Deck 22: The United States in the Era of the Great War

Question 1

After 1915, Wilson followed a policy of __________.

A) preparing for war while working to stay at peace
B) refusing any support for the preparedness movement
C) embargoing all trade with Europe to avoid conflict
D) ignoring events in Europe in hopes they would not affect the United States

Answer 1

preparing for war while working to stay at peace

Question 2

The United States used the Roosevelt Corollary to __________.

A) justify intervention in the internal affairs of various Latin American nations
B) declare war on Mexico after Pancho Villa's raids
C) ensure European creditors access to Latin American markets
D) grant Cuba its independence

Answer 2

justify intervention in the internal affairs of various Latin American nations

Question 3

The American Expeditionary Force in France __________.

A) lived up to Pershing's expectations of a quick victory
B) never got into serious combat with the Germans
C) was plagued by enormous logistical problems
D) fulfilled the romantic image troops carried with them

Answer 3

was plagued by enormous logistical problems

Question 4

The Zimmermann note was a coded message proposing an alliance between Germany and __________.

A) Canada
B) Mexico
C) France
D) Russia

Question 5

After the United States entered the war, almost all progressives __________.

A) continued to oppose U.S. involvement
B) accepted Wilson's leadership and threw themselves into the war effort
C) shifted their support to the Republican Party
D) enlisted in the army to fight in France

Question 6

After being appointed commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in France, General John J. Pershing insisted that __________.

A) President Wilson allow him to continue his pursuit of Pancho Villa in Mexico before transferring to France
B) the AEF combine forces with British and French troops
C) American troops receive at least six months' training before going into battle
D) American troops immediately deploy to the front in the Meuse-Argonne offensive

Question 7

In asking for a declaration of war against Germany, Wilson argued for making the world safe for __________.

A) free trade
B) democracy
C) American interests
D) the next generation

Question 8

The German use of __________ helped build public support for America's entry into World War I.

A) mustard gas
B) machine guns
C) trench warfare
D) submarine warfare

Question 9

Because of strong economic ties with the Allies at the start of World War I, __________.

A) it became difficult for the United States to truly remain neutral in this conflict
B) the United States insisted that, as a non-belligerent nation, it had the right to trade with both sides involved in the war
C) U.S. trade with Germany increased dramatically
D) American banks loaned more money to the Central Powers than to the Allies

Question 10

Roosevelt had a so-called Gentlemen's Agreement that limited immigration to the United States from __________.

A) China
B) Panama
C) Mexico
D) Japan

Question 11

Woodrow Wilson believed that U.S. economic expansion should be accompanied by __________.

A) political domination
B) democratic principles and Christianity
C) military force and naval power
D) American bureaucratic know-how

Question 12

Wilson's effort to manage the Mexican Revolution and protect U.S. interests in Mexico resulted in __________.

A) a legacy of suspicion and mistrust between the two nations
B) American military occupation of Mexico until 1934
C) an era of good feelings between the nations
D) a war between Mexico and the United States

Question 13

William Howard Taft's Central American policy was called __________.

A) the "big stick"
B) "dollar diplomacy"
C) "American exceptionalism"
D) the "Open Door"

Question 14

Why was the alliance system in pre‒World War I Europe both a blessing and a curse?

A) If successful, Europe would boom economically, but if not, depression would result.
B) It could produce agricultural abundance or starvation.
C) It could both appoint and remove monarchs.
D) It could maintain peace or bring about war.

Question 15

At the beginning of World War I, Wilson declared that the United States would __________.

A) immediately come to the Allies' aid
B) maintain strict neutrality
C) cut off all trade with the belligerent powers
D) initiate a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare to protect shipping

Question 16

Use of commercial expansion backed by military activity in the Western Hemisphere by Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson collectively was known as __________.

A) "dollar diplomacy"
B) the "Gentlemen's Agreement"
C) the "big stick" approach
D) "progressive diplomacy"

Question 17

In response to the outbreak of war, many prominent progressives __________.

A) demanded that the United States immediately declare war on Germany
B) strongly opposed Wilson's preparedness campaign
C) resigned from their seats in Congress to protest Wilson's policy
D) introduced legislation in Congress to institute a draft

Question 18

The American military forces in Europe reflected contemporary American culture in that __________.

