Deck 3: Slavery and Race, 1660-1750

Question 1

The biggest stimulus for the massive forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic was the

A)need for house servants.
B)failure of the colonies to attract colonists who were willing to work.
C)demand for agricultural labor.
D)prejudice of the colonists.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which colony was the first to be designed from the outset around slavery?

A)Virginia
B)Florida
C)South Carolina
D)Georgia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A thriving traffic in human beings from Africa to the Americas

A)only developed once the English colonies accelerated the importation of slaves.
B)already existed before mainland English colonies formed.
C)was fueled by the global demand for cotton.
D)developed in spite of the fact that indigenous slaved were easier to control.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In 1662 the Virginia legislature passed a law declaring that slave status was

A)inherited through the mother.
B)inherited through the father.
C)to be permanent for life.
D)to be consistent with English law.

Question 5

The Royal African Company was chartered to

A)transport indentured servants from England.
B)deliver African slaves exclusively to the American colonies.
C)transport African slaves from trading posts in the Caribbean.
D)run a slave-buying operation in West Africa.

Question 6

Colonial laws from the late 1600s revealed the intention of

A)differentiating slaves from servants.
B)regulating relations between Europeans and Africans.
C)protecting slaves as a form of property.
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 7

What is chattel slavery?

A)indentured servitude of white laborers
B)indentured servitude of black laborers
C)a system that treats individuals as property that can be bought or sold
D)a system that treats individuals as property that is held for a lifetime

Question 8

What caused the supply of white indentured servants to be reduced during the 1660s?

A)the rise in employment and wages in England
B)the lure of new colonies,such as North Carolina,South Carolina,and Georgia
C)the slowing growth of the tobacco industry
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 9

Africans brought to the Chesapeake before the 1660s came as

A)slaves but did not always remain enslaved for their entire lives.
B)slaves,and remained enslaved for their entire lives.
C)indentured servants but did not always remain in servitude for their entire lives.
D)indentured servants and remained so for their entire lives.

Question 10

Slavery on the North American mainland

A)developed slowly.
B)was deeply entrenched before the arrival of the English,Spanish,Dutch,and French.
C)developed quickly after the arrival of the English,Spanish,Dutch,and French.
D)was not legal until the early 1700s.

Question 11

Indentured servants typically contracted to work for a period of

A)one to two years.
B)two to four years.
C)five to seven years.
D)seven to ten years.

Question 12

Most of the first generation of Africans to arrive in the Chesapeake were

A)slaves from other colonies.
B)indentured servants from Europe.
C)slaves from the northern colonies.
D)indentured servants from West Africa.

Question 13

The Royal African Company was chartered in 1672 by the Crown of

A)Holland.
B)England.
C)Portugal.
D)Spain.

Question 14

In colonial North America before the 1660s,

A)most who labored were defined as someone else's personal property.
B)serving a master was not associated with a particular racial or ethnic identity.
C)men,women,and children who tilled the soil did so voluntarily.
D)it was assumed that those who served a master were African Americans.

Question 15

Africans who were free men in the seventeenth century

A)owned land.
B)testified in court.
C)controlled the labor of others.
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 16

The racial prejudice of ________ and ________ Christians helped justify the African slave trade to the new World.

A)English;Dutch
B)English;Spanish
C)Dutch;Portuguese
D)Spanish;Portuguese

Question 17

Between 1660 and 1750,American colonists

A)diminished legal distinctions between European and African laborers.
B)increasingly purchased African slaves.
C)continued to rely primarily on European labor.
D)purchased a majority of their slaves from Brazil.

Question 18

"The Curse of Ham" from the book of Genesis was interpreted by Muslims,Christians,and Jews entering into the slave trade in a way that

A)linked the character of Ham to the African continent.
B)applied the curse placed by Noah on Ham to slave- and indentured-servant-class individuals.
C)identified the repugnant ethical behavior of Ham with Native Americans.
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 19

Before the spread of slavery,labor in the tobacco-growing Chesapeake depended heavily on

A)religious immigrant family units.
B)Indian slaves.
C)involuntary migrants.
D)English farm laborers and landless artisans.

Question 20

Virginia's 1670 law,which illustrates how religion became an important factor in European thinking about slavery,stipulated that

A)an African slave who converted could remain a slave.
B)perpetual enslavement of an African who had been baptized before entering the colony could be allowed.
C)a slave who converted could earn his or her freedom.
D)a Native American slave who converted could be perpetually enslaveD.

Question 21

Before 1750,the dominant crop in the Chesapeake Bay region was

A)cotton.
B)indigo.
C)rice.
D)tobacco.

Question 22

The majority of the Atlantic slave trade occurred in

A)Brazil and the Caribbean.
B)New England.
C)British North America and the United States.
D)the Dutch and French West Indies.

Question 23

Gullah was

A)the lower hold aboard a slave ship.
B)a plantation work team.
C)a festival preserved from African tradition.
D)a mixed language that became formalized over time.

Question 24

What best describes the practice of European slave traders?

A)seizing free people in Africa and shipping them across the Atlantic
B)purchasing human beings who were already enslaved in Africa
C)selling slaves directly to plantation owners in the New World
D)using gold and various national currencies to purchase slaves

Question 25

Slavery in the Lowcountry of South Carolina and Georgia

A)closely resembled that of the Caribbean.
B)mimicked the slave system of the Chesapeake.
C)was characterized by the close,first-hand supervision of the master.
D)was based on cultivation of the tobacco leaf.

Question 26

The largest slave system by far in colonial North America emerged in

A)FloridA.
B)the Chesapeake Bay region.
C)Georgia.
D)South Carolina.

