Deck 25: The Sixties, 1960-1968

Question 1

Barry Goldwater's conservative movement

A) marked a departure from the radical conservatism of William Buckley.
B) did not find traction among midwestern and eastern transplants to Southern California.
C) was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom.
D) essentially ended with his landslide defeat in the 1964 presidential election.
E) rebuilt the traditional conservative voting base.

Answer 1

was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom.

Question 2

How did John Kennedy's inaugural address strike a different tone?

A) It downplayed the Soviet Union as a threat.
B) It urged Americans to move beyond the consumer culture of the 1950s.
C) It focused on communism in the Caribbean.
D) It talked about reverence for the adults who lived through the Great Depression.
E) It explicitly focused on the topics of segregation and race.

Answer 2

It urged Americans to move beyond the consumer culture of the 1950s.

Question 3

What philosophy did the protesters at the Greensboro sit-in adhere to?

A) militancy
B) Marxism
C) violence as self-defense
D) nonviolence
E) Buddhism

Answer 3

nonviolence

Question 4

What was the purpose of Freedom Summer?

A) to bring national attention to the growing strength of Klan members in Mississippi
B) to register new candidates for local office across the state of Mississippi
C) to address the failure of the Civil Rights Act to include a provision on voting rights in the South
D) to provide field experience for new recruits to CORE and SNCC
E) to bring down the Democratic Party and secure the Republican majority in Congress.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is accurate of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

A) Its passage was prompted by fear of violent protests.
B) It upheld the right of county officials to oversee black voter registration in cases where provided for by local statute.
C) It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration.
D) It was strongly endorsed by President Nixon.
E) Congress was slow to pass the act after the president's speech.

Question 6

How did the African-American civil rights protesters that marched in June 1963 in more than 186 cities feel about the danger of getting arrested?

A) They had tried to avoid any encounter with the police as best they could.
B) Too many police officers had infiltrated the civil rights movement.
C) Most of the protesters came from privileged backgrounds and knew that they would get off easy.
D) The very point of the protests was to illustrate the punitive nature of southern Jim Crow justice.
E) Until that time, the police had had a reputation of being highly sympathetic to the civil rights movement.

Question 7

What did the Greensboro sit-in protest?

A) the arms race
B) a lunch counter at Woolworth's that refused to serve blacks
C) segregated public schools
D) the Vietnam War
E) the use of DDT and other chemicals that were polluting waterways

Question 8

Who was Martin Luther King Jr. addressing in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?

A) Jim Crow
B) a local clergyman
C) white segregationists
D) the president of the United States
E) an international audience

Question 9

The 1960 sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina,

A) sparked similar successful demonstrations throughout the North.
B) ended with integration of the Woolworth's lunch counter.
C) was violent and ended with the death of 10 students.
D) was not supported by any the white locals.
E) lasted for over a week.

Question 10

The Freedom Rides of 1961 traveled through which of the following states?

A) Texas and Missouri
B) Maryland and Massachusetts
C) Florida and South Carolina
D) Alabama and Mississippi
E) Washington and Oregon

Question 11

In addition to prohibiting racial discrimination, what did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplish?

A) It banned discrimination on the grounds of national origin.
B) It banned discrimination on the grounds of sex.
C) It banned discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.
D) It banned discrimination on the grounds of religion.
E) It banned discrimination on the grounds of economic status.

Question 12

Birmingham started integrating downtown businesses in 1963. What else occurred in the city that year?

A) Medgar Evers was assassinated.
B) Four girls were killed in a church bombing.
C) Martin Luther King Jr. served five months in prison.
D) Black students were allowed to go to the white college.
E) George Wallace was elected mayor.

Question 13

Why did King decide to send black schoolchildren to protest in the streets of Birmingham?

A) He believed they were the future.
B) He believed the police would use force against them, and in return, he would use those images to build support for the civil rights movement.
C) They were easily manipulated.
D) He believed the image of children marching would show they had no schools in which to get an education.
E) He knew it was a peaceful city and nothing would happen to them.

Question 14

Which of the following groups was the leading force in advocating desegregation?

A) college students
B) southern blacks
C) the urban working class
D) the suburban middle class
E) business owners

Question 15

During Freedom Summer

A) very few white college students participated.
B) only black activists participated in the voter registration campaign.
C) signers of the Southern Manifesto launched a campaign against integration.
D) a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi.
E) there was little violence.

