Deck 5: Extension A: Perceiving the World

Question 1

_____ is defined as an active process of combining sensory input into meaningful patterns that represent external events.

A)Attention
B)Sensation
C)Perception
D)Habituation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The analysis of information starting with low-level features and building into a complete perception is known as

A)perceptual expectancy.
B)top-down processing.
C)bottom-up processing.
D)perceptual habitation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Regarding vision and perception, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It has recently become possible for the video surveillance systems in stores to perceive that a robbery is in progress and notify the police.
B)When you look at a scene, your mind tends to recognize and understand patterns in the messages.
C)Sensation is the process of bringing information into the nervous system.
D)As you perceive events, the brain actively selects, organizes, and integrates the information to construct a "picture" or model of the world.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Applying higher-level knowledge to rapidly organize sensory information into a meaningful perception is known as

A)perceptual dishabituation.
B)top-down processing.
C)bottom-up processing.
D)perceptual habituation.

Question 5

A young child opens a book and sees the various letters printed on the page.However, this child must assemble these "marks" into meaningful patterns.This process that will allow the child to "read" this book is known as

A)assimilation.
B)perception.
C)habituation.
D)sensation.

Question 6

Perceptual construction proceeds in two major ways, which involve _____ processing.

A)inductive and intuitive
B)top-down and bottom-up
C)deductive and divergent
D)lateral and vertical

Question 7

_____ processing is like putting together a picture puzzle you've seen many times.

A)Bottom-up
B)Top-down
C)Left-right
D)Selective

Question 8

A meaningful mental model of external events is known as a(n)

A)attentional creation.
B)perceptual construction.
C)sensational accommodation.
D)assimilated construct.

Question 9

You decide to practice working the algebra problems that the teacher worked in class.You already know what the correct answer should be, so you work the problem with this answer in mind.This scenario illustrates

A)top-down processing.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)convergence.
D)perceptual accommodation.

Question 10

When you use inductive reasoning, you reason from specific facts and construct a general principle from these facts.Thus, inductive reasoning is similar to

A)bottom-up processing.
B)top-down processing.
C)perceptual expectancy.
D)perceptual habituation.

Question 11

The brain actively selects, organizes, and integrates sensory information to construct a model of the world through the process known as

A)attention.
B)sensation.
C)perception.
D)realization.

Question 12

At the beginning of the chapter, one of the authors of the textbook described an apparent murder, but it turned out to be something quite different.The girl's words that "someone is killing her father" had completely shaped the author's perceptions.This illustrates that our experiences are _____ that are filtered through our expectations and beliefs.

A)habituations
B)cognitive styles
C)perceptual constructions
D)sensory sets

Question 13

When you look at a scene,

A)your mind automatically records the action potentials of the rods and cones.
B)you recognize and understand patterns in the messages.
C)your mind acts as a computer storing pixels of the particular scene.
D)you habituate the image and then assimilate the experience into your existing schema.

Question 14

When you use deductive reasoning, you start with a general principle and deduce specific information from this principle.Thus, deductive reasoning is similar to

A)convergence.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)top-down processing.
D)perceptual accommodation.

Question 15

Like most experiences, seeing a "sunrise" is a(n) _____, or mental model of an event, that is actively created by your brain.

A)attentional creation
B)sensational creation
C)perceptual construction
D)assimilated construction

Question 16

_____ processing is like putting together a picture puzzle you've never seen before.

A)Bottom-up
B)Top-down
C)Horizontal-vertical
D)Selective

Question 17

Knowing that the title of the painting in this chapter is The Big N allows you to use _____ processing in viewing the painting.

A)bottom-up
B)top-down
C)left-right
D)selective

Question 18

The analysis of information starting with pre-existing knowledge in order to organize features into a meaningful whole is known as

A)perceptual dishabituation.
B)top-down processing.
C)bottom-up processing.
D)perceptual habituation.

Question 19

Which of the following best characterizes the process of perception?

A)a passive activity by which information about the real world is transmitted to the brain by sense organs
B)the exact recording of the kind and quality of energy present in the environment
C)an automatic process by which a stream of incoming stimulation triggers images stored in the brain
D)an active process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and integrated

Question 20

Perception is a process by which

A)environmental stimuli are sensed.
B)sensations are assembled into meaningful patterns that represent external events.
C)sensations and experiences are stored permanently in the brain.
D)many different forms of stimulus energy are converted into electrical signals for use by the nervous system.

