Deck 17: The Reformation: a New Church and the Arts

Question 1

In 1505,Martin Luther entered a monastery,because he

A)claimed that God,in a dream,had commanded him to become a monk.
B)promised to become a monk if he survived a severe lightning storm.
C)was rejected by his great love,Katharina,who became a nun.
D)wanted the educational opportunities offered by the monastery.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The first major work that Johannes Gutenberg published using his printing press was

A)Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.
B)Desiderius Erasmus's In Praise of Folly.
C)Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy.
D)The Forty-Two Line Bible.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Ulrich Zwingli launched his program of iconoclasm in Zurich to

A)protest the excesses of the Vatican.
B)sell the art in order to fund his churches.
C)prevent distractions during his services.
D)protest Luther's defense of religious art.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why was mid-sixteenth-century Geneva known as "a paradise for women"?

A)Women were permitted to hold public office in Geneva.
B)Geneva men who beat their wives were severely punished.
C)Women were encouraged to attend the University of Geneva.
D)John Calvin decreed that women were equal in every way to men.

Question 5

Satire aims to convey the contradiction between

A)law and practice.
B)real and ideal situations.
C)faith and tangible evidence.
D)the moral and the secular.

Question 6

Martin Luther claimed that he had the right to post his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church door because of

A)monastic immunity.
B)academic freedom.
C)biblical authority.
D)freedom of speech.

Question 7

In his concept of "predestination," John Calvin meant that

A)people are hardwired to commit sin.
B)only Christians,God's beloved people,will go to heaven.
C)God ordains salvation for certain people at birth.
D)God determines whether a person will or will not sin.

Question 8

According to Martin Luther,why could faithful people be certain of their salvation?

A)Christ had already atoned for their sins.
B)Only non-Christians were sent to hell.
C)Faithful people could not commit sin.
D)Christ promised salvation in the Sermon on the Mount.

Question 9

Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revived the Classical literary genre of

A)satire.
B)dramatic dialogue.
C)epistle.
D)parody.

Question 10

After the advent of the printing press,continental Europe's best-selling author was

A)Martin Luther.
B)François Rabelais.
C)William Tyndale.
D)Hartmann Schedel.

Question 11

Martin Luther rebelled against the Church mandate about celibacy for those in a religious vocation,because

A)faith,to him,equalized everyone,including the clergy.
B)he was already excommunicated when he married.
C)marriage prevented clergy from committing adultery.
D)God decreed that humans should procreate.

Question 12

Why in his later years did Martin Luther claim that the Jews were devils and blasphemers?

A)Like the Catholics,the Jews believed in good works leading to salvation.
B)Many Jews were merchants,which Luther viewed as a sinful occupation.
C)European Jews sympathized with Muslims,whom Luther called heretics.
D)Jews did not willingly convert in great numbers to the reformed Christianity.

Question 13

The Church excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521 for

A)not appearing at the Diet of Worms.
B)translating the Bible into German.
C)marrying a former nun.
D)heresy.

Question 14

Martin Luther rejected the Church's doctrine that good deeds and work lead to salvation,because he believed that

A)God elected people at birth to be saved or damned.
B)infant baptism guaranteed salvation.
C)faith alone would provide salvation.
D)shunning evil and being moral brought salvation.

Question 15

Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament into vernacular German was significant because,with it,people

A)could own their own copy of the New Testament.
B)no longer had to depend on the Church for biblical interpretation.
C)no longer had to learn Latin to read the Bible.
D)no longer felt the need to attend Church services.

Question 16

In his In Praise of Folly,Erasmus attacks Church officials for

A)spending money on lavish art.
B)not allowing clergy to marry.
C)supporting military campaigns.
D)selling pardons and indulgences.

Question 17

At the heart of Martin Luther's outrage at the Church's "salvation for sale" was

A)class inequity and injustice.
B)the Church's materialism.
C)unfair treatment of Northern Europe.
D)the Vatican's religious art.

Question 18

Why was Thomas Müntzer so critical of Martin Luther about the Peasant War?

A)Müntzer supported the Catholic Church's doctrines.
B)Luther refused to support the peasants' rebellion.
C)Müntzer claimed that God told him Luther was a liar.
D)Luther despised Jews,most of whom were peasants.

Question 19

Ulrich Zwingli's ideas about Christianity differed from Luther's in regards to

A)celibacy.
B)charity.
C)indulgences.
D)communion.