A) African American servicemen faced racist and humiliating treatment
B) over half the soldiers were foreign born
C) women served on an equal basis with men
D) they were all-volunteer, highly patriotic forces

Question 19

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was a direct outcome of __________.

A) the building of the Panama Canal
B) negotiation of the Treaty of Portsmouth
C) the Nationalist Chinese revolt of 1911
D) the success of the American Expeditionary Force

Question 20

Following World War I, many veterans of the AEF become lifelong and politically active members of the __________.

A) American Legion
B) International Workers of the World
C) American Civil Liberties Union
D) Committee on Public Information

Question 21

Both progressives and Christian moralists supported Prohibition, which was imposed by the __________ Amendment.

A) Seventeenth
B) Eighteenth
C) Nineteenth
D) Twentieth

Question 22

The main impact of the war and its aftermath on working women was that it __________.

A) increased female participation in previously all-male jobs
B) opened graduate and professional schools to women
C) increased female employment in already traditionally female professions
D) allowed many women to move into the white-collar workforce

Question 23

The bulk of American war financing during World War I came from __________.

A) government reserves
B) higher taxes
C) private contributions
D) government borrowing

Question 24

The most important and long-lasting economic legacy of World War I was __________.

A) the breakup of corporations
B) direct government ownership of defense industries
C) implementation of a government-corporate partnership
D) the reduction of government's influence over the economy

Question 25

By the end of the war, millions of people worldwide had died from __________, which had become pandemic.

A) smallpox
B) polio
C) measles
D) influenza

Question 26

In its final form, the Treaty of Versailles __________.

A) closely followed the Fourteen Points
B) showed European acceptance of Wilsonian idealism
C) was harsh and unfair and did little to solve the war's issues
D) let Germany off far too easily

Question 27

What did Samuel Gompers's appointment to the National War Labor Board by President Wilson signify?

A) the federal government's acceptance of socialism
B) an alliance between business and labor during the war
C) recognition of women's working rights by both business and the government
D) labor's acceptance of a greater federal presence in their workers' lives

Question 28

Many feminists supported the war and women's participation in it in the hope that it would __________.

A) help secure women's right to vote
B) give women equal opportunities in the workplace
C) spread feminist ideas to Africa and Asia
D) encourage Wilson to appoint female cabinet members

Question 29

Woodrow Wilson responded to the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia by __________.

A) granting the Bolsheviks diplomatic recognition
B) ignoring Russian claims at the Paris Peace Conference
C) invading Russia in concert with Britain and France
D) denying Russia a vote in the new League of Nations

Question 30

Eugene V. Debs, the socialist leader, was sentenced to a 10-year prison term for __________.

A) giving a speech defending antiwar protestors
B) planning to blow up a post office
C) evading the military draft
D) advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government

Question 31

Under Herbert Hoover, the Food Administration raised the price of grain so that __________.

A) farmers would increase production
B) consumers would buy more bread and flour
C) less foreign grain would enter the country
D) more foreign grain would enter the country

Question 32

After black servicemen in Houston rioted and killed white civilians, __________.

A) the army adopted more racially neutral policies
B) Wilson investigated the incident and pardoned the participants
C) 30 black soldiers were executed, and 41 others were imprisoned for life
D) black and white officers alike were held responsible by the army

Question 33

African American soldiers returning from the Great War were met with __________.

A) a more equal society
B) gratitude for their wartime service
C) welcome home parades
D) racism and violence

Question 34

Which labor group was all but destroyed by a government crackdown during the war?

A) Industrial Workers of the World
B) American Federation of Labor
C) Knights of Labor
D) United Mine Workers

Question 35

Which northern city, whose black population grew by 600 percent between 1914 and 1920, saw massive influx of black Southerners during the Great Migration?

A) Chicago
B) Detroit
C) East St. Louis
D) New York

Question 36

During the ratification debate on the Versailles Treaty, Republican opponents most objected to __________.

