Deck 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an important variable in most health psychology models?

A)Stress
B)Appraisals
C)Coping
D)All of these are important variables.

Answer 1

All of these are important variables.

Question 2

It is thought that in the United States, lifestyle contributes to about _____ percent of premature deaths.

A)10
B)30
C)50
D)90

Answer 2

50

Question 3

Which model focuses on how personality influences life style choices (e.g., smoking) that in turn influence health?

A)Health behavior model
B)Interactional model
C)Transactional model
D)Illness behavior model

Answer 3

Health behavior model

Question 4

Researchers in the field of _____ focus on the link between the mind and body.

A)differential psychology
B)health psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)medicine

Question 5

A problem for the _____ model was that psychologists had difficulty identifying coping strategies that were consistently adaptive or maladaptive.

A)health behavior
B)interactional
C)transactional
D)predisposition

Question 6

Which of the following models is least complex?

A)Health behavior model
B)Interactional model
C)Transactional model
D)Illness behavior model

Question 7

Stress is the _____ feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening.

A)objective
B)subjective
C)acute
D)chronic

Question 8

The _____ model emphasizes how personality influences the degree to which people pay attention to bodily sensations that can indicate illness.

A)health behavior
B)interactional
C)transactional
D)illness behavior

Question 9

Which model sees no direct relationship between personality and health, but instead attributes correlations between the two to a third variable?

A)Health behavior model
B)Interactional model
C)Transactional model
D)Predisposition model

Question 10

Which of the following is important in fighting the spread of AIDS?

A)Research on a vaccine.
B)Research on the HIV virus.
C)Research on behavior.
D)All of these.

Question 11

The finding that extraverts are more likely to smoke is most consistent with the

A)health behavior model.
B)interactional model.
C)transactional model.
D)None of these.

Question 12

_____ the subjective feelings of being overwhelmed by events that seem uncontrollable.

A)Stress is
B)Stressors are
C)Appraisals are
D)Pessimism is

Question 13

_____ are diagrams of variables and the causal relationships between them.

A)Appraisals
B)Models
C)Theories
D)Hypotheses

Question 14

Behavior genetics research on personality and illness fits best into the _____ model.

A)health behavior
B)interactional
C)transactional
D)predisposition

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a model of the links between behavior and health?

A)Circumplex model
B)Interactional model
C)Transactional model
D)Predisposition model

Question 16

Going to the doctor, missing work, and complaining about symptoms are all examples of

A)appraisals.
B)self-efficacy.
C)illness behaviors.
D)health behaviors.

Question 17

Which model describes personality as having an effect on stressful events (e.g., through selection, evocation, or manipulation)?

A)Health behavior model
B)Interactional model
C)Transactional model
D)Predisposition model

Question 18

In the transactional model, personality has the effect of influencing

A)coping.
B)appraisals.
C)stressful events.
D)All of these.

Question 19

In the _____ model, personality has its effect on people's ability to cope with events.

A)health behavior
B)interactional
C)transactional
D)predisposition

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stressors?

A)They produce a state of feeling overwhelmed.
B)They are major life events.
C)They produce opposing tendencies.
D)They are uncontrollable.

Question 21

The _____ technique for measuring attributional style was developed by Peterson and his colleagues.

A)Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE)
B)Attributional Analysis (AA)
C)Attribution Vocabulary (AV)
D)Peterson Attributional Analysis of Vocabulary (PAAV)

Question 22

Which of the following is generally considered to be the MOST stressful major life event?

A)Christmas
B)Buying a new car
C)Getting married
D)Changing residence

Question 23

Selye described repeated stressors as leading to

A)primary appraisals
B)secondary appraisals.
C)the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
D)primary and secondary appraisals.

Question 24

Concerns about weight, crime, and taxes are examples of

A)daily hassles.
B)major life events.
C)attributional style.
D)emotional inhibition.

Question 25

_____ is the term to describe how the effects of stress add up and accumulate in a person over time.

A)Additive effects
B)Stress accumulation
C)Longitudinal buildup
D)Stress accrual

Question 26

In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight response falls under the _____ stage.

A)appraisal
B)alarm
C)stage of resistance
D)stage of exhaustion

Question 27

Psychologists recognize _____ varieties of stress: _____.

