Deck 9: Pursuing Security

Question 1

The vast majority of terrorist attacks are carried out using

A) conventional weapons.
B) radiological weapons.
C) chemical weapons.
D) biological weapons.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What does the concept of a diversionary war refer to?

A) States are more likely to go to war when their economy is strong.
B) States use war to distract the domestic public from domestic problems.
C) States use war to distract the domestic public from flawed foreign policies.
D) States use war to distract the international community from their domestic political situation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Saddam Hussein being a power seeker is an example of

A) an individual leader's characteristic.
B) a human characteristic.
C) a cultural characteristic.
D) an example of militarism.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In a 1999 survey,what percentage of Americans listed terrorism as a top foreign policy concern?

A) 12%
B) 24%
C) 48%
D) 96%

Question 5

A system-level interpretation of terrorism argues that terrorism

A) exists because of transnational communications and transportation networks.
B) is driven by the psychological drives of Muslim extremists worldwide.
C) is a product of unequal global distribution of wealth.
D) is based on traditional methods of warfare.

Question 6

Approximately what percentage of all war fatalities since the year 1000 has occurred in the 20th century?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 7

The authors' definition of terrorism does not include

A) targeting of civilians.
B) violence carried out by individuals, NGOs, or covert government agents.
C) actions by military forces against military targets who accidentally kill civilians in the process.
D) the use of clandestine methods.

Question 8

According to the laws of war,the 2000 attack on the USS Cole when refueling was not strictly an act of terrorism because the Cole

A) was a military target.
B) was engaged in battle.
C) was not in a friendly port.
D) had not registered a distress signal.

Question 9

One system-level cause of war could be

A) the type of regime.
B) the psychological profile of a world leader.
C) the global pattern of production and use of natural resources.
D) national political culture.

Question 10

Which of the following is an individual-level cause of war?

A) Distribution of power
B) Externalization of internal conflict
C) Human aggression
D) Biosphere stress

Question 11

From 2000 to 2008,the two leading buyers of weaponry were

A) Russia and Kazakhstan.
B) China and India.
C) North Korea and Iran.
D) Iraq and Afghanistan.

Question 12

State terrorism is

A) a globally approved type of warfare.
B) carried out or funded by a government.
C) a situation whereby a state is terrorized by its own citizens.
D) a situation whereby a state is the victim of foreign terrorism.

Question 13

Conflict over water supply would be attributed to a system-level

A) economic factor.
B) territorial factor.
C) security factor.
D) biosphere factor.

Question 14

Today,the United States primarily sells arms

A) for economic reasons.
B) to achieve a foreign policy objective.
C) after being pressured by potential buyers.
D) covertly.

Question 15

Which level of analysis would be most likely to emphasize the importance of oil resources when explaining the cause of the Persian Gulf War?

A) realist
B) state-level
C) system-level
D) individual-level

Question 16

The world's leading arms exporter is

A) France.
B) Russia.
C) Iraq.
D) the United States.

Question 17

Over the past century the frequency of war has

A) increased dramatically.
B) decreased dramatically.
C) remained relatively stable.
D) increased only in the developed world.

Question 18

The argument that militarism is linked to state formation is based on which assumption?

A) States were formed by authoritarian leaders who relied on military support to rule.
B) States were formed to defend expanding populations.
C) States were formed because warfare required the larger political units necessary to provide more soldiers and more expensive weapons.
D) States were formed to defend rulers against external forces.

Question 19

An individual-level interpretation of terrorism argues that terrorism

A) is caused by U.S. support of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East.
B) is the product of the psychological drives of terrorists and terrorist leaders.
C) has been fueled by global economic inequality.
D) is based on traditional methods of warfare.

Question 20

Osama bin Laden's infamous fatwa in 1998 is an example of transnational terrorism because

A) it was reprinted in multiple languages.
B) it called on Muslims in any country to kill Americans and their allies wherever possible.
C) it was broadcast on CNN.
D) he was a Saudi national in exile.

Question 21

The approach to security that involves limiting the number and types of weapons countries possess is referred to as

A) arms control.
B) weapons proliferation.
C) categorical restrictions.
D) comprehensive restrictions.

Question 22

Special operations are conducted

A) only overtly.
B) only covertly.
C) both overtly and covertly.
D) neither overtly nor covertly.

Question 23

When the Tartars would catapult plague-infected corpses over the walls of their enemies,they were employing a 14^th-century version of

A) chemical warfare.
B) nuclear warefare.
C) weapons of mass destruction.
D) biological warfare.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a way to avoid unchecked escalation?