Question 21

Advertisers can gain attention when selling a product by

A)being loud and repetitious.
B)being intentionally irritating.
C)using motives, such as anxiety and sex.
D)using all of these techniques.

Question 22

The fact that we can walk and chew gum at the same time illustrates that

A)our attention depends on different motor systems.
B)we use selective attention.
C)we use divided attention.
D)we use sequential attention.

Question 23

Commercials that are loud and present unexpected imagery will usually

A)decrease the viewer's attention due to sensory gating.
B)decrease the viewer's attention due to sensory conflict.
C)increase the viewer's attention.
D)have no effect on the viewer's attention.

Question 24

Advertisers would love you if they heard you humming their jingle in the shower.You would have fallen prey to an attention-getting device called

A)brightness.
B)motion.
C)contrast.
D)repetition.

Question 25

_____ arises when you must separate your mental effort among tasks, each of which requires more or less attention.

A)Selective perception
B)Divided attention
C)Habituation
D)Dishabituation

Question 26

Placing priorities on sensory messages refers to the process of

A)selective attention.
B)divided perception.
C)repetitious stimulation.
D)subliminal attention.

Question 27

John is trying to read the directions to the conference while he is driving.He is exhibiting a dangerous form of

A)divided attention.
B)selective perception.
C)simultaneous perception.
D)sequential attention.

Question 28

If you are riding in a car and are running low on gas, your attention will shift to gas stations.This is an example of how _____ affects one's attention.

A)habituation
B)divided perception
C)motives
D)inattentional blindness

Question 29

Advertisers who want to capture the attention of consumers would be wise to use

A)subliminal messages.
B)subtle, but factually scientific pleas.
C)loud, contrasting, and changing stimuli.
D)smaller print that causes one to put forth effort in order to focus.

Question 30

Attention is aroused by

A)intensity.
B)repetition.
C)contrast or change.
D)all of these.

Question 31

Regarding attention, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Divided attention may be thought of as a bottleneck in the flow of information from environment to perception.
B)As skills become more automatic, selective attention is more likely to occur.
C)Mastery of skills frees mental capacity and allows attention to be divided among larger units of activity.
D)Selective attention occurs because of a decrease in the actual number of sensory messages sent to the brain.

Question 32

_____ is related to our limited capacity for storing and thinking about information.

A)The orientation response
B)Habituation
C)Divided attention
D)Assimilation

Question 33

When advertisers repeat the name of their product numerous times in the commercial, this repetition will

A)gain the viewer's attention.
B)cause sensory adaptation so the viewer will not remember the product name.
C)elicit a subliminal sensory gating so the viewer will remember the product name.
D)do none of these.

Question 34

_____ can be thought of as a "bottleneck," or a narrowing in the information channel linking the senses to perception, that is, when one message enters the bottleneck, it seems to prevent others from passing through.

A)Selective attention
B)Divided perception
C)Repetitious stimulation
D)Subliminal attention

Question 35

Mackworth and Loftus found that people who were asked to look at a drawing of a farm scene that had an octopus near the barn tended to

A)show inattentional blindness to the octopus.
B)look longer at the octopus because it was an unexpected object.
C)look a shorter time at the octopus because it was an unexpected object.
D)look the same length of time to each object in the drawing, regardless of whether it was an expected or unexpected object.

Question 36

Allotting mental space or effort to several tasks or parts of a task is a definition of

A)an orientation response.
B)habituation.
C)divided attention.
D)selective attention.

Question 37

Attention is focused by

A)intense or shocking stimuli.
B)subliminal stimuli.
C)figure-ground relationships.
D)sequential stimuli.

Question 38

Which of the following helps to direct our attention to stimuli in our environment?

A)motives (such as hunger)
B)habituation of the stimuli
C)embedding the stimuli in a complex pattern
D)subliminal stimuli

Question 39

In driving, greater skill frees mental capacity for other things, such as tuning the car's radio, changing CDs, or carrying on conversations.This illustrates

A)the orientation response.
B)divided attention.
C)habituation.
D)assimilation.

Question 40

As some driving skills become automated, _____ can be hazardous as people drive while using cell phones, tending children, reading maps, or touching up their make-up.

A)divided attention.
B)selective perception.
C)simultaneous perception.
D)sequential attention.

Question 41

Perception cannot occur without

A)attention.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)habituation.
D)sensory gating.

