Deck 30: The Respiratory System

Question 1

The _________________ nervous system controls the contraction of __________________ in the wall of the bronchioles,thereby adjusting airflow in response to metabolic demands.

A)Somatic, smooth muscle
B)Autonomic, skeletal muscle
C)Somatic, skeletal
D)Autonomic, smooth muscle
E)Autonomic, cartilage

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the:

A)Larynx
B)Pharynx
C)Vocal cords
D)Esophagus
E)Trachea

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In mammals,a muscular _______________ expands the chest,pulling air into the lungs.

A)Chest cavity
B)Rib cage
C)Trachea
D)Diaphragm
E)Sternum

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which main tissue type of the circulatory system regulates airflow to alveoli?

A)Connective
B)Epithelial
C)Muscle
D)Nervous
E)Vascular

Question 5

Olfaction is:

A)The sense of smell
B)The sense of hearing
C)The sense of taste
D)The sense of vision
E)The sense of touch

Question 6

In arthropods,the extensively branched internal tubules that connect to the atmosphere through the exoskeleton are:

A)Spicules
B)Tracheae
C)Alveoli
D)Spiracles
E)Gills

Question 7

Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?

A)Connective
B)Nervous
C)Muscle
D)Vascular
E)Epithelial

Question 8

In a bird,deoxygenated air moves from the lungs into the _____________________ before the air is expelled.

A)Anterior air sacs
B)Lamellae of the gills
C)Posterior air sacs
D)Bronchioles
E)Capillaries

Question 9

The lower respiratory tract consists of:

A)The pharynx and lungs
B)The larynx and lungs
C)The larynx, trachea, and lungs
D)The trachea and lungs
E)The pharynx, trachea, and lungs

Question 10

The walls of the bronchioles are made up of:

A)Cartilage
B)Smooth muscle
C)Cartilage and smooth muscle
D)Cartilage and skeletal muscle
E)Skeletal muscle

Question 11

Bacteria trapped in mucus in the lower respiratory tract are literally swept up and out of the lower respiratory tract by waving _____________.

A)Flagella
B)Pili
C)Cilia
D)Fimbria
E)Lamella

Question 12

Aerobic respiration consumes ____________ gas and generates ___________________ gas as a waste product.

A)Oxygen, carbon dioxide
B)Nitrogen, carbon dioxide
C)Carbon dioxide, nitrogen
D)Oxygen, nitrogen
E)Carbon dioxide, oxygen

Question 13

ATP is required by cells for:

A)DNA replication
B)Movement
C)Production of proteins
D)Growth
E)All are correct

Question 14

The upper respiratory tract is composed of:

A)The nose, pharynx, and trachea
B)The nose, larynx, and trachea
C)The nose, trachea, and lungs
D)The nose, pharynx, and larynx
E)The nose and pharynx

Question 15

The anatomical arrangement in which two adjacent currents flow in opposite directions and exchange materials with each other is found in the respiratory systems of which of the following?

A)Mammals
B)Birds
C)Fish
D)Worms
E)Sea anemones

Question 16

The openings in the exoskeleton of arthropods that allow oxygen into highly branched internal tubules that branch around individual body cells are:

A)Spicules
B)Alveoli
C)Tracheae
D)Spiracles
E)Gills

Question 17

Which of the following animals can obtain the oxygen they need by diffusion of oxygen across the surface of their body?

A)Fish and Flatworms
B)Fish
C)Flatworms
D)Sea anemones
E)Sea anemones and earthworms

Question 18

Which of the following is not a main function of the respiratory system?

A)Olfaction
B)Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere
C)Production of sounds
D)Transport of oxygen to the cells of the body
E)Maintaining blood pH homeostasis

Question 19

In aquatic organisms,highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water are:

A)Spicules
B)Alveoli
C)Tracheae
D)Gills
E)Spiracles

Question 20

The movement of air across the vocal cords in the _____________ produces sounds.

A)Pharynx
B)Larynx
C)Trachea
D)Glottis
E)Uvula

Question 21

A respiratory disease caused by an allergic response that causes spasms in the smooth muscle of the lung's bronchi is:

A)Cystic fibrosis
B)Emphysema
C)Apnea
D)Asthma
E)Tuberculosis

Question 22

The small air sacs of the lungs are the:

A)Alveoli
B)Bronchioles
C)Arterioles
D)Spiracles
E)Uvula

Question 23

In the pulmonary circulation,___________________ is expelled from the blood and _________________ is picked up.

