Deck 33: The Immune System

Question 1

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are:

A)Basophils
B)Helper T cells
C)Mast cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells
E)B cells

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Lymphocytes can produce millions of different types of antibodies because of a process termed:

A)Meiotic variation
B)Gene shuffling
C)Crossing over
D)Clonal expansion
E)Conjugation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is:

A)Histamine
B)Complement
C)Interleukin
D)Interferon
E)Epinephrine

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is:

A)Histamine
B)Interleukin
C)ADH
D)Complement
E)Epinephrine

Question 5

Which of the following is not part of the innate defense response?

A)Cilia that sweep bacteria out of the respiratory tract
B)The process of inflammation
C)Antibody production
D)Fever production
E)The complement protein system

Question 6

B cells or T cells are:

A)Basophils
B)Monocytes
C)Lymphocytes
D)Eosinophils
E)Neutrophils

Question 7

Which of the following function primarily as phagocytes?

A)Neutrophils
B)Lymphocytes and macrophages
C)Neutrophils and macrophages
D)Lymphocytes
E)Macrophages

Question 8

The type of white blood cell that develops into a macrophage is the:

A)Lymphocyte
B)Basophil
C)Eosinophil
D)Monocyte
E)Neutrophil

Question 9

The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is:

A)Histamine
B)Interleukin
C)Complement
D)Interferon
E)Epinephrine

Question 10

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include:

A)The acidity of the stomach
B)Tear fluid from the eye
C)An un-punctured skin
D)Mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract
E)All are correct

Question 11

A phagocyte is a:

A)Cell that engulfs other cells and debris
B)Cell that primarily is used to produce antibodies
C)Cell that produces white blood cells
D)Cell that produces platelets
E)Cell that transports oxygen to tissues

Question 12

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(an):

A)Antibody
B)Antigen
C)Substrate
D)Phagocyte
E)Complement protein

Question 13

Which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system?

A)Thymus
B)Bone marrow
C)Spleen
D)Pancreas
E)Lymph node

Question 14

A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(an):

A)Antibiotic
B)Sulfa drug
C)Analgesic
D)Vaccination
E)Injection

Question 15

White blood cells are produced:

A)By mitotic division of other white blood cells
B)From platelets
C)From chondrocytes
D)From bone marrow stem cells
E)From plasma proteins

Question 16

A cell that does not circulate in blood,but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract,producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged is a(n):

A)Basophil
B)Mast cell
C)Osteocyte
D)Macrophage
E)T cell

Question 17

Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?

A)Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses
B)Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis
C)Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria
D)Fever kills some bacteria
E)All are correct

Question 18

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is:

A)Interferon
B)An antibody
C)Complement
D)A phagocyte
E)A B cell

Question 19

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell,is a:

A)B cell
B)T cell
C)Macrophage
D)Plasma cell
E)Chondrocyte

Question 20

The innate chemical substance produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is:

A)Interleukin
B)Complement
C)Interferon
D)Epinephrine
E)Histamine

Question 21

Immunological memory results from the production of:

A)B and T memory cells
B)Mast and B memory cells
C)Mast memory cells
D)B memory cells
E)T memory cells

Question 22

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody producing factories are:

A)Cytotoxic T cells
B)Helper T cells
C)Plasma cells
D)Macrophages
E)Memory cells

Question 23

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant.What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

A)They would be paralyzed
B)They could not filter their blood and would require dialysis
C)They would be immunocompromised
D)They could not produce bile
E)Their bones would degenerate

Question 24

The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the:

A)Hinge region
B)Variable region
C)Constant region
D)Base of the antibody molecule
E)Heavy chain only

Question 25

The primary function of a vaccine is to:

A)Introduce antibodies into a person
B)Create immunological memory without causing disease
C)Introduce synthetic drugs like sulfa drugs into a person
D)Give a person a mild disease
E)Stimulate the production of blood platelets

Question 26

Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope.An epitope is often just 5-6 amino acids from a protein on an antigen.Which of the following explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?

A)T helper cells secrete enzymes that digest the pathogen
B)B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen
C)Cytotoxic T cells poke holes in the antigen
D)Complement pokes holes in the antigen
E)Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen

Question 27

Which of the following are examples of cell-mediated immunity?