Question 42

According to psychologist Barbara Frederickson, negative emotions generally narrow our perceptual focus, increasing the likelihood of

A)bottom-up processing.
B)sensory gating.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)sensory adaptation.

Question 43

Jason's teacher tells his parents that Jason cannot sit still in class, is easily distracted, and seems to do the first thing that comes into his head.Jason's teacher believes that Jason may have

A)ADHD.
B)Klinefelter's syndrome.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)a dissociative disorder.

Question 44

When our attention is narrowly focused, we may experience

A)inattentional blindness.
B)sane hallucinations.
C)psychokinesis.
D)retinal disparity.

Question 45

Research on perceptual sensitivity has shown that people

A)are more likely to recognize the faces of people from their own race.
B)are more likely to recognize the faces of people from a different race.
C)are equally likely to recognize faces of people from any race or their own.
D)have more difficulty recognizing faces if they use only one eye.

Question 46

Failure to perceive a stimulus that is in plain view, but not the focus of attention is known as

A)inattentional blindness.
B)habituation.
C)adaptation level.
D)subliminal stimuli.

Question 47

According to psychologist Barbara Frederickson, _____ generally narrow our perceptual focus, increasing the likelihood of inattentional blindness, while _____ can actually broaden the scope of attention.

A)positive emotions; negative emotions
B)negative emotions; positive emotions
C)perceptual sets; perceptual habits
D)perceptual habits; perceptual sets

Question 48

According to inattentional blindness, we are likely to not perceive something when our attention is

A)affected by delusions.
B)narrowly focused.
C)subliminal.
D)broadly focused

Question 49

Regarding ADHD, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Boys are over twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD as girls.
B)Children with ADHD rarely show any symptoms of ADHD as adults.
C)The drug Ritalin that is used to treat ADHD is classified as a tranquilizer.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 50

According to psychologist Barbara Frederickson, _____ can actually broaden the scope of one's attention.

A)negative emotions
B)positive emotions
C)habituation
D)perceptual sets

Question 51

People with _____ have difficulty controlling their attention and are prone to display impulsive behavior.

A)ADHD
B)Klinefelter's syndrome
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)a dissociative disorder

Question 52

Greatly differing accounts of the same athletic contest by fans of opposing teams can be explained by the

A)confusion of cause and effect.
B)effect of motives on perception.
C)habituation of familiar stimuli.
D)effect of sensory adaptation on memory.

Question 53

When we are intently focused on one object, we may not attend to another.This is referred to as

A)inattentional blindness.
B)habituation.
C)adaptation level.
D)subliminal stimuli.

Question 54

As you focus on your cell phone conversation while driving, you miss the road sign where you needed to make a turn and drive 20 miles out of the way.This is an example of

A)psychokinesis.
B)inattentional blindness.
C)retinal disparity.
D)an apparent-distance illusion.

Question 55

When people are _____, their ability to recognize people from other races improves.

A)trained to do top-down processing
B)trained to do bottom-up processing
C)in positive moods
D)in negative moods

Question 56

Advertisers can gain attention when selling a product by

A)utilizing the "soft sell."
B)increasing the viewer's habituation.
C)using motives, such as anxiety and sex.
D)inattentional blindness to the advertiser's intentions.

Question 57

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, over ___ American children have ADHD and about _____ will continue to show some symptoms as adults.

A)5 million; three-fourths
B)2 million; one-half
C)1 million; one-third
D)500,000; one-fourth

Question 58

Some experts insist that ADHD is a biological disorder that is best treated with Ritalin, which is classified as a(n)

A)antidepressant.
B)tranquilizer.
C)stimulant drug.
D)antipsychotic drug.

Question 59

Regarding ADHD, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Girls are over twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD as boys.
B)Some experts insist that ADHD is being overdiagnosed or misdiagnosed resulting in millions of young children being given medication.
C)ADHD is often treated with Ritalin, which is classified as a stimulant.
D)Over two million American children have ADHD and about half will continue to show some symptoms as adults.

Question 60

You have just stolen the Hope Diamond.As you try to escape the police by blending in with the noon-time pedestrian rush, you start feeling everyone's eyes on you.It seems like every person you pass is looking at you as if they know you've done something wrong.This phenomenon shows that

A)repetition of a stimulus (people looking at you) increases the perception of that stimulus.
B)motives play a role in directing attention and altering perception.
C)when a stimulus is repeated without change, the orienting response habituates.
D)perception of sensory information is guided by past learning.