A) collective security provisions in the League of Nations charter
B) American exclusion from receiving reparations payments
C) the failure to hold war crimes trials
D) the United States accepting equal guilt for the war

Question 37

The election of 1920 is best understood as expressing the voters' desire for __________.

A) continued progressive reform
B) an end to Wilsonian activism
C) giving Democrats control of government
D) radical solutions to America's problems

Question 38

Immigration restrictions were lifted for which immigrant group during World War I?

A) Mexican agricultural workers
B) Cuban sugar workers
C) Chinese industrial workers
D) Italian construction workers

Question 39

The CPI led an aggressively negative campaign against all things __________.

A) German
B) French
C) Italian
D) Russian

Question 40

To make financing the war appear as patriotic as possible, the government called war bonds __________.

A) Liberty Bonds
B) Democracy Bonds
C) American Patriotism Bonds
D) Victory through Justice Bonds

Question 41

After the German armies were stopped at the River Marne in September 1914, the war on the Western Front __________.

A) became much less important than the war on the Eastern Front
B) turned into a "cold war"
C) settled into a bloody stalemate
D) appeared to be over

Question 42

Which statement accurately describes why the American business community in 1911 was nervous about the future of its investments in Mexico?

A) Mexico's new leader, Francisco Madero, had promised economic reform for landless peasants.
B) The corruption under Porfirio Díaz had triggered a wave of hyperinflation in the Mexican economy.
C) The United States had invaded Mexico, and American businessmen there feared reprisals.
D) American businesses were afraid that their foreign investments would be confiscated for use in World War I.

Question 43

Who was the lead representative of the British at the Paris peace talks?

A) David Lloyd George
B) Georges Clemenceau
C) Vittorio Orlando
D) Henry Cabot Lodge

Question 44

In many western communities, local vigilantes used the superpatriotic mood created by World War I to settle scores with __________.

A) Mexican migrants
B) labor organizers
C) business rivals
D) progressives

Question 45

The __________ was the government's key tool for the suppression of antiwar sentiment during World War I.

A) National Defense Act
B) Roosevelt Corollary
C) Espionage Act
D) Sedition Act

Question 46

Who headed the Committee on Public Information (CPI)?

A) George Creel
B) Herbert Hoover
C) Charlie Chaplin
D) John J. Pershing

Question 47

Using Mexico as your example, discuss the foreign policy ideas and actions of President Woodrow Wilson. What were the effects of this policy on U.S.-Mexico relations?

Question 48

Why were Japanese-American relations strained in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) competition between Japan and the United States over Manchuria
B) repeated incidents of anti-Japanese racism in California
C) efforts of Japan to establish a presence in the Americas
D) American overtures to the anti-Japanese government of China

Question 49

How and why did World War I lead to permanent changes in the relationship between government and business?

Question 50

What effect did World War I have on American race relations?

Question 51

The American Protective League is an example of __________.

A) the efforts of German-Americans to prove their patriotism
B) the alliance between government and labor during World War I
C) resistance to the Espionage Act
D) government-approved vigilantism

Question 52

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles?

Question 53

Which of these was a lasting legacy of the wartime cooperation between business and government during World War I?

A) Liberty Bonds
B) prohibition
C) the Committee on Public Information
D) the Federal Reserve Board

Question 54

In what way was President Taft's foreign policy strategy of business investment in the Western Hemisphere unsuccessful?

A) Taft still had to send in the navy and Marines to intervene in the political affairs of several Latin American nations.
B) Dollar diplomacy failed to fund railroads, mining, and agricultural projects in Central America.
C) Taft was unable to prevent the military coup that overthrew Mexican president Vicente Carranza.
D) The United Fruit Company went bankrupt after losing its extensive land holdings in Central America and the Caribbean.

Question 55

Whose diplomacy was based on the principle of the "big stick"?

A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) William Howard Taft
D) Warren G. Harding

Question 56

What was the purpose of the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

A) to prevent European armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere
B) to build American political influence in Latin America by increasing U.S. trade investments in that region
C) to replace Mexican president Victoriano Huerta with a legitimately elected president
D) to keep a balance of economic power in Latin America through the Open Door policy

Question 57

Which of the following did President Woodrow Wilson see as crucial to long-term American economic growth?