A)A neutrophil killing a bacteria by direct cell to cell contact, and a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
B)A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
C)Antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen, and cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
D)A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
E)Antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

Question 28

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus.How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

A)Each B cell can make antibodies against all antigens
B)The vaccine contains the antibodies against the strains of flu virus so your body does not need to make them
C)Viruses are destroyed by the passive immune system
D)By clonal deletion of B and T cells that recognize the virus
E)By recombination of the gene used to make antibodies

Question 29

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus.Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

A)Because our bodies develop resistance to the vaccine and it becomes less effective
B)Because the virus develops resistance to the vaccine
C)Because the virus can mutate into new strains
D)Because people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus
E)Because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals including cats and dogs

Question 30

If a tumor metastasizes,this means that it has moved to another part of the body.Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis.Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

A)Because the tumor started in the lymph node
B)Because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues
C)Because white blood cells are formed in lymph nodes in response to the tumor
D)Because the tumor is recognized as a foreign antigen and is being attacked
E)Because the tumor cells may have moved from the blood into the lymph with the plasma

Question 31

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood,the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood,but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen.Why not?

A)B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion
B)Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the spleen
C)Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the bone marrow
D)Macrophages will not present the A antigen to T cells
E)Recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self reactive clones

Question 32

Which of the following are examples of humoral immunity?

A)A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
B)A neutrophil killing a bacteria by direct cell to cell contact, and a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
C)A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
D)Antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen, and cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
E)Antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

Question 33

Which of the following are examples of active immunity?

A)A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
B)Antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C)Antibodies produced from a vaccine
D)A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta
E)A person receiving an injection of antibodies

Question 34

Which of the following are examples of passive immunity?

A)Antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
B)A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C)A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta
D)A person receiving an injection of antibodies
E)Antibodies produced from a vaccine

Question 35

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(an):

A)Autoimmune disease
B)Primary immune response
C)Secondary immune response
D)Allergy
E)Innate defense stimulator

Question 36

HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of:

A)Blood platelets
B)B cells
C)Helper T cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells
E)Plasma cells

Question 37

A disease causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(an):

A)Pathogen
B)Subtle pathogen
C)Secondary pathogen
D)Opportunistic pathogen
E)Unlikely pathogen

Question 38

Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis.Which of the following would be effective in killing parasites?

A)Complement
B)T helper cells
C)B cells
D)Macrophages
E)Basophils

Question 39

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

A)T cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens
B)B cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens
C)Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens
D)Cytotoxic T cells attack pathogens in the lymph nodes triggering inflammation
E)Vasodilation increases blood flow in the lymph nodes

Question 40

In a process called ______________________ an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells.

A)Conjugation
B)Meiotic regeneration
C)Recombination
D)Clonal selection
E)Genetic shuffling

Question 41

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman?

A)A self antigen on red blood cells
B)A foreign antibody on red blood cells
C)A foreign antigen on red blood cells
D)A self antibody on red blood cells

Question 42

How did the authors test if flatworms could moderate the immune system?

A)By exposing white blood cells to flatworm antigens and measuring IL-10 concentrations
B)By exposing white blood cells to dust mite antigens and measuring IL-10 concentrations
C)By exposing white blood cells to flatworm antigens and measuring histamine concentrations
D)By exposing white blood cells to dust mite antigens and measuring histamine concentrations
E)By infecting children with flatworms and looking at their number of white blood cells

Question 43

Why would HIV infection lead to immunodeficiency?

A)All of the antibodies in the body bind to HIV and cannot bind other pathogens
B)HIV infects the bone marrow where immune cells are produced
C)HIV infects T helper cells
D)Antibodies cannot bind to HIV
E)The body cannot make antibodies to HIV

Question 44

A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV.Which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?

A)The virus reproduces very rapidly
B)It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus
C)The virus is transmitted sexually
D)The virus mutates rapidly changing its outer coat
E)The virus is not technically alive

Question 45

Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to antigen for the longest time,and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?

A)An inactivated pathogen
B)Inactivated toxins
C)Subunits of pathogens
D)A live weakened pathogen
E)Individual proteins from pathogens

Question 46

If a human fetus is ___________ and the pregnant woman is ______________,an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur.

A)Rh negative, Rh positive
B)Type "AB", Type "O"
C)Type "O", Type "AB"
D)Rh positive, Rh negative
E)Rh positive, Type "AB"

Question 47

The presence of antibodies against HIV can be used to diagnose an infection that has occurred at least 3 months earlier.Why couldn't the presence of antibodies against HIV be used to diagnose a more recent infection?

A)The virus mutates rapidly changing its outer coat
B)The virus reproduces very rapidly
C)The virus is transmitted sexually
D)The virus is not technically alive
E)It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus

Question 48

According to the hygiene hypothesis,which of the following would a person in a less developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more developed country?