A) open the lines of communications
B) have limited goals.
C) use force greater than needed.
D) limit targets.

Question 25

Which of the following is not an alternative approach to security?

A) Unlimited self-defense
B) Limited self-defense
C) International security
D) Abolition of war

Question 26

Historically,arms control has been achieved using all of the following methods except

A) placing categorical restrictions on the types of weapons.
B) placing numerical restrictions on the number of weapons.
C) heavily taxing the materials used to make arms.
D) through transfer restrictions.

Question 27

Which approach to security promotes arms limitations as a means to ensure international peace?

A) abolition of war
B) limited self-defense
C) international security
D) unlimited self-defense

Question 28

A country improves its chances of success during an intervention when military force is

A) applied after extended threatening and slow escalation.
B) utilized to defeat other military forces, not to control political events.
C) meant to achieve unclear goals.
D) used in areas without a previously demonstrated commitment.

Question 29

Persuading an enemy that attacking you will not be worth and potential gain is known as

A) coercive diplomacy.
B) NUT.
C) deterrence.
D) credibility.

Question 30

According to the authors,escalation of war occurs when

A) lines of communication stay open.
B) the geographical scope of war is restricted.
C) targets restrictions are observed.
D) the rules change and the level of combat increases.

Question 31

What theory contends that no power will start a nuclear war because doing so will lead to its own destruction?

A) Mutual assured destruction (MAD)
B) Nuclear utilization theory (NUT)
C) Weapons of mass destruction theory (WMD)
D) None of the above

Question 32

All of the following are part of the three principles that civilian and military decision-makers should keep in mind except for

A) war can be a substitute for diplomacy.
B) the goals of war should be clear.
C) political considerations should govern war.
D) war is a common part of diplomacy.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about chemical weapons is true?

A) Chemical weapons are inexpensive to produce.
B) Chemical weapons are made from ingredients common to plastics and the processing of pharmaceuticals.
C) Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons against the Kurds in 1988.
D) All of the above.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a reason for the increase in the use of special operations in recent decades?

A) an increase in civil strife within countries
B) to avoid international and domestic criticism
C) special operations seldom lead to escalating involvement
D) to allow for easier and quicker disengagement

Question 35

The most common approach to arms control is to limit

A) above ground nuclear arms testing.
B) the number of nuclear weapons stockpiled.
C) the flow of nuclear weapons across geographic boundaries.
D) certain types of nuclear weapons from being pro­duced.

Question 36

One ethical drawback to arms transfers is

A) poor treatment of workers in many weapons production facilities.
B) it makes private firms rich but does not benefit their host countries.
C) LDCs often spend money on arms that might better be used on economic development or social programs.
D) arms manufacturers often develop faulty weaponry.

Question 37

Proponents of the nuclear utilization theory (NUT)favor a nuclear strategy that uses

A) second-strike weapons.
B) deterrence through damage denial.
C) deterrence through punishment.
D) nuclear weapons for defensive actions only.

Question 38

All of the following are described in the text as being roles of nuclear weapons except

A) actual use of nuclear weapons.
B) nuclear weapon build-ups as an antihegemonic coalition.
C) nuclear weapons as part of the "backdrop" of power and influence.
D) deterrence.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a declared nuclear power?

A) India
B) France
C) Germany
D) China

Question 40

Which approach to security is based on the realist assumption that countries are inherently greedy and collectively violent?

A) pacifism
B) limited self-defense
C) international security
D) unlimited self-defense

Question 41

Some commentators and scholars worry that UN peacekeeping may be

A) driving down the sale of oil.
B) enabling the trade of state-secrets.
C) bordering on imperialism.
D) reinforcing non-Western sovereignty.

Question 42

What would a realist think is the most significant barrier to arms control?

A) uncertainty about how to dismantle weapons of mass destruction
B) domestic and international concerns about security
C) inability to ensure that all countries are complying with arms control treaties.
D) national pride

Question 43

Over the past 50 years,UN peacekeeping missions have

A) decreased dramatically due to financial constraints.
B) increased dramatically despite questions relating to their effectiveness.
C) remained relatively stable in number and largely ineffective.
D) rarely been used due to continual disagreements among member-countries over the mission and scope of operations.

Question 44

Which concept is behind the use of most international security forces?