A) free trade
B) labor unions
C) high tariffs
D) free silver

Question 58

Explain why the United States entered World War I. Be sure to explain the economic, political, and social reasons.

Question 59

The absence of the __________ was notable at the Paris peace talks.

A) Americans
B) French
C) British
D) Germans

Question 60

What was the major reason the United States constructed the Panama Canal?

A) to give the United States strategic and commercial advantages in the Western Hemisphere by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
B) to find a shorter sea route to transport Protestant American missionaries to Asia
C) to send battleships needed by Russia in its war against Japan
D) to bring democracy to Panama after instigating a rebellion against the autocratic Colombian government

Question 61

Why was the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia on June 28, 1914?

A) The assassin was a Serbian nationalist who fought for the Serbian annexation of Bosnia.
B) The assassin was a mentally disturbed young man who was looking for fame and attention.
C) The killer hoped to trigger the German annexation of Austria-Hungary.
D) The assassin was an Austro-Hungarian nationalist who wanted to prevent Serbia's annexation of Bosnia.

Question 62

What was one result of the Great Migration that occurred between 1914 and 1920?

A) African Americans discovered that rigid residential segregation, which became the foundation for urban ghettos, was common in northern cities.
B) African Americans were safe from antiblack rioting and racial violence in the North.
C) Most African American men who migrated north secured high-paying skilled jobs in industry and manufacturing.
D) Most African Americans who migrated north did so without the support of their local communities.

Question 63

How did new weapons such as the machine gun affect warfare in World War I?

A) They led to trench warfare that resulted in unprecedented casualties for all involved.
B) They gave the Allied powers an enormous advantage over the underequipped Germans.
C) The prospect of total carnage deterred the officers in charge from ordering massive assaults.
D) They gave individual soldiers more fire power and better odds for surviving the war.

Question 64

How did the War Industries Board (WIB) contribute to the expanding regulatory powers held by the federal government during World War I?

A) The WIB balanced price controls against war profits when dealing with the manufacturing of war materials.
B) The WIB regulated the distribution of the food and fuel necessary for the war effort.
C) The WIB controlled price levels for civilian food supplies to avoid inflation.
D) The WIB nationalized all important wartime industries to prevent industrialists from gouging the federal government.

Question 65

What was the primary reason conservative Americans feared the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution that took place in Russia?

A) This was the first successful revolution against a capitalist state, something that many feared was possible in the United States.
B) The murder of the Russian czar and his family during the revolution demonstrated that revolutionaries had no regard or compassion for human lives.
C) The Bolshevik success in Russia led to their conquest of postwar Germany and threatened the balance of power in Europe.
D) Conservative Americans feared that the national government would direct a repressive campaign against middle-class intellectuals sympathetic to Bolshevik ideas.

Question 66

How did the response of the Children's Bureau to wartime concerns of working mothers change the role of the federal government in public health?

A) It led to federal appropriations for clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care.
B) It led to the public financing of abortion clinics for the working poor.
C) It marked the beginning of public health insurance for working women.
D) It eventually led to the prohibition of child labor in American industry.

Question 67

How did President Wilson win over many Americans who had been reluctant to support U.S. entry into World War I?

A) by defining the war as a moral crusade
B) by promising to cut taxes
C) by arguing that the war would be good for the American economy
D) by promising not to impose a military draft

Question 68

Which assessment best describes the historical significance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of June 1917 and May 1918?

A) They became a convenient vehicle for striking out at socialists, pacifists, and radical labor activists.
B) They helped prevent sabotage and domestic terrorism in a number of cases.
C) They intimidated workers to the extent that, by 1919, workers were too fearful to even walk out on strikes.
D) Since the acts were violations of the First Amendment protection of free speech, the U.S. Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional right from the start.

Question 69

How did General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during World War I, create a distinct military community among the soldiers under his leadership?

A) He insisted that the AEF maintain its own identity, distinct from other Allied army units.
B) He desegregated the AEF to allow African American soldiers to fight alongside white American soldiers.
C) He implemented intelligence testing to organize the AEF by levels of education and literacy.
D) He rushed the AEF overseas to Europe before they had any military field training.