A)Bacterial infection
B)Parasites
C)Asthma
D)Viral infection
E)Fungal infection

Question 49

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation.Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

A)Increased number of white blood cells
B)Increased migration of white blood cells to site of infection
C)Increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
D)Increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood
E)Increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood and number of white blood cells

Question 50

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

A)The fetus and mother are not genetically identical
B)The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign
C)The mother's immune system may be suppressed
D)The fetus is separated from the mother's blood and immune system
E)By the time the mother produces antibodies the baby has been born

Question 51

figure 33.19
In figure 33.19,what is the dependent variable?

A)The number of children with allergies to dust mites
B)If the children were infected with flatworms
C)The amount of interleukin-10 produced
D)The number of white blood cells in the children's blood
E)The amount of antibodies in the children's blood

Question 52

figure 33.19
In figure 33.19,what is the independent variable?

A)The number of children with allergies to dust mites
B)The amount of interleukin-10 produced
C)The number of white blood cells in the children's blood
D)The amount of antibodies in the children's blood
E)If the children were infected with flatworms

Question 53

Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers?

A)People who contract HIV engage in risky behavior that causes them to get other infections and cancer.
B)Their immune systems are suppressed.
C)HIV triggers an autoimmune response.
D)AIDS is not caused by HIV, so HIV could be causing the other infections.
E)An AIDS patient's immune system is very strong since it is fighting the HIV infection.

Question 54

In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis,antibody complexes form in the blood.Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?

A)Antibodies attack the kidney
B)The antibody complexes become trapped in the lymph
C)The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney
D)The kidney is a part of the lymphatic system and becomes full of lymphocytes
E)The kidney is part of the immune system and becomes full of leukocytes

Question 55

What was the researchers' final conclusion?

A)That exposure to flatworms decreased IL-10 levels, suppressing the immune system, leading to fewer allergies
B)That exposure to flatworms increased IL-10 levels, suppressing the immune system, leading to more allergies
C)That exposure to flatworms decreased IL-10 levels, suppressing the immune system, leading to more allergies
D)That exposure to flatworms increased IL-10 levels, suppressing the immune system, leading to fewer allergies
E)That exposure to flatworms decreased IL-10 levels, but had no effect on the immune system or allergies

Question 56

If a child was allergic to a substance scratched onto their skin,the area turned red and swollen within about 10 minutes.Which of the following would cause these symptoms?

A)Release of interleukin-10
B)Recruitment of B cells
C)Release of histamine
D)The presence of flatworms
E)The presence of dust mites

Question 57

Which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that cause disease?

A)The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system
B)Our immune system can destroy the pathogens before they cause disease
C)Pathogens have become less infectious
D)Our immune system no longer sees the pathogen as foreign
E)Pathogens have developed their own immune system to counteract ours

Question 58

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A)People who have more infections will have an overactive immune system
B)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have more infections
C)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have a weaker immune system
D)People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system
E)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have fewer infections

Question 59

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant.A major challenge is finding a suitable donor with matching MHC proteins.Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?

A)If they don't match, the donor's immune system will see the recipients bone marrow as foreign
B)MHC proteins make antibodies which could attack the recipient's immune system
C)MHC proteins serve as inhibitors of the immune system
D)If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign
E)MHC proteins are used by cytotoxic T cells to kill bacteria, and if they don't match they won't work properly

Question 60

Which of the following would occur after a second round of vaccination,or booster shot?

A)High levels of IgG are released into the blood
B)Memory B cells are produced
C)Memory T cells are produced
D)Low levels of IgG and IgM are produced on the surface of B and T cells
E)Clonal deletion removes the vaccine

Question 61

A fever has no defense function,but only acts as a sign that an infection is present in the body.

Question 62

The primary immune response produces memory cells that stimulate a faster immune response on a subsequent exposure to the same foreign antigen.

Question 63

In an autoimmune disease,the immune system attacks the body's "self antigens."

Question 64

Flatworms are very thin and lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system.How does oxygen reach their cells?

A)Through spiracles
B)Diffusion through the wall of their body
C)Through gills
D)Through lungs
E)Through capillaries

Question 65

Stem cells that give rise to white blood cells are located primarily in the thymus.

Question 66

The flatworm in this study lives in the child's liver.It would be which of the following?

A)A substrate feeder
B)A bulk feeder
C)A fluid feeder
D)A suspension feeder
E)A deposit feeder

Question 67

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell.

Question 68

The constant region of an antibody molecule determines which antigen will be bound by the antibody.

Question 69

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating the adaptive immune response is the helper T cell.

Question 70

Adaptive immune defenses provide a rapid,broad defense against any infectious agent.

Question 71

Monocytes develop into B cells and T cells.