Deck 28: The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

The hormone that helps remove calcium from the blood and store it in bone is:

A)Calcitonin
B)Prolactin
C)PTH
D)Insulin
E)Glucagon

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The skeleton functions in:

A)Production of blood cells
B)Supporting the body
C)Protecting the body
D)Movement
E)All are correct

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The bone forming cells that secrete matrix are:

A)Stem cells
B)Osteoblasts
C)Osteoclasts
D)Erythrocytes
E)Chondrocytes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A)Pelvic girdle
B)Sternum
C)Pectoral girdle
D)Femur
E)Humerus

Question 5

The cells that degrade the matrix at the bone surface,releasing calcium into the blood are:

A)Osteoblasts
B)Stem cells
C)Osteoclasts
D)Erythrocytes
E)Chondrocytes

Question 6

Where are blood cells produced?

A)In red marrow inside of bones
B)In yellow marrow inside of bones
C)In joints by chondrocytes
D)In the liver
E)In the spleen

Question 7

Which of the following is not a bone of the upper limbs?

A)Radius
B)Ulna
C)Patella
D)Humerus
E)Clavicle

Question 8

Which of the following is not an important function of calcium in vertebrates?

A)Blood clotting
B)Muscle contraction
C)Transport of oxygen to the body's cells
D)Cell membrane permeability
E)Strengthening of bone

Question 9

Chondrocytes produce which of the following?

A)Fibrin
B)Collagen
C)Elastin
D)Elastin and collagen
E)Fibrin and collagen

Question 10

The vertebrae in descending order from the skull are:

A)Cervical, thoracic, lumbar
B)Lumbar, thoracic, cervical
C)Cervical, lumbar, thoracic
D)Thoracic, lumbar, cervical
E)Lumbar, cervical, thoracic

Question 11

The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium containing shell or chitin is a(an):

A)Endoskeleton
B)Exoskeleton
C)Hydrostatic skeleton
D)Gastrovascular cavity
E)Vascular canal

Question 12

Which of the following is not a bone of the lower limbs?

A)Patella
B)Femur
C)Tibia
D)Fibula
E)Ulna

Question 13

Connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system includes:

A)Ligaments
B)Bone
C)Cartilage
D)Tendons
E)All are correct

Question 14

The type of skeleton composed of calcium rich spines,cartilage or bone is a(an):

A)Exoskeleton
B)Hydrostatic skeleton
C)Gastrovascular cavity
D)Endoskeleton
E)Vascular canal

Question 15

The type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is a(an):

A)Endoskeleton
B)Hydrostatic skeleton
C)Gastrovascular cavity
D)Exoskeleton
E)Vascular canal

Question 16

The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(an):

A)Vascular canal
B)Endoskeleton
C)Gastrovascular cavity
D)Exoskeleton
E)Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 17

A disorder of the axial skeleton in which the vertebral column curves to the side is known as:

A)Graves' disease
B)A ruptured cartilage
C)Scleroderma
D)All are correct
E)Scoliosis

Question 18

Functions of the vertebrate endoskeleton include:

A)Production of blood cells
B)Production of nerve cells and storage of calcium
C)Storage of calcium
D)Production of blood cells and storage of calcium
E)Production of nerve cells

Question 19

The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running,swimming and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the:

A)Skeletal and endocrine systems
B)Muscular and endocrine systems
C)Muscular and skeletal systems
D)Circulatory and muscular systems
E)Circulatory and skeletal systems

Question 20

Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton?

A)Pelvic girdle
B)Ribs
C)Skull
D)Sternum
E)Vertebral column

Question 21

A sustained maximum muscle contraction is called a(an):

A)Graded potential
B)Twitch
C)Z line
D)Action potential
E)Tetanus

Question 22

In muscle tissue,if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur:

A)The muscle cell can produce ATP by fermentation
B)The muscle cell cannot make ATP
C)The muscle cell uses creatine phosphate instead of ATP for energy
D)The muscle cell can produce ATP from fats
E)The muscle cell depletes its reserves of lactic acid

Question 23

The molecule that rapidly replenishes ATP at the beginning of muscle activity is:

A)Actin
B)Creatine phosphate
C)Dystrophin
D)Acetylcholine
E)Myosin

Question 24

Which of the following will be true of the muscles of a bedridden person?

