Deck 2: The Changing Global Context

Question 1

Remnant minisystems are more likely found in

A) South America.
B) North America.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The fundamental logic or driving force behind colonization of the late 19th century was

A) economic.
B) cultural.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

It is more likely that a pair of blue jeans purchased in Canada today was made with parts and labour from

A) one country.
B) multiple countries.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The first agricultural revolution started ________ of years ago.

A) thousands
B) hundreds

Question 5

The first agricultural revolution introduced

A) hunting & gathering.
B) agricultural production.

Question 6

The Silk Road provided the main east-west trade route between

A) Europe and India.
B) Europe and China.

Question 7

During the height of the silk road,geographic knowledge was preserved and expanded by ________ scholars.

A) Islamic and Chinese
B) European and North American

Question 8

In a sense,globalization has been around for a long time.For example,trade routes have connected the Europeans with ________ for over a thousand years.

A) China
B) the Americas

Question 9

In the international division of labour,the world's periphery provides

A) raw materials.
B) manufactured goods.

Question 10

One example that old colonial patterns persist comes from the fact that 48 of the 55 sub-Saharan countries earn more than half of their export earnings from

A) coffee, tea and cocoa.
B) clothing, textiles and consumer goods.

Question 11

Early world-empires brought two important new elements to the evolution of the world's geographies:

A) urbanization and decolonization.
B) urbanization and colonization.

Question 12

Canada's industrial sector was stultified because of

A) an inability to transport manufactured goods to Europe.
B) the difficulties with obtaining raw materials.
C) the profitability of exporting raw materials from Canada.
D) the abundance of financial capital in Canada.
E) the ability to import manufactured items from Japan.

Question 13

A few remnant ________ still remain at the start of the 21st century.

A) minisystems
B) mini areas

Question 14

The first to appreciate the practical importance and usefulness of geography were the

A) Greeks.
B) Germans.

Question 15

He introduced the concept of "world-system."

A) Immanuel Wallerstein
B) Alexander von Humboldt

Question 16

The idea that people's social and economic development and behaviour are fundamentally shaped by their physical environment is known as

A) environmental determinism.
B) ecocentrism.

Question 17

The global scope and activity of the global financial system has been made possible in large part by

A) policies of the World Bank.
B) new information technologies.
C) the global decline of communism.
D) the strength of the U.S. dollar.
E) structural adjustment programs.

Question 18

The semiperipheral regions of the world

A) have low per capita incomes.
B) generally exploit the peripheral regions.

Question 19

Inequities arising from the digital divide in Africa are due in part to

A) broadband affordability.
B) African governments preventing people from accessing the Internet.

Question 20

In the process of globalization,places are

A) modified and reconstructed.
B) destroyed or homogenized.

Question 21

The following two factors were the most important geographical phenomena introduced by world empires:

A) urbanization and colonization.
B) urbanization and religion.
C) religion and colonization.
D) inter-regional trade and religion.
E) technological innovations and religion.

Question 22

While people and societies do,indeed,respond to the opportunities and constraints of their physical environments,________ takes this to a simplistic,and often racist,extreme by claiming that people's physical,social and economic development and behaviour are fundamentally the result of their physical environments.

A) ecological determinism
B) ethnocentrism
C) egocentrism
D) masculinism
E) environmental determinism

Question 23

Faced with problems associated with law of diminishing returns,world empires characteristically ________ in order to feed and provide for their populations.

A) colonized nearby lands
B) imported slave labour
C) regularly invented new technologies
D) promoted import substitution
E) established trade relations with countries having comparative advantages

Question 24

Until the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s,the volume and velocity of world trade were constrained by technologies limited to those based on

A) wood, wind and water.
B) coal, steel and rail.
C) oil, plastics and roads.
D) human labour and animal power.

Question 25

The specialization of peripheral countries in raw materials and foodstuffs,the decentralization of manufacturing to areas of low labor costs,and the emphasis of core regions on high-tech manufacturing and services describe

A) the digital divide.
B) the international division of labour.
C) comparative advantage.
D) import substitution.
E) initial advantage.