Question 16

The Great Society

A) included new health care, education, and urban development initiatives paid for with federal funds.
B) established the Environmental Protection Agency.
C) actually reduced federal power, as most of its programs were administered at the local level.
D) was the derisive description applied by the conservative press to President Johnson's massive expansion of the federal government.
E) dramatically worsened poverty for rural whites with its Medicare program.

Question 17

What best describes Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?

A) communists who demanded representation in government
B) conservative students who aimed to take control of the Republican Party
C) retired veterans who demanded reasonable pensions
D) young women who wanted to be able to vote
E) radical Democrats who wanted to limit federal power

Question 18

In addition to sit-ins, other forms of direct action

A) encountered very little resistance by local white authorities.
B) included "wade-ins," where black activists attempted to integrate California beaches.
C) attracted national attention, especially the 1961 "Freedom Rides."
D) were limited to marches and demonstrations.
E) included integrated groups riding city buses into the Midwest, where drivers and conductors attacked them.

Question 19

Democrats painted Barry Goldwater as what during the 1964 election?

A) weak
B) anti-intellectual
C) greedy
D) out of touch
E) extremist

Question 20

What did the defeat of Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater show?

A) The success of the civil rights movement had made conventional Republicans unelectable.
B) The success of the New Deal state had made libertarianism unattractive to Americans.
C) The changing demographic image of the United States had made older presidential candidates unappealing.
D) The civil rights movement had redrawn the political map and opened the South to the Republican Party.
E) Americans were not yet ready for a Jewish presidential candidate.

Question 21

Why did the Alliance for Progress fail?

A) Communism was already strong in the area.
B) Local governments rejected U.S. assistance, as they mistrusted American intentions.
C) The aid was administered by local elites who kept the money to themselves.
D) Funds were invested in unfruitful industries.
E) The amount of money sent was insufficient.

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the War on Poverty?

A) Its overwhelming success suggested that restoring Americans' economic security was ultimately more important than securing their civil rights.
B) It cemented Lyndon Johnson's reputation as one of the most popular presidents in American history.
C) It transformed the condition of life in poor urban neighborhoods.
D) It helped significantly reduce America's incidence of poverty.
E) It had a large effect on the infrastructure of the South.

Question 23

The 1963 March on Washington

A) was led by women activists.
B) focused on economic equality.
C) showed blacks and whites marching together.
D) was extremely violent.
E) did not include civil rights groups.

Question 24

What does the textbook identify as the centerpiece of Johnson's Great Society?

A) Medicaid
B) the National Endowments for Humanities and for the Arts
C) the Public Broadcasting Service
D) the War on Poverty
E) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question 25

Blacks' hopes for social justice mainly rested on

A) the federal government.
B) local governments.
C) civic institutions.
D) the international community.
E) local businesses.

Question 26

The Bay of Pigs invasion

A) demonstrated the CIA was successfully operating in Latin America.
B) stopped all commercial relations with Cuba.
C) restored Fulgencio Batista to power.
D) was a complete failure.
E) facilitated Castro's invasion of the United States.

Question 27

Why are the riots in American cities during the 1960s best understood as battles?

A) The Department of Defense deployed regular army units to suppress these uprisings.
B) African-American rioters often had received military training in Cuba and Venezuela.
C) Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army.
D) Rioters frequently employed weapons otherwise only used in military combat operations.
E) Riot squads were organized by the Department of Defense.

Question 28

The Berlin Wall

A) was built to stop the emigration from West Berlin.
B) was built by the U.S. Army.
C) separated Berlin from the rest of Germany.
D) was a tangible symbol of Cold War dynamics.
E) was supposed to be temporary.

Question 29

What was the New Left's greatest inspiration?

A) the communist revival
B) the Great Society
C) pre-World War I bohemians
D) the black freedom movement
E) 1950s writers

Question 30

Which was Kennedy's policy regarding Latin America?

A) He signed a pact with the leaders of the region stating he would not interfere with their internal affairs.
B) Through the Alliance for Progress, he sent economic aid to the region hoping to alleviate poverty.
C) He formed military alliances with governments that would help the United States defeat communism.
D) He sent economic aid to promote democracy in the region.
E) He helped Latin American countries professionalize their armed forces in case of an attack by the Soviet Union.

