Deck 2: Theories of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Question 1

One limitation of the AEQ is that it examines only _____________ expectancies

A)Direct
B)Indirect
C)Positive
D)Negative

Answer 1

C
Positive

Question 2

The importance of examining psychological theories of drug use is that it allows us to see

A)What causes initial drug use
B)What leads to initial drug use
C)What results from initial drug use
D)What explains initial drug use

Answer 2

B
What leads to initial drug use

Question 3

For some adolescents, their first experience with alcohol and drugs may be:

A)Satisfying
B)Unsatisfying
C)both a & b
D)a only

Answer 3

C
both a & b

Question 4

Social learning theory recognizes which of the following:

A)That we form beliefs about self efficacy in using drugs
B)Interactions between cognitive and affective states
C)The relationship of coping skills to drug use
D)All of the above

Question 5

Children's first exposure to alcohol and drugs is primarily through _______________.

A)parents
B)television
C)relatives
D)all of the above

Question 6

Lab testing of implicit cognition using semantic priming have shown that:

A)More drinking will occur for heavy drinkers but not light drinkers when presented with alcohol cues
B)Less drinking will occur for heavy drinkers but not light drinkers when presented with alcohol cues
C)More drinking will occur for light drinkers but not heavy drinkers when presented with alcohol cues
D)More drinking will occur for both heavy drinkers but not light drinkers when presented with alcohol cues

Question 7

Which of the following theories propose that inborn temperament or acquired personality traits influences alcohol and drug use?

A)Cognitive theories
B)Personality/temperament theories
C)Social learning theories
D)Psychodynamic theories

Question 8

How does classical conditioning play a role in the processes underlying expectancy effects?

A)We form associations between drug use and certain effects
B)We expect to feel a certain way through varying dose levels of drugs
C)We form disassociations between drug use and certain effects
D)Classical conditioning does not play a role in the processes underlying expectancy effects

Question 9

Negative expectations are said to possibly have ____________ effects compared to positive expectations because they involve _______________ consequences.

A)Stronger, delayed
B)Weaker, delayed
C)Stronger, immediate
D)Weaker immediate

Question 10

_____________ and _____________ may be the primary motive for drug use rather than tension reduction.

A)relaxation, control
B)power, relaxation
C)power, control
D)relaxation, excitation

Question 11

Social learning theory emphasizes expectancies about:

A)Effects of alcohol and other drugs formed by observation
B)Effects of alcohol and other drugs formed through experience
C)Effects of alcohol and other drugs acquired from stereotypes
D)Effects of alcohol and other drugs predicted from theory

Question 12

Because licit drugs are commonly used at social gatherings such as parties and celebrations, it is important that researchers:

A)Focus on only researching the benefits of licit drug use
B)Focus on only researching the harmful effects of licit drug use
C)Study both the benefits and harmful effects associated with licit drug use
D)Focus only researching illicit drug use

Question 13

A problem with psychoanalytic theories of the personality processes involved in drinking is that the formulations are _____________ to test because they involve _____________ about early experiences where there is usually no ______________ evidence.

A)Easy, stereotypes, objective
B)Easy, assumptions, personal
C)Difficult, stereotypes, personal
D)Difficult, assumptions, objective

Question 14

Compared to minimal exposure to nonalcohol-related words, viewing alcohol-related led to all but which of the following (Friedman et al, 2007)?

A)High expectancy for alcohol tension reduction led to more cooperation with a stranger
B)High expectancy for alcohol tension reduction led to more willingness to be evaluated by an opposite sex stranger
C)High expectancy that alcohol releases aggression led to hostility toward someone who provoked them
D)Low expectancy that alcohol reduced tension led to less willingness to be evaluated by an opposite sex stranger

Question 15

According to the social development model, which of the following was a better predictor of alcohol problems:

A)Perceived harmfulness of alcohol use
B)Peer alcohol initiation
C)Ethnicity
D)Social development as early initiation

Question 16

Adolescence may view drug use as:

A)sophisticated
B)a rite of passage
C)attractive
D)all of the above

Question 17

Which of typology is characterized as taking longer to develop, having less dependence, fewer alcohol related problems, and less psychopathology.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type 1
D)a & c

Question 18

Which of the following is true about peer selection:

A)Adolescence who already use drugs seek out the company of those who are not involved in drugs
B)Adolescence who already use drugs seek out the company of those who are involved in drugs
C)Adolescence who disdain drug use seek out the company of those who also disdain drug use
D)b & c

Question 19

Which of the following is true about light vs. heavy drinkers:

A)Light drinkers typically drink when they're in a positive mood
B)Heavy drinkers typically drink when they're in a positive mood
C)Heavy drinkers typically drink when they're in a negative mood
D)a & c

Question 20

Theories that focus on the role of pharmacological properties of drugs tend to _________ the role of ______________ variables.