A)Calcium levels and ATP production will be lower than normal
B)Creatine kinase production will be lower than normal
C)ATP production will be lower than normal
D)Calcium levels and creatine kinase production will be lower than normal
E)ATP and creatine kinase production will be lower than normal

Question 25

A bedridden person is at risk of which of the following?

A)Rheumatoid arthritis
B)Osteoarthritis
C)Osteoporosis
D)A sprain
E)Anemia

Question 26

Tendons are connective tissues that connect _______________ to ________________.

A)muscle, bone
B)ligaments, bone
C)muscle, muscle
D)bone, bone
E)cartilage, bone

Question 27

Blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones secreted from the parathyroid and thyroid.When blood calcium is low which of the following would be stimulated by the parathyroid?

A)Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and absorption from the urine by the kidney
B)Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and secretion into the urine by the kidney
C)Decreased uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and absorption from the urine by the kidney
D)Decreased uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and secretion into the urine by the kidney

Question 28

A thin filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein:

A)Hemoglobin
B)Myosin
C)Myoglobin
D)Actin
E)Pectin

Question 29

An autoimmune disorder in which there is chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint is:

A)Osteoarthritis
B)Scoliosis
C)Rheumatoid arthritis
D)Osteoporosis
E)Acromegaly

Question 30

A neuromuscular junction is a __________ between a ______________ and a _______________.

A)membrane, muscle, neuron
B)synovial joint, muscle, neuron
C)synapse, muscle, neuron
D)synovial joint, bone, muscle
E)synapse, bone, muscle

Question 31

An area where two bones meet is called a:

A)Synapse
B)Joint
C)Synaptic cleft
D)Vascular cavity
E)Olfactory bulb

Question 32

Blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones secreted from the parathyroid and thyroid.When blood calcium is low which of the following would be stimulated by the parathyroid?

A)Uptake of calcium by bone by osteoblasts
B)Uptake of calcium by bone by osteoclasts
C)Release of calcium from bone by osteoblasts
D)Release of calcium from bone by osteoclasts
E)Uptake of calcium by bone by chondrocytes

Question 33

A bedridden person is at risk of which of the following?

A)Atrophy
B)Muscular dystrophy
C)A sprain
D)Tetanus
E)Rigor mortis

Question 34

A sprain is a stretched or torn:

A)Ligament
B)Tendon
C)Muscle
D)Neuron
E)Vein

Question 35

The neurotransmitter that is released at a neuromuscular junction that stimulates muscle contraction is:

A)Acetylcholine
B)Actin
C)Myosin
D)Epinephrine
E)Dystrophin

Question 36

A condition in which bones become less dense is:

A)Gigantism
B)Acromegaly
C)Osteoarthritis
D)Rheumatoid arthritis
E)Osteoporosis

Question 37

Which of the following will be true of the bones of a bedridden person?

A)Chondrocytes will be more active than normal
B)Osteoblasts will be more active than normal
C)There will be more calcium uptake than normal
D)There will be more red marrow than normal
E)Osteoclasts will be more active than normal

Question 38

A disorder of old age in which joint cartilage wears away,exposing bone to bone is:

A)Acromegaly
B)Rheumatoid arthritis
C)Scoliosis
D)Osteoporosis
E)Osteoarthritis

Question 39

A thick filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein:

A)Pectin
B)Myoglobin
C)Hemoglobin
D)Actin
E)Myosin

Question 40

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect _______________ to _________________.

A)muscle, muscle
B)muscle, bone
C)tendons, bone
D)bone, bone
E)cartilage, bone

Question 41

How does an impulse from a motor neuron trigger a muscle cell to contract?