Question 20

How was Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece spared during the Calvinist iconoclasm?

A)It was covered over by a cloth.
B)It was dismantled and hidden.
C)It was deemed too beautiful to destroy.
D)Its wings were closed and painted white.

Question 21

Michel de Montaigne invented the

A)personal essay.
B)short story.
C)memoir.
D)journal.

Question 22

To create deeper and darker shadows in Melancholia I,Albrecht Dürer used the process of

A)stippling.
B)woodcut.
C)cross-hatching.
D)relief.

Question 23

In both Melancholia I and Adam and Eve,light represents

A)divine grace.
B)innocence.
C)Inspiration.
D)Knowledge.

Question 24

Identify and describe the reasons for the Church's objections to the Bible being made accessible to the masses.

Question 25

Identify and explain at least three reasons Luther in his 95 Theses demanded reform of the Catholic Church.

Question 26

Describe how and why Martin Luther changed the use of music in the church service.

Question 27

In the Four Apostles,Albrecht Dürer placed John in the foreground,because he was

A)Martin Luther's favorite apostle.
B)considered the most pious apostle.
C)Jesus's most beloved apostle.
D)considered the sternest apostle.

Question 28

Albrecht Dürer's popular and much reproduced The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse can be viewed as symbolizing the events of late-fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Western Europe.List the four horsemen,and describe at least two of that period's events that correspond with the horsemen.

Question 29

Why did The Nuremberg Chronicle's illustrators not concern themselves with depicting the different cities accurately?

A)Precise details cannot be portrayed in woodcuts.
B)Most readers had not been to those cities.
C)The artists were unfamiliar with the cities.
D)The images were too small to be exact pictures.

Question 30

Pieter Bruegel the Elder's Harvesters celebrates the harmonious relationship between

A)male and female peasants.
B)hard work and its rewards.
C)nature and people.
D)rural and city life.

Question 31

Compare Luther's ideas about reform with Thomas Müntzer's.

Question 32

In retaliation against Protestant simplicity,Roman Catholics increased the elaborateness of their churches to

A)provide charitable employment for architects and artists.
B)make the Protestant churches seem emotionally empty.
C)lure the wealthy middle class into returning to Catholicism.
D)show that the Reformation had not affected the Catholics.

Question 33

Explain how the Reformation might never have occurred without the invention of the printing press.

Question 34

The Roman Catholic Church condemned François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel for

A)being a frivolous work of fiction.
B)attacking medieval theology's dogmas and sacraments.
C)glorifying Martin Luther's ideas about reforming the Church.
D)including violence and bawdy humor.

Question 35

Many Northerners were predisposed to finding moral implications in decorative art to

A)save it from destruction.
B)increase its value.
C)make it more interesting.
D)justify owning it.

Question 36

Why did many Northern European artists turn to painting portraits and landscapes?

A)The Protestants banned all other types of paintings.
B)The market for religious art was diminishing.
C)The growing middle class could afford to have portraits painted.
D)The Protestants viewed humans and nature as God's finest art.

Question 37

The printing press enabled quick distribution of François Rabelais's

A)pamphlets.
B)newspapers.
C)illustrated books.
D)woodcuts.

Question 38

Describe at least two ways in which Luther's Reformation had political as well as religious implications.

Question 39

Peter Aertsen painted the Holy Family in the background of The Meat Stall to

A)make his graphic painting seem more acceptable.
B)remind viewers to give thanks to God for their prosperity.
C)chide viewers for attending to the material instead of the spiritual.
D)equate animal slaughter with Christ's crucifixion.

Question 40

Describe the symbolism of the approaching storm in Altdorfer's Danube Landscape and the graphic details of Aerensen's The Meat Stall,connecting the symbolism with the Northern Reformation.

Question 41

In Adam and Eve,Dürer includes a cat at Eve's feet ready to pounce on a mouse at Adam's feet.Explain the symbolism of that small portion of his engraving in relation to the entire work's theme.

Question 42

Explain how the North's "new," post-Reformation art evolved to overcome the Protestant objection to religious art.

Question 43

Describe life in sixteenth-century Geneva under John Calvin's direction.

Question 44

Define satire,and explain the reasons Erasmus's In Praise of Folly qualifies as one.

Question 45

Identify and explain at least three reasons Martin Luther and other Protestants cited to support their anti-Semitic views.