Question 26

World-empires introduced ________ to enlarge their resource base in the face of rising populations.

A) colonization
B) the law of diminishing returns
C) urbanization
D) import substitution
E) minisystems

Question 27

Plantations established to exploit labour and resources in the periphery are geared toward

A) high-value crops like indigo, sugar, and cocoa.
B) mixed fruits and vegetables like tomatoes and apples.
C) staple crops like corn and potatoes.
D) industrial crops like hemp, flax, and sunflowers.
E) tree-harvesting.

Question 28

The interdependent "three Es" of sustainable development include

A) entrepreneurialism, environment, and economy.
B) environment, economy, and equity.
C) economy, entrepreneurialism, and equity.
D) equity, ease of access, and environment.
E) ethics, ease of access, and environment.

Question 29

To help understand and visualize the extent and intensity of the human impact on the earth,some scientists use the concept of the human (or ecological)

A) analysis.
B) convergence.
C) footprint.
D) region.
E) settlement.

Question 30

The first agricultural revolution set the preconditions for early world empires by

A) enabling an increase in population densities & trade between minisystems.
B) introducing warfare to the countryside.
C) introducing colonialism and imperialism.
D) highlighting the benefits of import substitution and comparative advantage.
E) introducing technological innovations.

Question 31

The concept of import substitution is best characterized as

A) purchasing imported goods to replace locally produced goods.
B) manufacturing goods that had previously been imported or available through trading.
C) exporting and importing the same type of product.
D) changing suppliers of imported goods.

Question 32

Production of sugar from sugar beets,as an alternative to trading for sugar made from sugar cane in a foreign,tropical country is an example of

A) import substitution.
B) comparative advantage.
C) spatial justice.
D) division of labour.
E) the law of diminishing returns.

Question 33

World empires are organized around a

A) reciprocal social economy.
B) subsistence production economy.
C) system of taxation and redistribution.
D) capitalist social economy.
E) system of anarchy.

Question 34

According to the text,________ is likely to be one of the first countries to which a virus such as avian flu may spread because of its transnational connections.

A) Canada
B) Sub-Saharan Africa
C) Southeast Asia
D) the Caribbean
E) Europe

Question 35

The sphere of economic influence around a city - from which products for export and taxes are collected and to which imports are distributed - is known as the city's

A) external arena.
B) hinterland.
C) hearth area.
D) peripheral region.
E) zone of transition.

Question 36

Over the last 200 hundred years,clusters of improved technological innovations seem to have come in waves of industrialization every half-century or so.With each successive wave,the world-system

A) core expanded.
B) periphery expanded.
C) core and periphery remained unchanged.
D) core and periphery both expanded.
E) core and periphery both shrank.

Question 37

The increasing connectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic,environmental,political,and cultural change is what we mean by

A) world regions.
B) globalization.
C) spatial diffusion.
D) distance-decay.
E) time-space convergence.

Question 38

According to the course text,globalization of the last 25 years is linked to

A) the new international division of labour and internationalization of finance.
B) the end of neocolonialism.
C) the emergence of new technology systems and the fall of Europe.
D) the end of neocolonialism and the rise of the West.
E) a decrease in the homogenization of consumer markets.

Question 39

According to the text,the leading cause of death in Africa is

A) war.
B) HIV/AIDS.
C) famine.
D) malaria.
E) ebola.

Question 40

The hegemonic power of the nineteenth century was

A) the United States of America.
B) France.
C) Britain.
D) Russia.
E) India.

Question 41

Many of the roads laid out by the ________ around 2000 years ago continue to be major routes throughout Europe.

A) Vandals
B) Romans
C) Greeks
D) Vikings
E) Packers

Question 42

A global commodity chain is the network of linkages describing

A) international loans - from initial application to final project.
B) products - from its production origins to final consumption.
C) manufacturing plants - from shutting down in the core to opening in the periphery.
D) transnational companies - the links between headquarters and their retail outlets.
E) cultural trends - from its origins in the periphery to diffusion to the core.

