotransmitters.

Answer 2

neurons.

Question 3

Compare your forearm,palm,wrist,and fingers to a neuron.In such an analogy,the dendrites would be your:

A)forearm.
B)fingers.
C)wrist.
D)palm.

Answer 3

fingers.

Question 4

An axon is a:

A)neuron's cell body.
B)cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron.
C)support cell in the nervous system.
D)long,slim,tube-like structure extending from a neuron.

Question 5

The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about -70 millivolts within a neuron is known as the _____ state.

A)triggering
B)terminal
C)optimum
D)resting

Question 6

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another?

A)Dendrite - axon - cell body
B)Dendrite - cell body - axon
C)Cell body - axon - dendrite
D)Axon - dendrite - cell body

Question 7

Which of the following structures is especially important for carrying messages received by the dendrites to other neurons?

A)Neurotransmitter
B)Synapse
C)Axon
D)Glial cell

Question 8

Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic.A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by the:

A)myelin sheath.
B)glial cells.
C)terminal buttons.
D)synapse.

Question 9

Psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior are known as _____.

A)genetic psychologists
B)biopsychologists
C)evolutionary psychologists
D)clinical neuropsychologists

Question 10

Dendrite is to axon what _____ is to _____.

A)receiving; sending
B)sending; receiving
C)reuptake; action potential
D)action potential; reuptake

Question 11

Compare your forearm,palm,knuckles,and fingers to a neuron.In such an analogy,the axon would be your:

A)forearm.
B)fingers.
C)palm.
D)knuckles.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of glial cells?

A)They nourish nerve cells.
B)They communicate messages within the nervous system.
C)They help repair damage that might occur to neurons.
D)They provide nourishment to neurons.

Question 13

A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons is called:

A)axon.
B)terminal button.
C)glial fiber.
D)dendrite.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges nervous system structures from the most general to the most specific?

A)Neuron - axon - terminal button
B)Neuron - terminal button - axon
C)Axon - terminal button - neuron
D)Axon - neuron - terminal button

Question 15

The rule that neurons are either on or off is known as the _____ law.

A)intensity of stimulus
B)graded action
C)all-or-none
D)incremental transformational

Question 16

You cannot fire a gun softly,or flush a toilet halfway.Like an action potential,gun fire and a toilet's flush follow the _____ law.

A)incremental transformation
B)graded action
C)all-or-none
D)intensity of stimulus

Question 17

Terminal buttons are found at the end of:

A)neurotransmitters.
B)dendrites.
C)axons.
D)glial cells.

Question 18

Alison has developed an interest in the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior.She will most likely become a(n):

A)genetic psychologist.
B)behavioral neuroscientist.
C)evolutionary psychologist.
D)clinical neuropsychologist.

Question 19

Neurons are physically held in place by _____.

A)axons
B)glial cells
C)dendrites
D)myelin cells

Question 20

_____ is a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

A)Myelin sheath
B)Glial cell
C)Dendrite
D)Synapse

Question 21

Which of the following is TRUE of the spinal cord's control of behavior?

A)The spinal cord cannot control any behaviors without the help of the brain.
B)The spinal cord is not involved in reflexes.
C)The spinal cord can control some simple reflexes without the brain's help.
D)The spinal cord can control relatively complex behavior without the brain's help.

Question 22

Regarding mirror neurons,which of the following statements is ACCURATE?

A)Mirror neurons are involved in face recognition and language acquisition,but not in empathy.
B)Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and face recognition,but not in language acquisition.
C)Mirror neurons are involved in empathy,language acquisition,and face recognition.
D)Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and language acquisition,but not in face recognition.

Question 23

The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _____ nervous system.

A)central
B)peripheral
C)extraneous
D)parasympathetic

Question 24

The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button is termed as:

A)recycling.
B)reassertion.
C)reuptake.
D)reuse.

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is described INCORRECTLY?

A)Acetylcholine-transmits messages related to skeletal muscles
B)GABA-an excitatory neurotransmitter inhibited by alcohol or tranquilizers
C)Serotonin-helps regulate sleep and mood
D)Glutamate-plays a role in memory

Question 26

_____ is an automatic,involuntary response to an incoming stimulus.

A)Action potential
B)Intuition
C)Instinct
D)Reflex

Question 27

Inhibitory is to excitatory what _____ is to _____.

A)glutamate; GABA
B)glutamate; acetylcholine
C)GABA; glutamate
D)endorphins; GABA

Question 28

Which expression below most closely approximates the number of neural connections in the brain?

A)10 quadrillion
B)1 million
C)1 billion
D)1 trillion

Question 29

_____ are specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior,but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior.

A)Pharyngeal motor neuron
B)Mirror neurons
C)Ventral cord motor neuron
D)Amphid neurons

Question 30

Which disorder is CORRECTLY paired with an associated neurotransmitter?