A)Nitrogen, oxygen
B)Oxygen, carbon dioxide
C)Oxygen, nitrogen
D)Carbon dioxide, nitrogen
E)Carbon dioxide, oxygen

Question 24

One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is:

A)We use carbon dioxide to make glucose
B)We produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of aerobic respiration
C)We produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of transmission of nerve impulses across synapses
D)Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of photosynthesis
E)Carbon dioxide dissolves better in blood than does oxygen

Question 25

The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air at sea level is about:

A).03%
B)5%
C)10%
D)20%
E)30%

Question 26

Which of the following respiratory diseases can be caused by a bacterial infection?

A)The common cold
B)Tuberculosis
C)Pneumonia
D)Tuberculosis and pneumonia
E)The common cold and tuberculosis

Question 27

The percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled air at sea level is about:

A)10%
B)5%
C)1%
D).03%
E).5%

Question 28

The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells is:

A)Myoglobin
B)Hemoglobin
C)Actin
D)Iron
E)Insulin

Question 29

Which of the following is not a disease of the respiratory system?

A)Apnea
B)Tuberculosis
C)Rheumatoid arthritis
D)Cystic fibrosis
E)Asthma

Question 30

Carbon dioxide sensors are found in:

A)The carotid body and aorta
B)The medulla
C)The carotid body
D)The aorta
E)The medulla and carotid body

Question 31

Which of the following is an inherited respiratory disease that causes sticky mucus to accumulate in the lungs?

A)Tuberculosis
B)Cystic fibrosis
C)Apnea
D)Emphysema
E)The common cold

Question 32

Blood transports the most carbon dioxide by which of the following?

A)As bicarbonate ions
B)In red blood cells
C)Dissolved in the plasma
D)Bound to hemoglobin
E)Bound to myoglobin

Question 33

The cessation of breathing is termed:

A)Pneumonia
B)Apnea
C)Scleroderma
D)Asthma
E)Emphysema

Question 34

The pH of blood is usually maintained at about:

A)5.2
B)6.4
C)6.8
D)7.4
E)8.6

Question 35

Hemoglobin is a(an)_______________ rich pigment that carries oxygen.

A)Calcium
B)Potassium
C)Zinc
D)Phosphorous
E)Iron

Question 36

The liquid component of blood is referred to as:

A)Lymph
B)Cytosol
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Plasma
E)Intracellular fluid

Question 37

A respiratory disease caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke that causes the walls of the alveoli to tear,thereby reducing the surface area for gas exchange is:

A)Cystic fibrosis
B)Asthma
C)Emphysema
D)Apnea
E)Tuberculosis

Question 38

The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood:

A)Nitrogen
B)Oxygen
C)Carbon dioxide
D)Sulfur
E)Hemoglobin

Question 39

In the systemic circulation,____________________ is expelled from the blood and __________________ is picked up.

A)Oxygen, nitrogen
B)Carbon dioxide, nitrogen
C)Carbon dioxide, oxygen
D)Oxygen, carbon dioxide
E)Nitrogen, oxygen

Question 40

There are approximately ________________ alveoli in the lungs of an adult human.

A)Fifty million
B)Five hundred million
C)Five hundred thousand
D)Three hundred thousand
E)Three hundred million

Question 41

In cystic fibrosis,a thick dry mucus builds up in the alveoli.Which of the following would you expect to occur in these patients?

A)Decreased rate of respiration
B)Increased diffusion of carbon dioxide into capillaries from the alveoli
C)Decreased blood flow to the alveoli
D)Increased blood flow to the alveoli
E)Decreased diffusion of oxygen into capillaries from the alveoli

Question 42

The concentration of oxygen is decreased at high altitude.Why would this make it harder for a person to get enough oxygen into their blood?

A)Hemoglobin cannot bind oxygen well at low concentrations
B)The concentration gradient from the alveoli to the blood decreases
C)People are working harder at high altitude and have higher demands for oxygen
D)The concentration of oxygen in the blood is too low for diffusion into tissues
E)The heart cannot obtain enough energy to pump oxygen into the blood from the alveoli

Question 43

Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen.Which of the following would you predict to be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A)Hyperactivity.
B)Increased blood pH.
C)Decreased exhalation of oxygen.
D)Increased heart rate.
E)Decreased ATP production.