Question 31

To combat communism, one of John Kennedy's first acts was to

A) enhance diplomatic talks with the Soviet Union.
B) promote the production of the hydrogen bomb.
C) destroy nuclear weapons.
D) create the Peace Corps.
E) increase military spending.

Question 32

The free speech movement

A) failed in its efforts to establish free speech on college campuses.
B) began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political activism.
C) began in Los Angeles to protest a campus ban on political literature.
D) began in Port Huron to protest a campus ban on political literature.
E) had little support among college students at the time.

Question 33

In which of the following ways did the March on Washington expose tension within the movement?

A) Some activists wanted to resort to violence and brought arms to the March.
B) Even though women played crucial roles within the movement, all speakers were men.
C) Speakers refused to moderate their speeches.
D) Women were not allowed to play key roles within the movement.
E) Whites were not allowed to march.

Question 34

The War on Poverty

A) was first proposed by Richard Nixon as a means to gain the support of congressional Democrats during Eisenhower's second term.
B) was not a part of Johnson's Great Society agenda.
C) concentrated on equipping the poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation.
D) guaranteed an annual income for most Americans.
E) focused on understanding economic changes and responding to them.

Question 35

What did the Kerner Report cite as the cause of urban riots in the 1960s?

A) an influx of immigrants
B) segregation and poverty
C) environmental issues
D) crack cocaine abuse
E) education

Question 36

On what grounds could foreign nationals apply for immigrant status in the United States after 1965?

A) political views
B) knowledge of U.S. history
C) family ties
D) country of origin
E) military experience

Question 37

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution

A) was a nonbinding measure that passed both the House and Senate, calling for peace negotiations between North and South Vietnam.
B) was opposed by the majority of lawmakers in Congress.
C) authorized a ground invasion by U.S. troops into North Vietnam.
D) authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam.
E) outlined attack and exit strategies in South Vietnam.

Question 38

What did students of the New Left movement think was missing in American liberalism in the 1960s?

A) the willingness to address poverty
B) the reluctance of companies to recognize unions
C) the commitment to legislate on behalf of Social Security
D) the practice of true participatory democracy
E) a concern about the threat of monopoly in industrial capitalism

Question 39

In the 1964 election Barry Goldwater suffered a major defeat even though he succeeded in the Deep South. What did this suggest?

A) There was a strong opposition among whites to the civil rights movement.
B) That the South understood it was necessary to address racial inequalities.
C) That segregation was finally over.
D) That the Republican Party would not be able to survive in the long run.
E) That religious prejudices continued to be divisive.

Question 40

Why did the United States continue to support South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem's corrupt and weak regime?

A) Diem had the support of his people, which pointed to an eventual South Vietnamese victory over the communists.
B) By 1963, Diem's forces had regained much of the Vietnamese countryside from the outnumbered Viet Cong.
C) Presidents Kennedy and Johnson feared losing Vietnam to communism.
D) U.S. officials were caught by surprise when a military coup led to Diem's death.
E) Diem had built a stable and broad base of support for his government using advice from American officials.

Question 41

Before his assassination, Kennedy

A) saw victory in Vietnam as certain.
B) supported all of Ngo Dinh Diem's actions on principle.
C) aggressively pursued policies to increase the fighting in Vietnam.
D) actively attempted to end the Vietnam War.
E) questioned the wisdom of involvement in Vietnam.

Question 42

How did the women's liberation movement inspire a major expansion of the idea of freedom?

A) The women's movement included members of the middle class as well as the working class.
B) The women's movement included men and women.
C) The women's movement included African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglo-Americans.
D) The women's movement took the protest for social justice to the streets.
E) The women's movement brought considerations of power and justice inside the family.

Question 43

Which of the following was at the center of the civil rights agenda by the mid-1960s?

A) foreign policy
B) access to public schools
C) gay rights
D) the economic divide between blacks and other Americans
E) unemployment

Question 44

Malcolm X

A) supported integration.
B) believed in the nonviolent struggle for equality.
C) was deeply Catholic.
D) insisted blacks should control their own resources.
E) agreed with King on how the black movement should behave.

Question 45

What was one duty of government, according to Barry Goldwater's speech at the Republican National Convention (1964)?