Question 70

Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the influenza pandemic of 1918?

A) The disease highlighted the importance of public health policy.
B) The epidemic illustrated the dangers of open borders and immigration.
C) The response to the influenza pandemic was the beginning of modern medical research.
D) The pandemic was the inevitable consequence of World War I.

Question 71

How did the end of World War I affect labor relations in the United States?

A) Employers withdrew recognition of labor unions as government controls on industry came to an end.
B) Following anti-immigrant suppression of labor unions during the war, organized labor faced greater economic and social opportunities after the war.
C) The high wages of the war years had made workers complacent and reluctant to go on strike for more important civil rights.
D) The national economy continued to thrive after the war ended and strengthened ties between employers and labor unions.

Question 72

During World War I, the purpose of the 75,000 "Four Minute Men" was to __________.

A) give brief patriotic speeches before stage and movie shows
B) investigate acts of sedition and espionage
C) move behind German lines on the western front
D) quickly fill empty jobs in important war industries

Question 73

How did the U.S. Supreme Court respond to several cases in which plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?

A) The Court upheld the government's authority to restrict free speech in times of crisis.
B) The Court postponed judgment on these cases until the war was over.
C) The Court rejected the government's authority to suppress free speech, but the Wilson administration ignored the rulings.
D) The Court remained divided in all cases and was unable to reach a majority vote on the constitutional question.

Question 74

What made Herbert Hoover one of the best-known government administrators during World War I?

A) Hoover headed the Food Administration and successfully persuaded Americans to voluntarily ration food supplies.
B) Hoover led the Committee on Public Information that organized public opinion through propaganda to support the American war effort.
C) Hoover warned other "war intellectuals" that supporting American participation in World War I would bring about sharp infringements on political and intellectual freedoms.
D) Hoover served on the National War Labor Board and successfully arbitrated a series of potential workers' strikes that would have disrupted production of war industries.

Question 75

Why did the United States initially advocate neutrality toward Germany when the Great War broke out in August 1914?

A) A significant number of German and Irish Americans demonstrated strong support for the Central Powers.
B) Germany and the United States shared similar styles of republican government.
C) The United States shared stronger cultural bonds with Germany than with Britain.
D) The United States, like Germany, was a relatively new nation that had a common history of competition and hostility with Britain.

Question 76

How did the end of World War I impact American women in the workforce?

A) Women lost their defense-related jobs to returning soldiers, but more women entered white-collar occupations typically held by females.
B) Many women retained their defense-related jobs that they initially took on at the beginning of the war.
C) More women found employment in lower-paying manufacturing jobs and domestic service rather than white-collar jobs after their dismissal from the war industry.
D) Many women voluntarily left their defense-related jobs to become nurses, who were needed to care for returning wounded soldiers as well as victims of the influenza pandemic.

Question 77

Which of these was a weakness of the European alliance system?

A) It threatened to entangle many nations if war erupted on the European continent.
B) It forced nations with republican ideals to fight against like-minded nations.
C) It threatened to divide Europe along religious lines.
D) It did not guarantee that smaller European nations such as Belgium would be protected by larger allied nations.

Question 78

The most important of the Fourteen Points, in Wilson's opinion, was the __________.

A) League of Nations
B) issue of national self-determination
C) demand for war reparations from Germany
D) establishment of a war crimes tribunal

Question 79

How did Germany respond to the presence of neutral nations' ships, including those belonging to the United States, when it declared in 1915 that the waters around the British Isles were a war zone?

A) Germany threatened to sink neutral ships through unrestricted submarine warfare.
B) The German navy guaranteed neutral ships' safe passage to German ports.
C) Germany considered neutral ships in British waters as pirate ships whose cargoes would be seized by its navy.
D) Germany allowed neutral ships to safely continue their voyages to British ports once their cargoes had been confiscated by its navy.

Question 80

To organize public opinion in support of the war, President Woodrow Wilson created the __________.

A) Committee on Public Information (CPI)
B) Fourteen Points
C) War Industrial Board (WIB)
D) Commission of Training Camp Activities