A)three; episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress
B)three; benign, traumatic, and chronic stress
C)four; acute, episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress
D)four; acute, benign, traumatic, and chronic stress

Question 28

When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals, he engages in

A)the optimistic bias.
B)the pessimistic bias.
C)primary appraisal.
D)secondary appraisal.

Question 29

Research by Holmes and Rahe found that people who had more major life stresses were

A)more likely to have a serious illness.
B)less likely to have a serious illness.
C)more likely to die during the course of the study.
D)not much different from those who had few major stresses.

Question 30

According to Lazarus, what must be present for an event to be stressful?

A)The fight-or-flight response.
B)Primary appraisal.
C)Secondary appraisal.
D)Primary and secondary appraisal.

Question 31

According to Selye, people are most prone to illness in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)appraisal
B)alarm
C)resistance
D)exhaustion

Question 32

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop in persons who _____ life-threatening events.

A)experienced
B)witnessed
C)imagined
D)experienced or witnessed

Question 33

Stress is thought to have the greatest influence on the _____ system.

A)circulatory
B)cardiovascular
C)reproductive
D)immune

Question 34

Stressful life events

A)are always objectively negative.
B)are always objectively positive.
C)are always objectively neutral.
D)can be objectively positive, negative, or neutral.

Question 35

_____ is a dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events.

A)Defensive pessimism
B)Attributional style
C)Problem-focused coping
D)Negative event interpretation

Question 36

Research suggests that people are more susceptible to the common cold

A)if they follow the illness behavior model.
B)if they are in the alarm stage of the GAS.
C)if they have experienced more stressful life events.
D)All of these.

Question 37

The reaction to being startled and the increases in blood pressure and other physiological responses is known as

A)a stressor.
B)the fight-or-flight response.
C)pessimism.
D)hostility.

Question 38

In the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of resistance is characterized by

A)the fight-or-flight response.
B)exhaustion.
C)increased physiological energy.
D)arteriosclerosis.

Question 39

According to Lazarus, an exam will be stressful

A)always.
B)if a person views the exam as important.
C)if a person wants to do well but has to cram.
D)if a person views the exam as important or wants to do well but has to cram.

Question 40

Who is responsible for developing the stress response concept of general adaptation syndrome?

A)Hanlye
B)Lazarus
C)Holmes
D)Selye

Question 41

Optimism predicts good health when measured by

A)self-report.
B)physician report.
C)number of visits to a doctor.
D)All of these.

Question 42

Focusing on the good aspects of a generally stressful situation is an example of

A)problem-focused coping.
B)positive reappraisal.
C)creating positive events.
D)disclosure.

Question 43

_____ tend to greatly underestimate the chances that negative events will happen to them.

A)People with Type A personality
B)Optimists
C)Extraverts
D)People who score high on hostility

Question 44

Takings breaks and using humor in stressful situations are examples of the _____ coping strategy.

A)problem-focused coping
B)positive reappraisal
C)creating positive events
D)disclosure

Question 45

Problem-focused coping

A)can generate positive emotions.
B)is useful when events are controllable.
C)is useful when events are uncontrollable.
D)All of these.

Question 46

Which of the following coping mechanisms can generate positive emotions during stress?

A)Problem-focused coping
B)Defensive pessimism
C)Primary appraisal
D)Secondary appraisal

Question 47

Self-efficacy is defined as

A)the belief that one can do the behaviors necessary to achieve a desired outcome.
B)making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global.
C)the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare.
D)having higher-than-average self-esteem.

Question 48

Smiling when you receive a gift that you do not really like is an example of

A)hostility.
B)primary appraisal.
C)secondary appraisal.
D)emotional inhibition.

Question 49

The fact that most people underestimate their risk for negative events is known as

A)optimism.
B)optimistic-bias.
C)time urgency.
D)general adaptation syndrome.

Question 50

A person with a pessimistic explanatory style explains bad events as due to _____ causes.

A)internal
B)global
C)temporary
D)internal and global

Question 51

The "broaden and build" model addresses

A)how positive emotions can buffer against stress.
B)the optimistic bias.
C)the fight-or-flight response.
D)how frustration leads to stress.

Question 52

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way that optimism can lead to better health?

A)Optimists have better social networks.
B)Optimism does not correlate with depression.
C)Optimism is associated with better immune system functioning.
D)Optimists engage in more health behaviors.