Question 43

While exploitation of the tropical world for such things as minerals and plantation products had been underway for centuries,industrialization in the core led to

A) a rise in the number of colonies exploited by the core.
B) decreasing numbers of people under colonial rule.
C) declining interest in the periphery's grasslands for food (grain and livestock).
D) despecialization of economies in the periphery.
E) the spread of industrialization in the semi-periphery

Question 44

The world's agricultural hearth areas are those regions

A) from where the core gets most of its food
B) where an agricultural surplus is produced.
C) where plants and animals were domesticated.
D) where swidden cultivation is practiced.
E) where industrial agriculture is most prominent.

Question 45

Because of their ability and willingness to exercise power and influence in peripheral states,giant,transnational corporations have been referred to as commercial

A) colonialists.
B) neocolonialists.
C) imperialists.
D) determinists.
E) giants.

Question 46

Semiperipheral regions

A) currently include Japan and Scandinavia.
B) often exploit peripheral regions.
C) will eventually evolve to become core regions.
D) are geographically located between core regions and peripheral regions.
E) consist mostly of countries that were once core regions.

Question 47

The core regions of the modern world-system

A) dominate world trade.
B) are primarily in the southern hemisphere.
C) tend to have low per-capita incomes.
D) became core regions by refusing to engage in imperialism.
E) include many former colonies.

Question 48

Satin,muslin,damask and calico are all named after Asian

A) animals.
B) cities.
C) fabrics.
D) foods.
E) people.

Question 49

North American industrial strength was established at the beginning of the 20th century where the technology system was powered around a cluster of innovations based on

A) water power and steam engines.
B) coal and coal-powered steam engines.
C) oil and the internal combustion engine.
D) nuclear power.
E) solar power.

Question 50

After WWII,the world-system periphery was referred to as the

A) First World.
B) Second World.
C) Third World.
D) Last World.
E) Outer Periphery.

Question 51

The first core regions of the world-system were the trading hubs of

A) Italy, Greece and Spain.
B) Portugal, Spain and North Africa.
C) Austria, Hungary and Germany.
D) Holland, England and France.
E) Japan, Korea and China.

Question 52

In a surge of European imperialism to protect established interests,expand territory and compete for world influence at the end of the 19th century,European core countries carved almost the entire ________ into a collection of colonies.

A) continent of Africa
B) continent of South America
C) country of India
D) country of Brazil
E) world

Question 53

In 1400 A.D.,the dry steppes and desert margins that ranged from the western Sahara to Mongolia were populated by

A) kin-based pastoral minisystems.
B) land speculators.
C) newly evangelized Christians.
D) European immigrants.
E) copper miners.

Question 54

Of the following,the most important determinant of a state's status within the world-system is its

A) military power.
B) population size.
C) ability to keep out foreign goods and run a positive trade balance.
D) ability to ensure international economic competitiveness of its domestic producers.
E) Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Question 55

The beginning of the modern world-system generally coincides with the

A) fall of the Roman Empire.
B) arrival of Europeans in the Americas.
C) Industrial Revolution.
D) colonization of Africa.
E) dropping of the nuclear bomb on Japan and the end of World War II.

Question 56

Which of the following entered the core after having been in the periphery?

A) Canada
B) Mexico
C) Brazil
D) Portugal
E) Thailand

Question 57

With the emergence of the world-system in the 16th century,European ________ reshaped the world.

A) merchant capitalism
B) languages
C) religions
D) transnational corporations
E) comparative advantages

Question 58

The early formation of the modern world-system was driven primarily by

A) colonial missionaries.
B) racially-motivated Europeans.
C) enlightened monarchs.
D) European merchant capitalists.
E) North American fur traders.

Question 59

The modern world-system had its origins in late 15th-century Europe,and was especially associated with a rise in

A) consumer demand for imported products.
B) art.
C) food production.
D) manufacturing.
E) expansion and exploration.

