Deck 13: The New Biology

Question 1

To seal the cut fragments of DNA together,an enzyme called __________ is used.

A) amylase
B) peptidase
C) trypsin
D) ligase

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Of what benefit is the metallothionin gene that is inserted into golden rice genome?

A) To increase the vitamin A content.
B) To increase the beta-carotene content.
C) To increase the iron content.
D) To supply extra sulfur to increase iron uptake.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How many genes constitute the human genome?

A) 3 billion
B) 500,000
C) About 25,000
D) 46

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the genes and other DNA of an organism constitute its

A) genome.
B) proteome.
C) cellular structure.
D) polygenic makeup.

Question 5

A number of human genes have been inserted into bacteria to produce many useful human proteins except

A) insulin.
B) factor VIII.
C) human growth hormone.
D) human hemoglobin.

Question 6

Removing genes from molecules of DNA requires the use of special

A) digestive enzymes.
B) restriction enzymes.
C) enzymes from peroxisomes.
D) microscopic scalpels.

Question 7

A friend asks you a question after your biology class."What's genetic engineering?" Your answer is,

A) "Genetic engineering is the ability of scientists to remove a nucleus from a cell and place it into another cell."
B) "Genetic engineering is taking proteins from one organism and placing them into another organism of a different species."
C) "Genetic engineering is moving genes from one organism to another."
D) "Genetic engineering is removing structural components,for example a lysosome,from one part of a cell and placing those structures elsewhere in that cell."

Question 8

What is the benefit in genetically engineering plants to be resistant to glyphosate?

A) Glyphosate can then be applied and only kill pests on some plants.
B) The genetically engineered plants will then be resistant to the glyphosate virus.
C) Glyphosate will then only be able to enhance the growth of the genetically engineered plants.
D) Glyphosate can then be applied and stop the growth of unwanted plants,like weeds.

Question 9

The use of probes to produce unique banding patterns of DNA on film is called

A) PCR.
B) cDNA amplification.
C) DNA fingerprinting.
D) recombinant DNA.

Question 10

Genetically engineered "golden" rice contains

A) vitamin
B) vitamin A and iron.
C)
C) nitrogen.
D) golden bacteria.

Question 11

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific short sequences that are

A) CGG repeats.
B) rich in A-T pairs.
C) symmetrical.
D) methylated.

Question 12

One disease in which gene therapy was used,but not successfully yet is

A) the common cold.
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) tuberculosis.
D) anthrax.

Question 13

Crop plants are made resistant to insect pests by

A) injecting mRNA for a protein into the roots of the plant.
B) inserting the Bt protein gene into the plant.
C) coating the plant with a gel that acts as a barrier.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 14

Protein-specifying segments of DNA are known as

A) transposable elements.
B) restriction sites.
C) introns.
D) exons.

Question 15

Which is correct about cDNA?

A) It represents the gene without the introns.
B) Reverse transcriptase is used on the primary transcript.
C) Bacteria possess reverse transcriptase.
D) It is normally found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 16

When researchers wish to make multiple copies of a gene,they employ the

A) centrifuge.
B) pepsin activation reaction.
C) polymerase chain reaction.
D) restriction enzymes.

Question 17

Genetic engineering in agriculture has been employed to make crops

A) resistant to insect pests.
B) resistant to certain herbicides.
C) more nutritious.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 18

All of the following are correct about genetically modified crops except

A) they are not allowed to be grown in the U.S.
B) they can be more nutritious than regular crops.
C) their use can lessen the amounts of chemical pesticides used for raising the crop.
D) their use can reduce the amount of tillage and soil erosion.

Question 19

Inserting a gene encoding a pathogenic microbe's surface protein into a harmless virus is the way a(n)_________________ is produced.

A) piggyback vaccine
B) clone of antibodies
C) virulent virus
D) active disease-causing pathogen

Question 20

Which is incorrect about restriction enzymes?

A) They are key tools that make genetic engineering possible.
B) There are different types of restriction enzymes,but they all cut DNA at the same sequence.
C) They produce DNA fragments with "sticky" ends.
D) A specific enzyme will always cut at the same sequence.
E) They are also called restriction endonucleases.

Question 21

Bits of DNA that have been repeatedly copied from one chromosome to another are referred to as

A) repeated sequences.
B) transposable elements.
C) exons.
D) introns.

Question 22

Therapeutic cloning successfully addresses the key problem of ________________ that must be solved before embryonic stem cells can be used to repair damaged human organs.

A) immune acceptance
B) shortened life span
C) intra-species transfer of specific genes
D) producing a viable vector

Question 23

A promising vector is being investigated for use in gene therapy.It is the

A) adenovirus.
B) NIH virus.
C) rhino-associated virus.
D) adeno-associated virus.

Question 24

Which of the following problems exist when performing human gene therapy?

A) The vector used to carry the gene may elicit a strong immune response,leading to rejection of the added gene.
B) The virus vector may insert its DNA into the middle of a gene which could lead to cancer.
C) The genes carried by the virus vector could be used to produce more viruses.
D) All of the above.
E) The first two are correct.

Question 25

Ian Wilmut successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from a fully differentiated sheep cell.This type of cloning is known as

A) reproductive cloning.
B) therapeutic cloning.
C) stem cell cloning.
D) gene therapy cloning.