A) collective security
B) collective stability
C) hegemonic stability
D) bilateral action

Question 45

The aim of peacekeeping is largely to

A) prevent fighting by acting as a buffer.
B) restore countries fraught by war.
C) be proactive in maintaining peace.
D) intervene when fighting breaks out.

Question 46

Domestically,attempts at arms control may be rejected because

A) arms represent a tangible source of strength and sovereign equality.
B) of the inability to verify whether countries are complying with arms treaties.
C) arms research and development hurts the economy.
D) of military-industrial-congressional disagreements over arms development.

Question 47

The success of UN peacekeeping missions has been inhibited by all of the following except

A) lack of financial support from member countries.
B) failure to include larger powers such as the United States and China in peacekeeping efforts.
C) lack of political support from member-countries.
D) lack of consensus within the UN on when to autho­rize peacekeeping missions.

Question 48

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)has dispatched troops to all of the following except

A) Guinea-Bissau
B) Ivory Coast
C) Libya
D) Sierra Leone

Question 49

An alliance formed between interest groups,bureau­crats,and legislators that benefit from military spending is known as a(n)

A) industrial alliance.
B) defense complex.
C) trilateral conglomerate.
D) iron triangle

Question 50

The predominant philosophy associated with unilateral disarmament is

A) realism.
B) pacifism.
C) interdependence.
D) internationalism.

Question 51

Which security organization sent peacekeeping forces to Albania in 1997?

A) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
B) the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
C) the West European Union
D) the United Nations

Question 52

What political philosopher foresaw the possibility of security through international organizations?

A) Kant
B) Homer
C) Plato
D) Machiavelli

Question 53

Pacifism begins with the belief that

A) weapons increase insecurity.
B) all nuclear weapons should be eliminated.
C) conflicts between countries can be avoided.
D) it is wrong to kill.

Question 54

Arms control advocates maintain that nuclear weapons

A) increase insecurity and tensions among countries.
B) is only effective when used as a means of self­ defense.
C) have created security and reduced war internation­ally.
D) should only be used as a last resort when all other means of mediation have failed.

Question 55

International barriers to arms control include all of the following except

A) worries about the possibility of future conflict.
B) doubts about the value of arms control.
C) concern about the environmental effects of arms control.
D) concern about verification and cheating.

Question 56

A new trend in the evolution of international security has been

A) increased European economic integration.
B) the increasing frequency of United Nations peace­keeping operations.
C) the control of biological and chemical weapons.
D) the gradual demise of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a type of pacifist cited by the authors?

A) universal pacifists
B) personal pacifists
C) antiwar pacifists
D) private pacifists

Question 58

A more limited alternative to unilateral disarmament is

A) collective disarmament
B) negotiated disarmament
C) pacifist disarmament
D) universal disarmament

Question 59

Which of the following is not a regional security IGO?

A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
B) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
C) United Nations (UN)
D) African Union (AU)

Question 60

Unlike traditional peacekeeping,peace enforcement involves

A) no military intervention of any kind.
B) passive maintenance of peace agreements.
C) aid in the form of food and clothes only.
D) intervention when fighting breaks out, and pre-emptive deployment to imperiled countries before fighting begins.

Question 61

Chemical weapons have not been used for over 50 years.

Question 62

What is the difference between the power to defeat and the power to hurt?

Question 63

List the two state-level causes of war.

Question 64

Although technology has changed,the nature of war has remained constant.

Question 65

List three possible system-level causes of war.

Question 66

One significant barrier to arms control is national pride.

Question 67

The use of covert military intervention has increased.

Question 68

What are the two methods used to measure the effectiveness of war?

Question 69

According to the authors,what are the three principles civilian and military decision makers should keep in mind when preparing for war?

Question 70

The most common approach to arms control involves limiting the production of certain types of weapons.

Question 71

The severity of war has decreased in the 20th century.

Question 72

Countries amass power to ensure national interests but often discover that they have compromised their own security.

Question 73

The frequency of UN peacekeeping missions has increased in recent years.

Question 74

UN peacekeeping forces are generally composed of military contingents from smaller or nonaligned powers.

Question 75

Those who favor the MAD nuclear strategy argue that states should attempt to destroy their opponent's weapons before they are launched.

Question 76

Through UN on-site inspection,absolute verification of nuclear weapons is now possible.

Question 77

Most arms transfers go to economically developed countries.

Question 78

In general,there is agreement that arms control is necessary for state security.

Question 79

State terrorism refers to attacks on the state by nonstate actors.

Question 80

War should be fought as a substitute for diplomacy.