Question 44

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is __________________ than the air pressure outside of the lungs.This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm _______________.

A)Lower, relax
B)Lower, contract
C)Higher, relax
D)Higher, contract

Question 45

A frog can absorb oxygen through its skin and lungs.Which of the following is an advantage of absorbing oxygen through the lungs?

A)The heart pumps oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream
B)Oxygen absorbed in the lungs enters the blood stream
C)Air in the lungs has a higher concentration of oxygen than air in the atmosphere
D)Oxygen diffuses across cells more slowly than across the lining of the lungs
E)Lungs have more surface area than the skin

Question 46

An increase to 0.5% carbon dioxide in the air (from the normal 0.03%)makes us breathe 10 times faster.Which of the following would limit how long you can hold your breath?

A)Lack of carbon dioxide raises the pH
B)Lack of oxygen raises the pH
C)Buildup of carbon dioxide lowers the pH
D)Build up of oxygen lowers the pH
E)Build up of nitrogen raises the pH

Question 47

Which of the following is a trend observed in the evolution of lungs in vertebrates?

A)Increased size
B)The presence of capillaries
C)Increased surface area
D)Gain in the ability to absorb oxygen across the skin
E)Ability to move air into the lungs

Question 48

Blood in the pulmonary artery would have ___ oxygen and ___ carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein?

A)More, less
B)The same, less
C)Less, more
D)More, the same
E)Less, less

Question 49

What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?

A)Active transport against a concentration gradient
B)Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
C)Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
D)Diffusion down a concentration gradient
E)The heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream

Question 50

What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?

A)Active transport against a concentration gradient
B)Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
C)Diffusion down a concentration gradient
D)Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
E)The heart pumping the carbon dioxide into the bloodstream

Question 51

Why are gills only found in aquatic animals?

A)There isn't enough oxygen in air for them to absorb
B)Gasses can only diffuse in water
C)Capillaries can only exchange gas with alveoli, not gills
D)They dry up when exposed to air
E)Aquatic animals do not transport oxygen on red blood cells

Question 52

Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight.Excess fat in the neck compresses the ____ cutting off air flow.

A)Larynx
B)Thorax
C)Bronchi
D)Lungs
E)Alveoli

Question 53

Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight.Excess fat in the neck compresses the airway,cutting off air flow.The person then wakes up to clear their throat and resumes normal breathing.Which of the following would trigger this reflex?

A)Increased oxygen
B)Decreased carbon dioxide
C)Increased carbon dioxide
D)Decreased oxygen
E)Decreased nitrogen

Question 54

Emphysema is caused by destruction of the walls between alveoli,leading to hyperinflation of the lungs.Which of the following would occur in the lungs of someone with emphysema?

A)Decreased uptake of carbon dioxide
B)Decreased uptake of glucose
C)Decreased uptake of oxygen
D)Decreased rate of respiration
E)Decreased heart rate

Question 55

Why would exothermic organisms need more efficient respiratory systems than endothermic organisms?

A)They need to perform more anaerobic respiration
B)They need to move more quickly
C)Their metabolic reactions are less efficient and require more oxygen
D)They need to perform more aerobic respiration
E)They do not live in water and must pull oxygen out of air instead

Question 56

Individuals with asthma have difficulty exhaling.Air has to pass through the same narrowed airway on the way in and out,why would exhaling be more difficult than inhaling?

A)Air is denser when it is exhaled
B)People have to concentrate on exhaling, while inhaling is a reflex
C)Exhaling requires more energy than inhaling
D)Inhaling uses muscle contractions while exhaling is passive
E)The alveoli have lost their walls, and cannot push the air out anymore

Question 57

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)stimulates the production of red blood cells.What effect would this have on transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A)Oxygen transport would increase, carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much
B)Oxygen transport would decrease, carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much
C)Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport would both increase
D)Oxygen transport would decrease, carbon dioxide transport would increase
E)Oxygen transport would increase, carbon dioxide transport would decrease

Question 58

Smoking is known to block the movement of cilia in the bronchi.Which of the following would you expect to find in the airways of a smoker?

A)More bacteria
B)Less mucus
C)More cilia
D)More cilia and less mucus
E)More bacteria and mucus

Question 59

Why couldn't a human absorb enough oxygen through their skin like sea anemones are able to?