Question 60

One of the world's main agricultural hearth areas is located in or near

A) North America.
B) the river Nile.
C) Southern Europe.
D) South America's Andes Mountains.
E) Northern Ireland.

Question 61

The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculturally based systems

A) resulted in a dispersal of population.
B) led to societies based on equality.
C) was necessary for the formation of the first world-empires.
D) made social relations less complex.
E) was in part a result of early urbanization.

Question 62

The first people significantly to develop geographic knowledge were the

A) Chinese.
B) Romans.
C) Mayans.
D) Europeans.
E) Greeks.

Question 63

In 1800,the core of the world-system was located in

A) North America.
B) Japan.
C) Western Europe.
D) the countries surrounding the Mediterranean.
E) China.

Question 64

The most important reason for European voyages of discovery was the desire

A) for economic gain.
B) to spread Christianity.
C) to gain geographic knowledge and make better maps.
D) to spread European social and cultural values to the New World.
E) to create knowledgeable seamen.

Question 65

European industrialization got its start in

A) France.
B) Sweden.
C) Italy.
D) Spain.
E) Britain.

Question 66

The modern world-system

A) does not include the world's poorer states.
B) is characterized by interdependence.
C) is characterized by five types of regions.
D) has been dominated by the periphery since the early 1900s.
E) does not really exist according to historian Immanuel Wallerstein.

Question 67

Though we don't generally think of it when we talk about globalization,a world economy has been in existence for

A) millions of years.
B) thousands of years.
C) centuries.
D) decades.
E) years.

Question 68

Neo-colonialism

A) has been supplanted by globalization.
B) is generally not considered exploitative.
C) allows core states to maintain significant influence over periphery states.
D) is not connected with transnational corporations.
E) did not lead to a neo-colonial pattern of international development.

Question 69

The modern world-system began in

A) Roman times.
B) the latter years of Charlemagne's reign in central Europe.
C) the beginning of the sixteenth century.
D) the late seventeenth century.
E) the early eighteenth century.

Question 70

The European Age of Discovery is most strongly tied to this country:

A) Britain
B) France
C) Germany
D) Italy
E) Portugal

Question 71

What was the single most important innovation stimulating the international division of labour?

A) sewing machine
B) railroad
C) metal-hulled, oceangoing steamship
D) cargo truck
E) jet-engine airplane

Question 72

________ enabled the Portuguese and the Spanish to enrich their economies with gold and silver capital plundered from the Americas.

A) Naval power
B) The fall of Napoleon
C) The decline of the Roman Empire
D) British prowess in land battles
E) Metallurgy

Question 73

The United States of America became a part of the world-system core

A) in the 1600s.
B) in the 1700s.
C) in the 1800s.
D) at the end of World War I.
E) at the end of World War II.

Question 74

Globalization

A) is less relevant now than ten years ago.
B) has resulted in increasing international economic integration.
C) began in the early 1960s.
D) has decreased interdependence.
E) does not involve the majority of the world-system.

Question 75

In the years after World War II,this country emerged as the hegemonic power:

A) The Soviet Union
B) Britain
C) China
D) The United States of America
E) Japan

Question 76

The major increase in fifteenth-century exploration was initiated by this country:

A) Portugal
B) Spain
C) England
D) the Netherlands
E) France

Question 77

European industrialization began in the late ________ century.

A) 15th
B) 16th
C) 17th
D) 18th
E) 19th

Question 78

Which of the following regions was the last to be colonized by the Europeans?

A) West Africa
B) South America
C) North America
D) Australia and New Zealand
E) Japan

Question 79

In the early 1900s,peripheral countries

A) were well on their way to becoming core countries.
B) imported most of their manufactured goods from core countries.
C) diversified their economies.
D) in Africa and Asia achieved their independence.
E) used the labour located in the core to manufacture their goods.

Question 80

The great scramble for African colonies occurred

A) just after the Napoleonic wars.
B) during Portugal's domination of the world-system.
C) as Spain was colonizing the Americas.
D) in the decades preceding World War I.
E) in the two decades after World War II.