Question 61

Jeremy is walking into his school when he suddenly does a "double take" because he thought he saw something fall out of one of the trees to his left.Jeremy's "double take" illustrates

A)habituation.
B)an orientation response.
C)perceptual expectancy.
D)divided attention.

Question 62

The most basic sources of attention include all of the following EXCEPT

A)habituation.
B)change.
C)contrast.
D)incongruity.

Question 63

"What is it?" is to the orientation response as "Who cares?" is to

A)habituation.
B)selective attention.
C)divided attention.
D)perceptual expectancy.

Question 64

When _____ is irritating or annoying, it can be attention-getting; while if it is presently without variation, one will quickly habituate.

A)color contrast
B)incongruity
C)repetition
D)perceptual construction

Question 65

Enlarged pupils, brain wave changes, pauses in breathing, and increased blood flow to the head are all characteristic of

A)habituation.
B)an orientation response.
C)perceptual overload.
D)a relaxation response.

Question 66

Carmen begins listening to the CD that she bought last week and that she has listened to at least twice a day since she bought it.After a few minutes, she realizes that she has not really been attending to the music at all.This is known as

A)habituation.
B)an orientation response.
C)perceptual expectancy.
D)disinhibition.

Question 67

Which of the following examples best illustrates the boiled frog syndrome?

A)taste aversions between social class and culture
B)the ending of a summer romance
C)the slow build-up of the greenhouse effect
D)a love-at-first-sight experience

Question 68

Simons and Chabris showed participants a film of two basketball teams, one wearing black shirts and the other wearing white.Observers were asked to watch the film closely and count how many times a basketball passed between members of one of the teams, while ignoring the other teams.As the observers watched and counted, a person wearing a gorilla suit walked into the middle of the basketball game, faced the camera, thumped its chest, and walked out of view.Which of the following occurred?

A)All of the participants lost count of the number of basketball passes because of the unexpected appearance of the gorilla.
B)Half of the participants failed to notice the gorilla's appearance.
C)All of the participants failed to notice the gorilla's appearance.
D)Only the female participants noticed the gorilla.

Question 69

When a stimulus is repeated without change, the orientation response

A)differentiates.
B)divides.
C)selects.
D)habituates.

Question 70

"What is it?" is to _____ as "Who cares?" is to habituation.

A)dishabituation
B)the orientation response
C)sensory adaptation
D)the "boiled frog syndrome"

Question 71

The fact that many people are unconcerned about the gradual depletion of the ozone can be attributed to the _____.

A)Pygmalion effect
B)size-distance invariance
C)Boiled frog syndrome
D)Müller-Lyer illusion

Question 72

The idea that many people seem unable to detect gradual, but deadly trends in modern civilization is an example of

A)the Hawthorne Effect.
B)the Boiled Frog Syndrome.
C)the Zeigarnik Effect.
D)the Von Restorff Phenomenon.

Question 73

Decreased perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is called

A)habituation.
B)selective attention.
C)divided attention.
D)a hallucination.

Question 74

Regarding habituation and the orientation response, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Creative people habituate more slowly than the average person does.
B)Habituation is another name for sensory adaptation.
C)Repetition that is irritating or annoying leads to habituation.
D)When a stimulus is repeated without change, the orientation response increases.

Question 75

The failure of participants who were narrowly focusing on seeing the black cross to notice the appearance of the small blue square on the screen illustrates

A)psychokinesis.
B)inattentional blindness.
C)retinal disparity.
D)an apparent-distance illusion.

Question 76

Bodily changes that prepare an organism to receive information from a particular stimulus are called

A)selective attention.
B)an orientation response.
C)subliminal stimuli.
D)divided attention.

Question 77

Since the fans of each team are focusing intently on their own players, _____ is probably one explanation for the fans of opposing sports teams often acting as if they have seen completely different games.

A)habituation
B)retinal disparity
C)inattentional blindness
D)sensory gating

Question 78

Regarding habituation, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Creative people habituate more rapidly than the average person does.
B)Habituation is another name for sensory adaptation.
C)Repetition that is irritating or annoying leads to habituation.
D)When a stimulus is repeated without change, the orientation response habituates.

Question 79

Which of the following decreases the actual number of sensory messages sent to the brain?

A)orientation response
B)habituation
C)sensory adaptation
D)accommodation

Question 80

Repetition of stimuli without variation leads to

A)habituation.
B)selective attention.
C)divided attention.
D)hallucinations.