A)Acetylcholine is released from the neuron, triggering calcium release from the muscle cell's endoplasmic reticulum
B)Acetylcholine is released from the neuron, triggering calcium absorption by the muscle cell's endoplasmic reticulum
C)Acetylcholine is released from the muscle cell, triggering calcium release from the neuron's endoplasmic reticulum
D)Acetylcholine is released from the neuron, triggering calcium to enter the muscle cell
E)Acetylcholine is released from the muscle cell, triggering calcium to enter the neuron

Question 42

If you placed an electrode on a person's triceps and stimulated the muscle,which of the following would occur?

A)They would not be able to straighten their leg
B)They would not be able to straighten their arm
C)They would not be able to bend their leg
D)They would not be able to bend their arm

Question 43

After a muscle cell contracts,which of the following must occur for the muscle to stop contracting?

A)Calcium ions must be pumped back into the endoplasmic reticulum
B)Calcium ions must be pumped out of the muscle cell
C)Calcium ions must flow out of the endoplasmic reticulum
D)Calcium ions must flow into the muscle cell
E)Calcium ions must flow out of the muscle cell

Question 44

After death,muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours.Which of the following explains this observation?

A)ATP is required to break the bond between actin and myosin
B)ATP is required for actin to bind to myosin
C)ATP is required for the motor neuron to signal a muscle to relax
D)ATP is required for calcium ions to be pumped into the muscle cell
E)ATP is required to produce creatine kinase

Question 45

Botulism is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which produces a toxin (Botox)that blocks acetylcholine release.How would Botox injections be useful in removing wrinkles?

A)By blocking ATP production
B)By preventing muscles from relaxing
C)By killing neurons
D)By killing muscle cells
E)By preventing muscles from contracting

Question 46

What does the presence of the two base pair deletion in the genomes of six widely dispersed human populations,and the absence of the deletion in all non-human primates reveal?

A)That the two bases were actually insertions in the non-human primates
B)That the deletion arose before the branch between humans and non-human primates
C)That the deletion arose multiple non-human primates
D)That the deletion arose at least six times in different human populations
E)That the deletion arose after the branch between humans and non-human primates

Question 47

The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark,while that of a domesticated chicken is white.What would be true of breast muscle in a wild duck?

A)They are fast twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
B)They are slow twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
C)They are slow twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
D)They are fast twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria

Question 48

Which of the following causes a muscle cell to contract?

A)Actin and myosin break down
B)The bending of actin heads attached to myosin
C)Calcium ions form a bridge binding actin to myosin
D)ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin
E)The bending of myosin heads attached to actin

Question 49

You are trying out for the USA Olympic gymnastics team.Everything is going well until you turn your ankle on the landing and tore a connection between two bones.Now you will have to wait another four years.Which of the following could you have done to your ankle?

A)Sprained a ligament
B)Strained a ligament
C)Sprained a tendon
D)Strained a tendon

Question 50

After death,muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours.This stiff position is called:

A)Osteoarthritis
B)Rheumatoid arthritis
C)Rigor mortis
D)Osteoporosis
E)Flaccid paralysis

Question 51

When blood calcium is high which of the following would be stimulated by the thyroid?

A)Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and secretion into the urine by the kidney
B)Uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and absorption from the urine by the kidney
C)Decreased uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and secretion into the urine by the kidney
D)Decreased uptake of calcium from food by the intestine and absorption from the urine by the kidney

Question 52

When blood calcium is high which of the following would be stimulated by the thyroid?

A)Release of calcium from bone by osteoblasts
B)Release of calcium from bone by osteoclasts
C)Uptake of calcium by bone by osteoclasts
D)Uptake of calcium by bone by osteoblasts
E)Uptake of calcium by bone by chondrocytes

Question 53

How can humans survive if they have an inactive gene that encodes a non-functional myosin protein?

A)We have over 40 closely related myosin genes
B)Myosin is not essential for life
C)Myosin participates in several processes in the cell
D)Other proteins in the body can do the same thing as myosin
E)Other primates have the same non-functional myosin protein and survive

Question 54

What does the high level similarity between the myosin gene sequences in human and non-human primates suggest?

