Deck 14: Cardiac Output,Blood Flow,and Blood Pressure

Question 1

The ejection fraction is

A)normally about 60% at rest.
B)the ratio of end diastolic volume to end systolic volume.
C)increased by parasympathetic agonists.
D)decreased by sympathetic agonists.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the

A)after-load.
B)pre-diastolic volume (PDV).
C)stroke volume (SV).
D)end-diastolic volume (EDV).

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the resting cardiac rate for an adult?

A)60 beats/min
B)70 beats/min
C)75 beats/min
D)80 beats/min

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization.

A)voltage-gated Ca²⁺
B)fast Ca²⁺
C)HCN
D)fast Na⁺

Question 5

Norepinephrine agonists would increase cardiac output.

Question 6

The effect of acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the heart is a heart rate

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)unchanged.

Question 7

What keeps the HCN channels open?

A)G-proteins
B)cAMP
C)ATP
D)Ca²⁺

Question 8

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will

A)increase the rate of diastolic depolarization.
B)increase conduction rate.
C)increase the strength of contraction.
D)All apply.

Question 9

Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves,causing heart rate to ______.

A)parasympathetic,increase.
B)parasympathetic,decrease.
C)sympathetic,increase.
D)sympathetic,decrease.

Question 10

Mechanisms that affect cardiac rate are said to have a chronotropic effect.

Question 11

Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

A)total peripheral resistance.
B)emotional stress.
C)cardiac contractility.
D)end diastolic volume (EDV).

Question 12

The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A)pons
B)cerebrum
C)medulla oblongata
D)midbrain

Question 13

Cardiac output increases as heart rate increases.

Question 14

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind in the heart?

A)₁-adrenergic
B)-adrenergic
C)muscarinic
D)nicotinic

Question 15

Congestive heart failure occurs when the pumping efficiency of the heart increases.

Question 16

Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels.

A)muscarinic,K⁺
B)nicotinic,K⁺
C)muscarinic,Na⁺
D)nicotinic,Na⁺

Question 17

Stroke volume is increased as systemic blood pressure increases.

Question 18

The ventricles pump an average of 50-60 mL of blood per minute.

Question 19

Under resting conditions,all of the body's blood is pumped through the left ventricle in one minute.

Question 20

Cardiac output is equal to

A)stroke volume - cardiac rate.
B)stroke volume / cardiac rate.
C)stroke volume + cardiac rate.
D)stroke volume x cardiac rate

Question 21

Stroke volume is directly proportional to

A)preload.
B)contractility.
C)total peripheral resistance.
D)Both preload and contractility.

Question 22

Stroke volume is inversely proportional to

A)preload.
B)contractility.
C)total peripheral resistance.
D)Both preload and contractility.

Question 23

As cardiac muscle is stretched,it contracts less forcibly.

Question 24

Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract.

Question 25

Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)hypertension.
B)protein malnutrition.
C)lymphatic blockage.
D)hyperthyroidism.

Question 26

Positive inotropic agents increase intracellular Ca²⁺ in the myocardium.

Question 27

How much of the total body water is generally found in the blood plasma?

A)67%
B)33%
C)26.3%
D)6.7%

Question 28

At rest,most blood is within the venous system.

Question 29

Edema may result from increased plasma protein concentrations.

Question 30

The ability to distend with pressure increases is called

A)chronotropism.
B)oncotism.
C)inotropism.
D)compliance.

Question 31

According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart,as contraction strength increases the stroke volume

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)shows no change.

Question 32

Cardiac output would be increased by

A)sympathetic antagonists.
B)parasympathetic agonists.
C)negative inotropic agents.
D)positive chronotropic agents.

Question 33

Oncotic pressure is the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma and the colloid osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.

Question 34

Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle.This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to

A)depolarization.
B)lactic acid.
C)calcium.
D)parasympathetic antagonists.

Question 35

In response to increased ventricular filling

A)total peripheral resistance increases.
B)sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.
C)myocardial cells stretch.
D)myocardial contractility in decreases.

Question 36

Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT

A)exhalation.
B)the skeletal muscle pump.
C)hypertension.
D)sympathetic stimulation of the veins.

Question 37

The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.

A)net filtration pressure
B)blood pressure
C)osmotic pressure
D)None apply

Question 38

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes an intrinsic regulation of stroke volume.

Question 39

Since veins can distend more with pressure,they are called _____ vessels.

A)resistance
B)stretchy.
C)capacitance.
D)Both resistance and stretchy are correct.