Question 27

Growing slave communities enabled many African-born slaves to preserve their

A)linguistic heritage.
B)African cuisine.
C)funeral rites.
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 28

The term creole,when speaking of the slave population,refers to one who was born in

A)AfricA.
B)the colonies.
C)the Middle Passage.
D)the land of one's native language.

Question 29

The Muslim slave Diallo

A)was highly literate.
B)successfully escaped from his Maryland slaveholder.
C)sent a letter that eventually reached his home of Senegambia.
D)secured a deal with British traders that ended the purchase of African slaves.

Question 30

Spoonbread is an example of

A)the attempts of slaves to recreate a traditional African dish.
B)the departure of slaves from African ways of life.
C)the unhealthy food given to slaves by slave owners.
D)a dish that was imported from England but much loved by slaves.

Question 31

Middle Passage refers to the

A)transport of trade goods such as weapons,liquor,and tobacco to West AfricA.
B)exchange between African slave merchants and European slave traders.
C)third leg of the triangular trade itinerary.
D)journey that brought slave ships from Africa to the Americas.

Question 32

Which of the following is an African instrument that was introduced by American slaves in the South?

A)banjo
B)guitar
C)drum
D)cymbal

Question 33

Compared to slaves in the West Indies and Brazil,the Africans that were brought to North America

A)suffered lower birth rates,due to poorer nutrition.
B)died off more quickly,due to the debilitating gang labor.
C)lived longer on average.
D)developed an imbalance in the sex ratio among their populations.

Question 34

The slave trade routinely broke up African families,

A)but once they arrived in the American colonies they were granted legal marriage.
B)and slaveholders consistently discouraged conjugal relations among their slaves.
C)but Africans in America still managed to select partners and form family relationships.
D)and as a result,memories of their African heritage rapidly disappeareD.

Question 35

The most significant aspect of the cowrie shell during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was its use as

A)the leading currency.
B)an early form of packing peanuts to ship delicate merchandise.
C)prestigious decorative ornaments.
D)jewelry.

Question 36

The gang system

A)reflected the less demanding nature of tobacco fieldwork.
B)included direction by a white foreman.
C)required a high degree of contact between blacks and whites on the plantation.
D)led to frequent successful slave revolts.

Question 37

Rice plantations

A)had significant start-up costs.
B)necessitated minimal supervision.
C)encouraged large slaveholding.
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 38

How much human cargo did the Royal African Company's ships lose between 1680 and 1688?

A)almost one-quarter
B)almost one-third
C)almost half
D)almost three-quarters

Question 39

Before 1750,the religion most Africans brought with them and continued to embrace

A)was Islam.
B)was Christianity.
C)consisted of magic and the conjuring of spirits.
D)consisted of the worship of statues and animals.

Question 40

The "triangular trade" model of transatlantic trade that connected Europe,the American colonies,and West Africa

A)provides a comprehensive explanation of the routes of exchange.
B)illustrates the dependency of West Africa on European goods.
C)is oversimplified and better described as a web of global exchange.
D)ignores complexities such as the role of Muslim trade.

Question 41

Once the Stono Rebellion was suppressed,

A)fears of further rebellion were for the most part put to rest.
B)another similar rebellion broke out fifteen miles away,just outside of Charleston.
C)planters gradually reduced the slave population to minimize the threat of revolt.
D)conspirators were hunted down,and laws were passed to prevent insurrection.

Question 42

The 1712 slave revolt in New York involved

A)a building being set afire and the deaths of nine white citizens.
B)a ship being stolen and used in an attempt to sail for the Caribbean.
C)a shootout with armed slaves that resulted in over twenty casualties.
D)the slaughter of the women and children of three households.

Question 43

Analyze the distinctiveness of slavery in the North as compared to that of the southern colonies.

Question 44

Before the 1660s,Africans were brought to the Chesapeake as slaves,but their work and prospects were not that different from those of indentured servants.How and why did Chesapeake landowners shift away from indentured servitude toward race-based chattel slavery?

Question 45

Analyze transatlantic trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,including the triangle model,the Middle Passage,and the significance of cowrie shells.

Question 46

In 1750,only about ________ Africans were enslaved in Spanish Florida.

A)50
B)100
C)200
D)300

Question 47

The southern city built up in the first half of the eighteenth century by enslaved African artisans was

A)Williamsburg.
B)Charleston.
C)New Orleans.
D)Savannah.

Question 48

Compare and contrast slavery in the Chesapeake with that of the Lowcountry.

Question 49

Forty percent of all Africans brought to North America before 1808 entered via

A)AlexandriA.
B)Charleston.
C)New York.
D)Savannah.

Question 50

The task system required

A)demanding work and gave slaves less control over their time.
B)demanding work,but gave slaves greater control over their time.
C)less effort,but gave slaves less control over their time.
D)less effort and gave slaves greater control over their time.

Question 51

The African diaspora forced thousands of people to adapt to new surroundings.Evaluate the influence of traditional African culture on the slave communities of North America.

Question 52

The slaves that rebelled near the Stono River were encouraged to revolt

A)when several of their masters left the region to procure supplies.
B)after news had reached them of a successful rebellion in the neighboring plantation.
C)by reports that war had erupted between Spain and Britain.
D)when disease moved through the white population.

Question 53

The northern colony with the largest slave population was

A)Massachusetts.
B)New York.
C)Connecticut.
D)New Hampshire.

Question 54

The Stono Rebellion of 1739 took place in

A)South CarolinA.
B)North Carolina.
C)Georgia.
D)Florida.

Question 55

Beginning in the 1660s,colonial governments enacted new laws in support of slaveholding.Trace the development of major pieces of colonial slave legislation.

Question 56

Evaluate the major factors that influenced European attitudes on race.

Question 57

In the colonial North,slaves worked as which of the following?

A)carpenters
B)blacksmiths
C)butchers
D)All these answers are correct.