Deck 11: The Beginning of Life and Childhood

Question 1

A gene that predisposes a woman to breast cancer has been discovered by scientists. Women who are tested to see if this gene is present are using what type of genetic testing?

A) carrier
B) forensic
C) diagnostic
D) tracing lineage
E) predictive

Answer 1

predictive

Question 2

Amniocentesis is what type of genetic testing?

A) carrier
B) forensic
C) prenatal testing
D) tracing lineage
E) predictive

Answer 2

prenatal testing

Question 3

The medical examiner is attempting to eliminate a suspect in a crime. What type of DNA testing might the medical examiner do?

A) carrier
B) forensic
C) prenatal testing
D) tracing lineage
E) predictive

Answer 3

forensic

Question 4

Partially due to a study done by Harvard Medical School's Lisa N. Geller, there are now laws in place to prevent:

A) genetic discrimination
B) genetic counseling
C) genetic engineering
D) stem cell research
E) cloning

Question 5

The process by which traits are passed on to offspring is known as:

A) genetics
B) genetic engineering
C) stem cells
D) heredity
E) genetic discrimination

Question 6

Transplanting animal tissues and organs into humans is called xenotransplantation. Which of the following is one difference that makes this process problematic?

A) Animal cells produce amino acids that humans do not produce.
B) Animals cells produce proteins foreign to human cells.
C) Human cells can be infected with bacteria found in animal cells.
D) Human cells and animal cells cannot be fused.
E) Animals cells produce sugar that human cells do not produce.

Question 7

Which of the following do chromosomes normally carry that are responsible for all human characteristics from eye, skin, and hair color to height, body type, and intelligence?

A) sperm
B) stem cells
C) eggs
D) genes
E) nucleus

Question 8

The children in a family all have blue eyes. The biological parents also have blue eyes. The science that explains these similarities is called:

A) genetics
B) genetic engineering
C) stem cells
D) genomes
E) genetic discrimination

Question 9

An obstetrician is caring for a young woman who wants to undergo genetic testing prior to becoming pregnant. What would be the best response to this patient?

A) Tell her that genetic testing will not determine genetic disorders passed on to a fetus.
B) Tell her that genetic testing is not recommended when determining pregnancy.
C) Refer the woman to a qualified genetic counselor.
D) Tell her about the emotional aspects of caring for a baby with a genetic disease.
E) Refer her to a geneticist.

Question 10

In 2008, what federal law was passed that prohibits discrimination in employment based on genetic information?

A) Privacy Act
B) Civil Liberties Act
C) HIPAA
D) Americans with Disabilities Act
E) GINA

Question 11

In 1996, a federal law was passed that prevents health insurers from denying coverage based on genetic information for individuals moving between group health insurance plans. This federal law is known as:

A) Privacy Act
B) Civil Liberties Act
C) HIPAA
D) Americans with Disabilities Act
E) GINA

Question 12

Scientists are able to manipulate DNA within the cells of plants, animals, and other organisms to ensure that certain advantageous traits will appear and be passed on, or that certain harmful traits are eliminated. What is the term for this process?

A) genetic engineering
B) cloning
C) genetic discrimination
D) stem cell manipulation
E) xenotransplantation

Question 13

The combination of proteins called nucleotides that are arranged to make up each human is known as which of the following?

A) stem cells
B) DNA
C) gene
D) chromosomes
E) heredity

Question 14

One type of genetic engineering that is extremely controversial is cloning. Which of the following statements accurately describes an aspect of this process?

A) The egg and sperm cells in our bodies are clones.
B) A clone is an organism produced asexually from a cell from each of the parents.
C) A clone is genetically identical to the parent.
D) Fraternal twins are clones.
E) Identical twins are not clones.

Question 15

The question of who may patent genes was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2013. What was the decision?

A) The individual may patent both their own and manipulating genes.
B) Only the federal government may patent genes.
C) Only corporations may patent genes.
D) A gene is a naturally occurring substance and may not be patented.
E) Physicians may patent genes.

Question 16

How are the chromosomes that make up the human genome inherited from parents?

A) ⅓ from the mother and ⅔ from the father
B) ½ from the mother and ½ from the father
C) ¾ from the mother and ¼ from the father
D) ¾ from the father and ¼ from the mother
E) ⅓ from the father and ⅔ from the mother

Question 17

The Human Genome Project, funded by the U.S. government, was started in 1990. What was the purpose of this project?

A) To pinpoint certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell anemia
B) To determine which genes are inherited from which parent
C) To further the development of creating human clones
D) To locate and map the location of all 46 genes
E) To develop genetic engineering

Question 18

How many chromosomes are normally found inside the nucleus of every human cell except egg and sperm cells?

A) 23
B) 43
C) 46
D) 52
E) 60

Question 19

Which of the following is an objective of cloning farm animals?

A) to produce animals with high-fat meat
B) to produce medically useful substances
C) to prevent animal diseases
D) to produce perfect animals
E) to perfect the process in order to eventually clone humans

Question 20

A permanent change in DNA is the usual cause of genetic diseases. What is the term for this harmful effect?

A) mutation
B) cloning
C) multipotent stem cells
D) mtDNA
E) genetic discrimination

Question 21

Stem cells that develop into neuronal tissues could be used to treat patients with which of the following conditions/disorders?