A)Our surface area to volume is too high for oxygen to reach all tissues
B)Sea anemones live in water, and there is more oxygen available
C)Our surface area to volume is too low for oxygen to reach all tissues
D)Our capillaries do not come close enough to the skin to absorb oxygen
E)Sea anemones have a larger heart relative to the rest of their body

Question 60

Asthma attacks can be treated with bronchodilators.Which of the following would happen in a person using such an inhaler?

A)Smooth muscle cells would contract
B)Smooth muscle cells would relax
C)The diaphragm would relax
D)The diaphragm would contract
E)The alveoli would relax

Question 61

Each alveolus of the lung is a small sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is many layers thick,thereby providing structural support for the air sacs.

Question 62

The smooth muscle of the diaphragm expands the lungs and the skeletal muscle of the lungs regulates airflow to the alveoli.

Question 63

The total surface area of the alveoli in one set of human lungs is about 50 times the surface area of the skin.

Question 64

Which of the following would an insect's circulatory system transport?

A)Nutrients, wastes, and oxygen
B)Nutrients and wastes
C)Nutrients and oxygen
D)Wastes and oxygen
E)Oxygen

Question 65

The anatomical arrangement in which two adjacent currents flow in opposite directions and exchange materials with each other is called countercurrent exchange.

Question 66

A human baby is considered premature if it is born at 37 weeks or earlier.

Question 67

The atmospheric gas that is in the highest concentration in inhaled air at sea level is oxygen.

Question 68

figure 30.15
What is the dependent variable in figure 30.15?

A)Partial pressure of oxygen in the tracheae
B)The number of times the spiracles are open
C)The number of moth pupae
D)The external concentration of oxygen
E)The size of each moth pupa

Question 69

Oxygen can be toxic to cells by producing free radicals.These free radicals then attack phospholipids,attaching hydroxyl (-OH)groups onto their fatty tails.What effect would this have on the phospholipid?

A)It would become more reduced
B)It would form covalent bonds with other phospholipids
C)It would move into the cytoplasm
D)It would become more polar
E)It would contain more energy

Question 70

Why is discontinuous breathing only seen in resting insects?

A)Because toxic levels of carbon dioxide can build up in active insects
B)Because resting insects have more metabolic activity
C)Because oxygen can build up in active insects
D)Because oxygen is used as quickly as it arrives in active insects
E)Because resting insects produce more carbon dioxide

Question 71

Which of the following hypotheses were the researchers testing?

A)Discontinuous breathing protects against too much oxygen
B)Discontinuous breathing decreases water loss
C)Discontinuous breathing helps underground insects avoid high levels of carbon dioxide
D)Discontinuous breathing saves energy by not moving the diaphragm
E)Discontinuous breathing is harmful because less oxygen is taken up

Question 72

In the pulmonary circulation arteries deliver freshly oxygenated blood to all the body's tissues.

Question 73

Where is oxygen used in a eukaryotic cell?

A)Cytoplasm
B)Nucleus
C)Plasma membrane
D)Mitochondria
E)Lysosome

Question 74

How does an insect "hold its breath"?

A)By closing its tracheae
B)By closing its mouth
C)By closing its spiracles
D)By closing its gills
E)By closing its nostrils

Question 75

The maximum size of an insect is limited by respiration.Which of the following is the best explanation for this statement?

A)There is not enough oxygen in air to meet an insect's metabolic needs
B)An insect's lungs are too small for its body size
C)An insect's heart is too small for its body size
D)Oxygen cannot diffuse very far through tissues
E)Insect's do not have enough oxygen transporters to move oxygen through a larger body

Question 76

In the systemic circulation,the oxygen poor blood travels from the heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli,expels carbon dioxide,and picks up oxygen.

Question 77

The medulla has receptors that monitor H⁺ concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 78

What is the advantage of an insect having air-filled tracheae and spiracles over taking up oxygen through their skin?

A)They increase surface area
B)Gasses diffuse more rapidly in air
C)They increase surface area and gasses diffuse more rapidly in air
D)They act like a lung and move air into the insect
E)They act like a lung and move air into the insect and also increase surface area

Question 79

The first breath of a newborn takes no more strength than subsequent breaths.

Question 80

figure 30.15
What is the dependent variable in figure 30.15?

A)Time
B)Partial pressure of oxygen in the tracheae
C)The external concentration of oxygen
D)The number of moth pupae
E)The size of each moth pupa