A)Parkinson's disease: dopamine
B)Depression: glutamate
C)Schizophrenia: serotonin
D)Alzheimer's disease: endorphins

Question 31

The neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in:

A)the brain's effort to deal with pain.
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)the regulation of sleep,eating,mood,and pain.
D)movement,attention,and learning.

Question 32

_____ is the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages.

A)Synapse
B)Terminal button
C)Axon
D)Cell body

Question 33

As an action potential occurs,the neuron's electrical charge:

A)changes from negative to neutral.
B)changes from positive to neutral.
C)changes from negative to positive.
D)changes from positive to negative.

Question 34

A synapse is a:

A)chemical.
B)signal.
C)joint.
D)gap.

Question 35

The central nervous system is composed of _____.The peripheral nervous system comprises _____.

A)the somatic and autonomic nervous systems; the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
B)the somatic and autonomic nervous systems; the brain and the spinal cord
C)the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
D)the brain and the spinal cord; the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 36

The _____ is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body.

A)cortex
B)medulla
C)axon
D)spinal cord

Question 37

Which neurotransmitter is CORRECTLY matched with a psychological function?

A)Relief of pain-glutamate
B)Regulates mood-acetylcholine
C)Facilitates learning-dopamine
D)Contributes to memory-serotonin

Question 38

The nervous system is divided into the _____ and the _____ nervous systems.

A)primary; secondary
B)somatic; autonomic
C)sympathetic; parasympathetic
D)central; peripheral

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding inhibitory messages is TRUE?

A)Inhibitory messages always increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
B)Inhibitory messages decrease the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
C)The dendrites of a neuron cannot receive both excitatory and inhibitory messages simultaneously.
D)Inhibitory messages make it more likely that an action potential will travel down its axon.

Question 40

Regarding action potentials,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)As the impulse travels along the axon,the movement of ions causes a change in charge from positive to neutral in successive sections of the axon.
B)The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse.
C)After the impulse has passed through a particular section of the axon,negative ions are pumped out of that section,and its charge returns to positive while the action potential continues to move along the axon.
D)Just after an action potential has passed through a section of the axon,a neuron can fire again immediately if it receives appropriate stimulation.

Question 41

_____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs.

A)Somatic division
B)Sympathetic division
C)Parasympathetic division
D)Autonomic division

Question 42

Which of the following situations is most likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A)Brooke's finger accidentally grazes the hot iron; she immediately jerks her hand away.
B)After mistaking her roommate for a thief,Callum relaxes after having a glass of water.
C)Walking toward her car in a deserted parking lot one night,Danica is surprised by a strange man appearing from nowhere.
D)Peyton is preparing to go to bed and is alarmed to see a stranger at her window.

Question 43

The two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ and _____ divisions.

A)somatic; autonomic
B)sympathetic; parasympathetic
C)afferent; efferent
D)sensory; motor

Question 44

With respect to its potential basis in nervous system activity,"voodoo death" has been attributed to:

A)an overactive sympathetic nervous system.
B)an overactive parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the cessation of sympathetic nervous system responses.
D)an understimulated central nervous system.

Question 45

Dr.Schilling is investigating the potential genetic basis of antisocial personality disorder by examining the relative prevalence of the disorder among either identical or fraternal twins,raised either together or in different families.Dr.Schilling is best described as a _____.

A)behavioral geneticist
B)classical geneticist
C)development geneticist
D)molecular geneticist

Question 46

Sensory is to motor what _____ is to _____.

A)efferent; afferent
B)afferent; efferent
C)afferent; interneuron
D)interneuron; efferent

Question 47

Which of the following terms best describes the organization of the nervous system today?

A)Linear
B)Recursive
C)Hierarchical
D)Random

Question 48

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A)They operate entirely independently.
B)The endocrine system is part of the central nervous system.
C)The endocrine system influences and is influenced by the central nervous system.
D)The central nervous system is one part of the endocrine system.

Question 49

The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended is known as the _____ division.

A)somatic
B)sympathetic
C)parasympathetic
D)apathetic

Question 50

The study of the effects of heredity on how people conduct themselves is known as _____.

A)behavioral genetics
B)classical genetics
C)development genetics
D)molecular genetics

Question 51

The _____ division also directs the body to store energy for use in emergencies.

A)somatic
B)sympathetic
C)parasympathetic
D)apathetic

Question 52

A key component of the endocrine system is the tiny _____ gland,which is found near-and regulated by-the _____ in the brain.

A)adrenal; hippocampus
B)pituitary; hippocampus
C)adrenal; hypothalamus
D)pituitary; hypothalamus

Question 53

The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with the _____ division.

A)somatic
B)sympathetic
C)parasympathetic
D)apathetic

Question 54

The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations,engaging all the organism's resources to respond to a threat is known as the _____.

A)somatic division
B)sympathetic division
C)parasympathetic division
D)apathetic division

Question 55

Izzy sees a leopard in her backyard.Her pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid.Her _____ nervous system is active.