Question 26

Embryonic stem cells have been used in mice in all of the following procedures except

A) repairing damaged spinal neurons.
B) creating DOPA-producing neurons.
C) creating mice cloning surrogates.
D) creating heart muscle cells.

Question 27

The type of transposable element that is an ancient parasitic sequence is called

A) LINES.
B) LTRs.
C) SSRs.
D) Alu.

Question 28

What percent of the human genome is coding DNA?

A) 1 - 1.5%
B) 5 - 7.5%
C) 9.5 - 15%
D) 34 - 55%
E) It changes during a person's life.

Question 29

Scientists in Scotland figured out a novel method to clone animals successfully.It involved

A) using an egg and a nucleus that were at the same stage of the cell cycle.
B) using an egg that was in cytokinesis and a nucleus that was in S stage of the cell cycle.
C) using an egg that was cleared of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA).
D) using gp120 attachment proteins to facilitate cell fusion.

Question 30

Of the following organisms,which has the largest genome size?

A) The fruit fly Drosophila
B) Brewer's yeast
C) Rice
D) Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite)

Question 31

In therapeutic cloning,why are the embryonic cells used to treat an individual not rejected by that individual?

A) Because the individual's immune system is suppressed with drugs.
B) Because the cells are embryonic.
C) They are rejected,and that is why this has not worked yet.
D) Because the embryonic cells are cloned from the same individual they are injected into.

Question 32

If a gene has been methylated,

A) the gene is locked in the "on" position.
B) the polymerase protein can no longer recognize it to read it.
C) the polymerase protein cannot be blocked by a repressor.
D) the gene is transcribed.

Question 33

What disease has the AAV vector cured in dogs?

A) Anemia
B) Retinal degenerative disease
C) Cystic fibrosis
D) Muscular dystrophy
E) All of the above.

Question 34

When cloning Dolly,in order to open cell membranes and trigger cell division,researchers applied

A) several methyl groups.
B) adeno-associated viruses.
C) an electrical shock.
D) DOPA.

Question 35

Therapeutic cloning involves the use of __________ that develop from a patient's nuclear transplant procedure.

A) stem cells
B) subunit cells
C) vectors
D) cloned animals

Question 36

If only a small percent of the human genome is devoted to protein-encoded genes,what is the majority of the rest?

A) Introns
B) Duplicated sequences
C) Repeated sequences
D) Structural DNA
E) Transposable elements

Question 37

Epigenetics works by

A) activating DNA ligases so they can clip attached methyl groups off.
B) activating DNA polymerases so thymine is more readily attached to the lead gene.
C) blocking the cell's ability to read certain genes.
D) blocking the cell's ability to undergo cytokinesis.

Question 38

A clear distinction between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that

A) the embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother in therapeutic cloning.
B) stem cells are harvested from the early embryo in therapeutic cloning.
C) therapeutic cloning involves the production of an individual that is identical to that of the donor cell.
D) reproductive cloning involves the use of other species' cells for humans,whereas therapeutic cloning does not.

Question 39

All of these are types of noncoding human DNA except

A) structural DNA.
B) repeated sequences.
C) transposable elements.
D) exons.

Question 40

The idea of cloning animals was presented by _____ in 1938.

A) Thomson
B) Varmus
C) Wilmut
D) Spemann

Question 41

What is the correct order of events for sequencing DNA?

Question 42

Which of the following is incorrect about the polymerase chain reaction?

A) It is an amplification process.
B) It can be used to identify the owner of a single hair.
C) It uses RNA polymerase.
D) It makes identical copies of the DNA molecule to be amplified.

Question 43

What is the advantage of using restriction enzymes to cleave DNA?

Question 44

What are some of the benefits of transferring genes from one organism to another?

Question 45

DNA fingerprinting is a highly accurate method of identifying a criminal from evidence, (blood,hair,skin,semen)left at a crime scene.

Question 46

The first genome to be sequenced was

A) bacterial.
B) viral.
C) human.
D) plant.

Question 47

Heat is used in DNA sequencing to _________ the double strands of the molecule.

Question 48

An adult stem cell differs from an embryonic stem cell in that it is not

A) capable of further cell divisions.
B) totipotent.
C) able to accept methyl groups.
D) able to produce a blastocyst.

Question 49

EcoRI is an example of a ______________________.

Question 50

How is it possible that there are four times as many kinds of mRNA as there are genes in the human genome?

Question 51

The enzyme used to make a DNA copy complementary to processed mRNA is:

A) transcriptase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase

Question 52

In 1977,_____________ was the first researcher to sequence a genome.

Question 53

The name of the virus that causes common colds and has been used as a vector of genes is _______.

Question 54

The introduction of "healthy" genes into cells that lack them is called _______________.

Question 55

Explain what has to happen to embryonic stem cells from a donor before they are used in a patient as a therapy.

Question 56

_________ is an intron free copy of a eukaryotic gene.

Question 57

A cell is called __________ if it has the ability to form any body tissue or even an adult animal.

Question 58

Do you feel there is any harm in eating genetically modified crops?

Question 59

Explain the techniques used in the cloning of "Dolly."

Question 60

The percentage of the human genome made up of structural DNA is _________.

Question 61

Explain how gene reprogramming,or epigenetics,works.

Question 62

In gene transfer procedures,why is it necessary to use processed mRNA molecules to make cDNA to transfer to another organism?