A)Include, physiological
B)Include, psychological
C)Ignore, physiological
D)Ignore, psychological

Question 21

Which of the following contribute to the distinct aspects between alcohol intake and smoking?

A)Smoking occurs periodically throughout the day, everyday for regular smokers
B)For most people alcohol is ingested on the weekends unless for highly dependent drinkers
C)The impact of smoking is much quicker than the effect of alcohol
D)All of the above

Question 22

________ _________ theory focuses on individual differences as the cause of problem drug use.

A)anti-social behavior
B)personality/temperament
C)problem behavior
D)social personality

Question 23

The psychological effect of nicotine intake through smoking is paradoxical because people associate smoking with _____________ when nicotine actually produces _______________.

A)tension, relaxation
B)relaxation, alertness
C)alertness, relaxation
D)tension, alertness

Question 24

Causal inferences are difficult to predict between personality and drugs because:

A)There is no connection between personality and drugs
B)There is a direct connection between personality and drugs
C)There is an indirect connection between personality and drugs
D)The relationship between personality and drugs is unobservable

Question 25

Women who smoke have observed physical benefits such as:

A)weight gain
B)weight loss
C)hair loss
D)hair growth

Question 26

Both ____________ and _______________ theories emphasized individual differences in temperament.

A)Personality/temperament, biologically based
B)Personality/temperament, cognitive based
C)Typology, cognitive based
D)Personality/temperament, typology

Question 27

All but which of the following is true about self-awareness and alcohol?

A)Individuals high in self-awareness react to alcohol cautiously because they came from families with a history of alcohol problems
B)Individuals low in self-awareness react to alcohol cautiously because they came from families with a history of alcohol problems
C)Individuals low in self-awareness were less vigilant towards problems with alcohol in their family history and were more likely to develop alcohol problems
D)Individuals high in self-awareness recognize their higher risk towards developing alcohol problems because they came from families with a history of alcohol.

Question 28

The__________ _____________ model assumes that psychological stressors are a major motivator of smoking.

A)nicotine regulation
B)cognitive regulation
C)multiple regulation
D)pharmacological regulation

Question 29

A comprehensive model that examined the interrelationship among inherited tendencies toward alcoholism, localized brain functions, childhood behavior problems, and alcohol abuse demonstrates that predisposition to alcohol are stronger among __________ than ____________.

A)Adolescents, adults
B)Hispanics, non-Hispanics
C)Men, women
D)Rich, poor

Question 30

Caffeine has been associated with all but which of the following disorders:

A)restless legs syndrome
B)depression
C)attention deficit hyperactive disorder
D)antisocial personality disorder

Question 31

During the 1940's, smoking was often depicted as:

A)Glamorous and sophisticated
B)A way to cope with stress
C)An enjoyable form of relaxation whether alone or at social gatherings
D)All of the above

Question 32

The developmental model of vulnerability to drug used proposed that:

A)risk factors such as parental drug abuse or depressed mood decrease the likelihood that a child will develop drug abuse
B)risk factors such as parental drug abuse or depressed mood increase the likelihood that a child will develop drug abuse
C)risk factors such as peer drug abuse or depressed mood decrease the likelihood that a child will develop drug abuse
D)risk factors such as age or depressed mood increase the likelihood that a child will develop drug abuse

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true:

A)Psychological factors initially activate smoking, but nicotine level becomes the major determinant during later stages in the development of smoking
B)Sociological factors initially activate smoking, but nicotine level becomes the major determinant during later stages in the development of smoking
C)Psychological factors initially activate smoking, but serotonin level becomes the major determinant during later stages in the development of smoking
D)Nicotine level initially activate smoking, but psychological factors becomes the major determinant during later stages in the development of smoking