A)parasympathetic
B)sympathetic
C)apathetic
D)somatic

Question 56

______ communicate information in the opposite direction,from the brain and nervous system to muscles and glands.

A)Mirror neurons
B)Amphid neurons
C)Motor neurons
D)Autoneurons

Question 57

The _____ gland is a major component of the endocrine system which secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system.

A)esophageal
B)apocrine
C)parotid
D)pituitary

Question 58

Evolutionary psychologists have spawned a new and increasingly influential field known as:

A)social psychology.
B)health psychology.
C)molecular genetics.
D)behavioral genetics.

Question 59

The branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors is known as _____.

A)social psychology
B)health psychology
C)clinical psychology
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 60

Somatic is to autonomic what _____ is to _____.

A)involuntary; voluntary
B)voluntary; involuntary
C)excitation; rest
D)rest; excitation

Question 61

The part of the brain extending from the medulla through the pons and made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal is known as the _____.

A)reticular formation
B)thalamus
C)cerebellum
D)limbic system

Question 62

The part of the brain that controls bodily balance is the _____.

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)reticular formation
D)cerebellum

Question 63

Your friend is considering using steroids to increase muscle mass.You would warn him that steroid abuse can lead to:

A)violent,dangerous behavior.
B)obesity.
C)autism.
D)Type II diabetes.

Question 64

Which brain-scanning technique below is INCORRECTLY matched with its diagnostic use?

A)EEG-facilitates the diagnosis of epilepsy and learning disorders
B)PET-may help identify brain tumors
C)fMRI-improves diagnosis of strokes and multiple sclerosis
D)TMS-facilitates the diagnosis of nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a brain-scanning technique?

A)Electroencephalogram (EEG)
B)Electromyogram (EMG)
C)Positron emission tomography (PET)
D)Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 66

Which brain-scanning technique below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

A)EEG-records the brain's electrical activity with electrodes
B)PET-causes a momentary interruption of the brain's electrical activity
C)fMRI-traces biochemical activity in the brain
D)TMS-produces a graph of electrical wave patterns

Question 67

Soon,it may be possible to view the activity of individual neural circuits,due to the emerging field of:

A)optogenetics.
B)synaptic reflectance.
C)neurogenetics.
D)transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 68

Marisol is trying a new treatment for severe depression.Brief magnetic pulses are sent through her brain.Marisol is undergoing:

A)optogenetic therapy.
B)transcranial magnetic stimulation.
C)positron emission tomography.
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Question 69

The hormone oxytocin has been implicated in each of the following behaviors EXCEPT the:

A)urge to nurse newborn infants.
B)desire to seek or respond to potential sexual partners.
C)development of trust in others.
D)tendency to produce violent,dangerous behavior.

Question 70

Brent is taking part in an experiment in the cognitive neuroscience lab on campus.Silently,he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen.Simultaneously,the electrical activity of his brain is recorded through skull electrodes.The brain-scanning technique used in this study is:

A)fMRI.
B)PET.
C)EEG.
D)TMS.

Question 71

Which of the following hormones is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

A)Aldosterone-regulates daily rhythms
B)Erythropoietin-regulates the sodium and potassium balance in the blood
C)Adipokines-regulate the production of red blood cells
D)Steroids-bulk up one's muscles

Question 72

The newest brain-scanning technique which is popularly used is:

A)PET.
B)EEG.
C)TMS.
D)fMRI.

Question 73

The _____ gland has sometimes been called the "master gland" because it controls the functioning of the rest of the endocrine system.

A)pituitary
B)esophageal
C)apocrine
D)parotid

Question 74

The part of the brain closest to the spinal cord is the _____; it is important for functions such as _____.

A)cerebellum; maintaining body temperature
B)cerebellum; heart rate and respiration
C)medulla; maintaining body temperature
D)medulla; heart rate and respiration

Question 75

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brain's central core?

A)Hippocampus
B)Cerebellum
C)Pons
D)Reticular formation

Question 76

The hindbrain includes each of the following structures EXCEPT the:

A)medullA.
B)thalamus.
C)pons.
D)cerebellum.

Question 77

The pons serves to:

A)regulate arousal.
B)relay sensory information to the brain's association areas.
C)integrate movement between the left and right halves of the body.
D)consolidate memories.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hormone replacement therapy as a treatment for menopausal symptoms?

A)It is used less frequently now than in the past.
B)It is the only treatment that does not have any side effects.
C)Its benefits outweigh its risks.
D)It has become increasingly popular.

Question 79

Yves has been drinking.He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer.Apparently,Yves' _____ is functioning poorly.

A)thalamus
B)cerebellum
C)corpus callosum
D)reticular formation

Question 80

Which of the following glands or structures is CORRECTLY matched with the hormone it produces?

A)Pineal gland; insulin
B)Pancreas; serotonin
C)Medulla; melatonin
D)Pituitary gland; oxytocin