A) pancreatic cancer
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) diabetes
D) heart disease
E) obesity

Question 22

A state agency removes a 10-year-old male child from the home of parents who abused him. What is the name of the legal doctrine that allows the state to act in the best interest of the child?

A) safe haven law
B) no hassle provision
C) best interest of the child concept
D) res ipsa loquitur
E) parens patriae

Question 23

Which of the following types of adoption generally involves placing children who have been orphaned or whose parents have lost or relinquished parental rights through abuse, abandonment, or the inability to support them?

A) private adoption
B) agency adoption
C) identified adoption
D) relative adoption
E) independent adoption

Question 24

A new mother leaves her infant daughter in a safe place at a nurse's station in a hospital. This mother is protected from legal prosecution or with reduced legal prosecution by what legislation?

A) parens atriae
B) safe haven law
C) best interest of the child act
D) federal Child Abuse Amendments
E) abandoned infant law

Question 25

A 17-year-old female lives with her parents and meets the requirements to give informed consent to have a small basal cell carcinoma removed. Which of the following would this teenager be considered?

A) knowledgeable minor
B) emancipated minor
C) protected minor
D) mature minor
E) able minor

Question 26

What is a gene?

Question 27

A young infertile couple asks their physician about adopting a baby. Which of the following statements is true regarding the process of adoption?

A) Any adult who shows the desire to be a fit parent may adopt a child.
B) Only married couples may adopt a child.
C) People with genetic disorders may not adopt a child.
D) Gay couples have the same success with being allowed to adopt as straight couples.
E) Private adoptions are prevented by state laws.

Question 28

Which of the following is true regarding the legal rights of newborns in the United States?

A) They are not protected under the Constitution.
B) They are determined by the parents in charge.
C) They are the same as for any other American citizen of any age.
D) They do not have any legal rights until they reach age 21.
E) They are not protected until they reach the age of 18.

Question 29

What does the term genetics mean?

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding stem cell use is true?

A) Adult human body tissues do not produce stem cells.
B) Adult stem cells are pluripotent.
C) Embryonic stem cells have a greater potential to treat a wider variety of diseases.
D) Embryonic stem cells are multipotent.
E) Amniotic stem cells are a replacement for embryonic stem cells.

Question 31

A physician is using somatic gene therapy for a patient with a severe genetic disorder. What is involved in this process?

A) inserting normal copies of the gene
B) blocking an overactive pathway
C) correcting an abnormality in the genes of sperm or egg
D) replacing a deficiency
E) turning off a gene

Question 32

A teenager who is pregnant receives an abortion without parental notice due to "judicial bypass." What does this term signify?

A) The teenager has traveled to another state to obtain the abortion without parental notification.
B) The teenager has obtained approval from a judge for the abortion without parental notification.
C) The state in which the teenager lives allows practitioners to perform abortions without parental consent.
D) The judge has decided that the teenager is an emancipated minor and may receive the abortion without parental notification.
E) The teenager has received approval from a judge to travel to another state to have the abortion.

Question 33

Which of the following is a right guaranteed to emancipated minors?

A) right to purchase cigarettes
B) right to vote
C) right to buy alcohol
D) right to forgo school attendance
E) right to privacy

Question 34

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between a traditional and gestational surrogate mother?

A) A gestational surrogate is related to the fetus and is paid to carry the child.
B) A gestational surrogate is related to the fetus, while the traditional surrogate is not.
C) A traditional surrogate is paid to carry the child, but the gestational surrogate is not.
D) A gestational surrogate is paid to carry the child but the traditional surrogate is not.
E) A traditional surrogate is related to the fetus, while the gestational surrogate is not.

Question 35

What does a genetic counselor do?

Question 36

What does the term heredity mean?

Question 37

A fertility specialist brings an infertile couple's eggs and sperm together in a test tube and when fertilization occurs, he transplants the resulting embryo back into the female uterus. What is the term for this type of fertilization?

A) in vitro fertilization
B) homologous artificial insemination
C) heterologous artificial insemination
D) surrogacy
E) adoption

Question 38

Which of the following legislation allows physicians to legally withhold treatment, including food and water, from infants who are chronically and irreversibly comatose?

A) federal Child Abuse Amendments
B) best interest of the child act
C) abandoned infant act
D) parens patriae
E) safe haven law

Question 39

Infertility is considered to be the failure to conceive in how many months or longer?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 12
D) 18
E) 20

Question 40

An infertile couple who is adopting a child locates a birth mother and then asks an agency to take over the adoption process. This is an example of what type of adoption?

A) agency adoption
B) independent adoption
C) international adoption
D) identified adoption
E) private adoption

Question 41

What is genetic discrimination?

Question 42

Identify the medical conditions under which a physician may legally withhold treatment, including food and water from an infant under the federal Child Abuse Amendments.

Question 43

What is genetic engineering?

Question 44

What does the doctrine of parens patriae mean? Give an example.

Question 45

Discuss the difference between a mature minor and an emancipated minor.

Question 46

What is gene therapy?

Question 47

What is the safe haven law?

Question 48

What is cloning?

Question 49

Compare agency adoptions and independent/private adoptions.

Question 50

What is in vitro fertilization?

Question 51

Discuss the various forms of surrogacy.