A) promoting educational equality
B) retaining strong, centralized control
C) maintaining a foreign military presence
D) pursuing justice with caution and moderation
E) enforcing law and order

Question 46

The Hart-Celler Act of 1965

A) only limited southern and eastern Europeans from migrating to the United States.
B) abandoned the category of "illegal aliens."
C) lifted all caps on immigration.
D) provided special provisions for Latin Americans.
E) abandoned the national-origins immigration quota system.

Question 47

By 1968, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam

A) was less than in 1965.
B) was decreasing as the peace process accelerated.
C) exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal.
D) was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term.
E) was of little concern to most Americans.

Question 48

Which of the following transformed protest into rebellion by the mid-1960s?

A) gender inequality
B) the Vietnam War
C) segregation
D) Mexican immigration
E) discrimination against homosexuals

Question 49

Why was liberation theology so popular in Latin America in the 1960s?

A) The Second Vatican Council had sanctioned birth control.
B) The Cuban Revolution had inspired neighboring nations.
C) Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was bearing fruit.
D) The Cuban Missile Crisis had shattered the region's complacency.
E) Reform in the Catholic Church had inspired social justice activists.

Question 50

According to the National Organization for Women's Statement of Purpose, what did equal partnership between men and women require?

A) a better plan for education
B) encouraging men to become the primary homemakers
C) de-emphasizing religion
D) a new vision of marriage
E) more scrutiny of homemakers

Question 51

Who founded the Youth International Party?

A) Abbie Hoffman
B) Bobby Seale
C) Timothy Leary
D) Elvis Presley
E) Richie Havens

Question 52

The anti-war movement

A) attracted only draft-age males.
B) was of little interest to civil rights activists.
C) never built a mass constituency.
D) had little impact on public opinion.
E) challenged the foundations of Cold War thinking.

Question 53

Women's liberation

A) was a single-issue movement that argued for equal pay for equal work.
B) was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment from their male counterparts.
C) remained a tiny fringe movement because of its radical tactics, including "consciousness-raising" sessions and a takeover of the 1968 Miss America pageant.
D) focused primarily on burning bras and other consumer goods and garments.
E) attracted middle-class women, much like the suffrage movement in the early twentieth century.

Question 54

In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan

A) focused on the plight of working-class women.
B) emphasized the role of child-rearing for women.
C) focused on the discontents of middle-class women.
D) focused on the particular plight of black women.
E) emphasized the role women played in the anti-war movement.

Question 55

The Black Panther Party

A) promoted peaceful integration between blacks and whites.
B) created multiple charity events for the poor.
C) worked alongside California police departments.
D) advocated armed self-defense.
E) rapidly spread throughout the country.

Question 56

Black Power emerged as a response to which of the following factors?

A) frustrations over the federal government's coddling of civil rights workers
B) the Republican Party's attempts to determine the civil rights movement's strategy
C) the civil rights movement's failure to have any impact on the economic problems of black ghettos
D) white Americans' tendency to specify their European ethnicity
E) the passage of the Civil Rights Act

Question 57

Who was the intellectual father of Black Power?

A) Luther King
B) Ella Baker
C) John Lewis
D) Philip Randolph
E) Malcolm X

Question 58

The New Left

A) embraced the twentieth-century version of liberalism.
B) spoke of loneliness, isolation, and alienation.
C) comprised mainly uneducated whites.
D) viewed the Soviet Union as a model to follow.
E) believed the working class was the agent of social change.

Question 59

In what ways did the counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace?

A) The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life.
B) The counterculture made mass consumption more affordable for college students.
C) The counterculture revived the concept of free competition and innovation.
D) The counterculture extended the privilege of consumption and leisure to the young.
E) Members of the counterculture were the primary consumers of new technology.

Question 60

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged" was an early call for what would come to be known as

A) color-blind hiring.
B) grandfathering.
C) unionization.
D) affirmative action.
E) communism.

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of American influence in the world in 1968?

A) McDonald's opened its first restaurants in Europe and Asia.
B) Other countries joined a U.S. coalition to win the war in Vietnam.
C) The Soviet Union admitted that American consumer products were better.
D) Automobiles in Japan got bigger.
E) Other countries borrowed American language and strategy for protests against authority.

Question 62

In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that

A) suspects could not refuse to cooperate with police.
B) local elections could be monitored by federal officials.
C) states must permit interracial marriage.
D) those in police custody had certain rights.
E) school prayer was unconstitutional.

Question 63

Which of the following was the rallying cry of the counterculture movement?