A)That humans and non-human primates had a common ancestor at some time in the past
B)That humans and non-human primates had common ancestor 2.4 million years ago
C)That the myosin gene arose independently in humans and non-human primates
D)That genes can transfer readily between humans and non-human primates
E)That no natural selection has occurred in humans

Question 55

Osteoarthritis is caused when bones in a joint rub against each other directly.Which of the following happens in osteoarthritis?

A)New bone is made in the joint
B)Cartilage is destroyed
C)Ligaments are torn
D)The synovial membrane is destroyed
E)Tendons are torn

Question 56

You are trying out for the USA World Cup soccer team.Everything is going well until you try to score a goal doing a bicycle kick and tear a connection between your quadriceps and femur.Now you will have to wait another four years.Which of the following could you have done to your leg?

A)Sprained a ligament
B)Strained a tendon
C)Strained a ligament
D)Sprained a tendon

Question 57

Why did the researchers look for the myosin mRNA in tissue samples from the non-primates?

A)To see if the myosin gene was being transcribed
B)To see if the myosin gene was being translated
C)To see if they had the myosin gene
D)To see if they had the two base pair deletion in the myosin gene
E)To see if loss of the myosin gene made the non-human primates behave more like humans

Question 58

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused when what part of a joint becomes swollen and inflamed?

A)Ligaments
B)Cartilage
C)Bone
D)Synovial fluid
E)Tendons

Question 59

Which of the following describes the role of myosin in muscle contraction?

A)ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin
B)Actin heads bend when attached to myosin
C)Calcium ions form a bridge moving actin along myosin
D)Myosin heads bend when attached to actin
E)Myosin synthesizes new strands of actin, lengthening the muscle

Question 60

The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark,while that of a domesticated chicken is white.What would be true of breast muscle in a domesticated chicken?

A)They are fast twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
B)They are slow twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria
C)They are slow twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria
D)They are fast twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria

Question 61

Skeletal muscle contraction is important in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.

Question 62

What do the researchers propose as the selective advantage for a smaller temporalis muscle?

A)Humans could eat softer foods
B)The brain could become larger
C)It would take less energy to move the muscle
D)It would enable speech
E)It forced humans to develop tools to cook their food

Question 63

How can the described two base pair deletion in the myosin gene only affect the temporalis muscle?

A)The gene was only transcribed in the temporalis muscle
B)The deletion was only present in DNA in the temporalis muscle
C)Other muscles also transcribe the myosin gene
D)The temporalis muscle also transcribes other myosin genes
E)Other muscles can repair the deletion

Question 64

The interaction of both the muscular system and the skeletal system is necessary for animals to run,fly and swim.

Question 65

How would the temporalis muscle be attached to the skull and jaw?

A)Through osteoclasts
B)Through ligaments
C)Through neurons
D)Through tendons
E)Through osteoblasts

Question 66

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

Question 67

Fermentation does not require oxygen to generate ATP and is almost as efficient as aerobic respiration in generating ATP in muscle cells.

Question 68

The process by which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton in order to grow is called molting.

Question 69

Each myofibril consists of two types of filaments,a thick actin filament and a thin myosin filament.

Question 70

According to the sliding filament model,a muscle fiber contracts when thick filaments slide between thin filaments,lengthening the sarcomere.

Question 71

The temporalis and masseter muscles close the jaw while the platysma opens the jaw.To clench your teeth,which of the following must occur?

A)Contract temporalis and masseter and relax platysma
B)Relax temporalis and masseter and contract platysma
C)Contract temporalis, masseter, and platysma
D)Relax temporalis, masseter, and platysma
E)Contract temporalis and relax platysma and masseter

Question 72

The axial skeleton consists of the limbs and the bones that support them.

Question 73

Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction by releasing acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction.

Question 74

Why would a two base pair deletion in the human myosin gene being studied cause it to be nonfunctional?

A)The two base pairs that were missing encoded two amino acids that were essential for the protein to function
B)The two base pairs that were missing were essential for the protein to function
C)It introduces a frameshift resulting in a truncated protein
D)It introduces a substitution mutation that changes the amino acid encoded by that codon
E)It introduces a silent mutation that changes the amino acid encoded by that codon

Question 75

Bones regulate calcium homeostasis.