Question 53

A large study by Peterson et al.found that optimists and pessimists differed in the number of deaths due to

A)immune system problems.
B)cancer.
C)cardiovascular disease.
D)accidents.

Question 54

When people express their negative emotions they are

A)less effective in communicating with others.
B)likely to have more problems in relationships.
C)likely to have fewer problems in relationships.
D)effective communicators, but have more problems in relationships.

Question 55

Optimists engage in _____ levels of problem-focused coping and _____ levels of avoidance coping.

A)lower; higher
B)lower; lower
C)higher; lower
D)higher; higher

Question 56

Psychologists do not understand fully the link between optimism and health because

A)most of the research is correlational.
B)it is difficult to measure optimism.
C)most of the research is non-correlational.
D)optimism has only recently been studied.

Question 57

Dispositional optimism is defined as

A)the belief that one can do the behaviors necessary to achieve a desired outcome.
B)making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global.
C)the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare.
D)having higher than average self-esteem.

Question 58

In a study by James Gross and Robert Levenson, participants who were instructed to inhibit their emotional expressions

A)showed less outward expression.
B)showed more outward expression.
C)showed decreased physiological activity.
D)Both A and C

Question 59

Research suggests that inhibiting the expression negative emotions

A)makes people feel better.
B)makes people feel worse.
C)leads to increased physiological activity.
D)leads to reduced physiological activity.

Question 60

Positive emotions are thought to help with stress by

A)broadening attention.
B)helping people build stores of energy.
C)helping people build social networks.
D)All the these.

Question 61

Which of the following components of Type A behavior pattern is most lethal?

A)Achievement striving
B)Time urgency
C)Hostility
D)All of these are equally lethal.

Question 62

Research on Type A falls under the

A)health behavior model.
B)interactional model.
C)transactional model.
D)All of these.

Question 63

People who are very achievement motivated and always in a hurry score high on measures of

A)dispositional optimism.
B)Type A personality.
C)hostility.
D)pessimistic attributional style.

Question 64

Telling others about private aspects of ourselves is known as

A)disclosure.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)self-efficacy.
D)the general adaptive syndrome.

Question 65

Pennebaker has suggested that keeping negative events secret

A)helps maintain self-esteem.
B)requires physical energy.
C)is associated with good physical health.
D)helps maintain self-esteem and is associated with good physical health.

Question 66

Hostile Type A behavior is thought to lead to heart disease through

A)primary appraisals.
B)secondary appraisals.
C)the general adaptation syndrome.
D)arteriosclerosis.

Question 67

_____ is the subjective experience when you are blocked from achieving a goal.

A)Stress
B)Frustration
C)Primary appraisal
D)Secondary appraisal

Question 68

When psychologist James Pennebaker asked research participants to write about secret unpleasant events, he found that

A)people felt good as they wrote.
B)many people found it difficult to think of secrets.
C)everyone had secrets.
D)people felt good as they wrote and that everyone had secrets.

Question 69

Early questionnaire measures of Type A personality, compared to structured interviews,

A)found more effects on heart disease.
B)found fewer effects on heart disease.
C)are less reliable measures.
D)Both B and C

Question 70

Research suggests that emotional expressiveness is associated with

A)better health.
B)better relationships.
C)more physiological reactivity.
D)better health and better relationships.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a component of Type A behavior pattern?

A)Competitive achievement motivation
B)Time urgency
C)Hostility
D)All of these are components of Type A

Question 72

Research suggests that disclosing traumatic events has the effect of

A)increasing physiological arousal during disclosure.
B)improving physical health.
C)reducing the likelihood of depression.
D)All of these.

Question 73

People who are achievement-motivated and time-urgent

A)are a greater risk for heart disease.
B)are at reduced risk for heart disease.
C)do not really have Type A personality.
D)None of these.

Question 74

A study that compared participants who wrote about traumatic events to people who wrote about neutral events found that people who wrote about the traumatic events

A)visited the campus health center less.
B)visited the campus health center more.
C)found the task more enjoyable.
D)re-experienced the traumatic event.

Question 75

People who score high on hostility

A)are usually violent and aggressive.
B)are violent and aggressive when dealing with submissive people.
C)act disagreeable when frustrated.
D)All of these.