Question 40

Net filtration would be decreased by

A)liver damage.
B)increased hepatic protein synthesis.
C)hypotension.
D)increased cellular metabolism.

Question 41

Hypotension could be induced by

A)excessive renin secretion.
B)excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion.
C)excessive aldosterone secretion.
D)excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

Question 42

Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.

A)Angiotensin II;renin.
B)angiotensinogen;ACE.
C)angiotensinogen;renin.
D)renin: ACE.

Question 43

Blood volume would be increased by

A)decreased vasopressin secretion.
B)decreased aldosterone secretion.
C)increased renin secretion.
D)increased atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

Question 44

__________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

A)ADH
B)Aldosterone
C)Renin
D)Angiotensin

Question 45

How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?

A)10 L
B)50 L
C)110 L
D)180 L

Question 46

Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary.

A)higher,higher
B)higher,lower
C)lower,lower
D)lower,higher

Question 47

The kidneys play a major role regulating blood volume.

Question 48

Immersion in water will lead to increased diuresis.

Question 49

An increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ______ ADH secretion.

A)stimulate
B)inhibit
C)have no effect on

Question 50

ADH secretion is stimulated when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a decrease in blood osmolality.

Question 51

How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system?

A)100%
B)98-99%
C)75-80%
D)50-60%

Question 52

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II,thus reducing

A)vasodilation.
B)renal reabsorption.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)renal excretion.

Question 53

What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?

A)hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
B)hydrostatic force in the interstitial fluid
C)colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)
D)colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

Question 54

The heart produced hormone,atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),functions antagonistically to

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)angiotensin I.
D)glucocorticoids.

Question 55

A renin secreting tumor would induce hypertension.

Question 56

Vasopressin induces renal water

A)secretion.
B)excretion.
C)filtration.
D)reabsorption.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a action of angiotensin II to raise blood pressure?

A)stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus
B)stimulates production of aldosterone
C)causes vasodilation in arterioles
D)increases peripheral resistance

Question 58

The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as

A)oncotic pressures.
B)starling forces.
C)colloid osmotic pressures.
D)None apply.

Question 59

Elephantiasis is caused by

A)decreased plasma protein concentration.
B)obstruction of lymphatic drainage.
C)high arterial blood pressure.
D)myxedema.

Question 60

Water is a diuretic.

Question 61

Sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will produce

A)vasoconstriction.
B)vasodilation.
C)no effect.

Question 62

Parasympathetic stimulation of arterioles is a major contributor to total peripheral resistance.

Question 63

Sympathetic stimulation promotes an overall increase in blood flow resistance.

Question 64

A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)remain unchanged.

Question 65

ADH would be considered a(n)____________ regulator of blood flow.

A)intrinsic
B)extrinsic
C)hormonal
D)Both extrinsic and hormonal are correct

Question 66

At rest,blood flow is greatest in the

A)skin and GI tract.
B)brain and liver.
C)GI tract and liver.
D)kidneys and skin.

Question 67

Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effects on levels of

A)histamine.
B)bradykinin.
C)nitric oxide.
D)prostacyclin.

Question 68

Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)increased tissue carbon dioxide.
B)decreased tissue metabolism.
C)decreased tissue oxygen.
D)increased extracellular K⁺.

Question 69

____________ inhibits norepinephrine reuptake thereby it induces vasoconstriction.

A)Nicotine
B)Cocaine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Muscarine

Question 70

Intrinsic regulation of blood flow provides localized control of peripheral resistance.

Question 71

Blood flow would be increased by

A)histamines.
B)antihistamines.
C)thromboxane A₂.
D)angiotensin II.

Question 72

Tripling blood vessel radius would increase blood flow 64-fold.

Question 73

Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure.This type of control is called

A)metabolic.
B)extrinsic.
C)vasogeniC.
D)myogenic.

Question 74

Increased blood flow to an organ is induced by decreased tissue H⁺ concentrations.

Question 75

Increased blood flow resistance is caused by

A)increased blood vessel length.
B)decreased blood viscosity.
C)vasodilation.
D)increased blood pressure.

Question 76

Reactive hyperemia is

A)increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.
B)increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products.
C)increased blood flow due to sepsis.
D)All apply.

Question 77

Endothelin causes

A)vasoconstriction.
B)vasodilation.
C)no effect.

Question 78

For blood to flow,there must be a pressure difference in different parts of the vascular system.

Question 79

Nitric oxide (NO)causes

A)vasoconstriction.
B)vasodilation.
C)no effect.

Question 80

Blood flow is increased by

A)hypotension.
B)vasodilation.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)edema.