A) liberation
B) democracy
C) equality
D) peace
E) consumerism

Question 64

What occurred at the 1968 Democratic Party convention?

A) Robert Kennedy was nominated to run for president.
B) Tens of thousands of antiwar activists staged protests.
C) Lyndon Johnson was asked to reconsider running for reelection.
D) Protests occurred over segregated seating at the convention.
E) Hubert Humphrey declined the nomination.

Question 65

On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated

A) while in Memphis, supporting a garbage workers' strike.
B) as he launched the Poor People's Campaign in Dallas.
C) and while the nation mourned his death, there was no violence.
D) and congressional support for the Open Housing Act declined.
E) and no one was ever charged for the crime.

Question 66

What was one reason behind the student protest that occurred in April 1968 at Columbia University?

A) grade inflation at Columbia
B) Columbia's carbon emissions
C) Columbia's refusal to educate immigrants
D) the rise in illegal drug use by Columbia professors
E) Columbia's involvement with defense research

Question 67

The gay liberation movement

A) was banned in several states.
B) attracted many straight women.
C) initially excluded women.
D) was inspired by the civil rights movement.
E) ended with the successful Stonewall riot.

Question 68

The turmoil of 1968 led to

A) a halt to protests in 1969.
B) immediate gains for liberals on civil rights issues.
C) an end to the Vietnam War.
D) the election of Hubert Humphrey.
E) a backlash calling for law and order.

Question 69

What was the Tet offensive?

A) a Vietnamese holiday
B) a protest in the United States over the Vietnam War
C) the aerial bombing campaigns the United States waged against North Vietnam
D) uprisings by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese armies in South Vietnamese cities
E) an attempt by secret U.S. military personnel to save the French garrison in northern Vietnam

Question 70

What likely influenced Lyndon Johnson's choice to not seek reelection in 1968?

A) The assassination of Robert Kennedy made the president unpopular.
B) The public lost confidence in his administration's ability to wage the Vietnam War.
C) Critics on the political right did not like his New Society programs.
D) He was tired of criticism of his support for civil rights.
E) He refused to agree to peace talks to end the Vietnam War.

Question 71

In the 1960s, Latino rights in particular were the focus of the

A) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
B) United Farm Workers.
C) Mattachine Society.
D) Redstockings.
E) NAACP.

Question 72

After the Stonewall riot

A) gay men and lesbians divided into two separate political movements.
B) the gay liberation movement came to an end.
C) prejudice against lesbians ended.
D) a militant gay liberation movement was born.
E) prejudice against gay men increased.

Question 73

The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for which of the following?

A) an end to the mass media's false image of men
B) preferential treatment of women on the job
C) equal health insurance plans
D) equal opportunities in politics
E) an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question 74

The American Indian Movement

A) was in opposition to the Red Power movement.
B) demanded the end of the tribal system.
C) demanded greater tribal self-government.
D) urged all Indians to leave their reservations.
E) demanded greater federal control of the reservation system.

Question 75

The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision

A) created a woman's constitutional right to an abortion.
B) was the least controversial piece of the rights revolution.
C) provoked little opposition.
D) declared school prayer was unconstitutional.
E) legalized birth control.

Question 76

Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in

A) the bracero program.
B) Cesar Chavez.
C) Mario Savio.
D) Carlos Bulosan.
E) the Border Patrol.

Question 77

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that

A) suspects could refuse to cooperate with police.
B) local elections could be monitored by federal officials.
C) state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.
D) those in police custody had certain rights.
E) school prayer was unconstitutional.

Question 78

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring inspired the ________ movement.

A) environmental
B) feminist
C) gay liberation
D) conservative
E) Indian

Question 79

The Warren Court

A) was a conservative court with the one exception of Brown v. Board of Education.
B) seemed to accept the feminist view of the family as a collection of sovereign individuals rather than a unit with a single male head.
C) began a trend to halt the liberal view that had begun in the late 1950s that government had an obligation to provide for the welfare of the citizens.
D) condemned Lyndon Johnson for abuses of power taken during the Vietnam War.
E) set up the legal precedents that would later lead to a conservative view on abortion rights.

Question 80

What made the French student protests of 1968 different from American student protests?

A) The French students had no issues with authority.
B) The French supported the Vietnam War.
C) Large numbers of French workers joined in, adding their own demands.
D) The French only cared about environmental issues.
E) Most French students were not concerned about public education.