Deck 26: Defenses Against Diseases

Question 1

What type of cells make up the filter seen in lymph nodes and the red pulp of the spleen?

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) mast cells
D) macrophages
E) areolar tissue

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Blood flows through the spleen and lymph moves through the lymph nodes. Both of these areas are lined with macrophages which phagocytize pathogens.

Question 2

Antibodies are ___ proteins while antigens are ___ proteins.

A) bacterial; self-produced
B) self-produced; foreign
C) self-produced; also self-produced
D) cancer; bacterial
E) viral; self-produced

Answer 2

B
Explanation: As part of the immune response, B cells produce antibodies which aid in the destruction of pathogens. Antigens are components of bacteria or other pathogens which cause an immune response.

Question 3

Long term immunity to diseases such as measles occurs because

A) memory mast cells produce antibodies in response to pathogens entering the body.
B) plasma cells remain in the immune system to protect the body.
C) memory B cells are produced in response to specific pathogens.
D) neutrophils remain in the blood to phagocytize any new measles pathogens.
E) helper T cells continue to produce cytokines indefinitely.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: When B cells are activated by the presence of a specific antigen, plasma cells and memory B cells are produced. Plasma cells produce antibodies which facilitate the destruction of the pathogen. Memory B cells remain in the blood stream, prepared to jump start the immune response if that same pathogen enters the body again.

Question 4

One way the complement system acts is by producing

A) proteins that assist neutrophils in recognizing a pathogen.
B) mast cells that attack pathogens' membranes.
C) histamines that stimulate B cell formation.
D) kinins that bind to the surface of pathogens.
E) macrophages that phagocytize bacteria.

Question 5

T lymphocytes mature in the ________.

A) thyroid gland
B) bone marrow
C) thymus
D) spleen
E) blood

Question 6

Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ?

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) pancreas
D) bone marrow
E) lymph node

Question 7

___ cells are non-specific, destroying cells which do not exhibit "self" proteins.

A) Complement
B) Mast
C) Natural killer
D) Helper T
E) Plasma

Question 8

Neutrophils and macrophages are different in that

A) neutrophils produce antibodies while macrophages do not.
B) neutrophils produce histamines while macrophages produce antibodies.
C) neutrophils travel to the site of injury while macrophages reside in certain tissues.
D) neutrophils phagocytize pathogens while macrophages produce holes in a pathogen's membrane.
E) neutrophils are part of the inflammatory response while macrophages are not.

Question 9

A person has type A blood. This means that

A) she has A antigens on her red blood cells and can only receive type A blood in transfusions.
B) she produces A antibodies when type A blood is used in transfusion, causing agglutination.
C) she has A antigens on her red blood cells and will produce antibodies if red blood cells with B antigens are transfused into her body.
D) she has B antigens on her red blood cells and can only receive type O blood.
E) she produces A antibodies when type B blood is used in a transfusion.

Question 10

If a person has a genetic defect in the metabolic pathway which produces cytokines, then

A) macrophages will not be produced by the immune system.
B) B cells would not be activated to respond when cells presenting antigens are present.
C) helper T cells would take over the role of activating B cells.
D) the spleen would destroy all red blood cells.
E) histamine will not be produced by mast cells.

Question 11

T lymphocytes

A) migrate from the thymus to the bone marrow where they mature.
B) which recognize "self-cells" leave the thymus and enter lymphatic vessels and organs.
C) must have the antigen presented to them by an antigen presenting cell.
D) develop into plasma cells once activated.
E) are a component of the bodies nonspecific immune defenses.

Question 12

During the inflammatory response, histamine may be released by ________.

A) mast cells
B) neutrophils
C) B lymphocytes
D) macrophages
E) natural killer cells

Question 13

T cell receptors will bind with their specific antigens

A) immediately upon encountering them.
B) when presented by an antigen-presenting cell.
C) after antibodies are produced for that antigen.
D) either immediately upon encountering them or when presented by an APC.
E) only in the presence of histamine.

Question 14

Which of the following shows the function of cytotoxic T cells in correct order?

A) perforin released - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell
B) cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - perforin released
C) apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - perforin released - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - perforin released
D) cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - perforin released - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell
E) granzymes delivered - perforin released - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell

Question 15

Bacteria moved out of the lungs by cilia in the respiratory system are prevented from entering the body because the are often killed by

A) lymphocytes in the saliva.
B) filters lining the pharynx.
C) stomach acid.
D) lymph nodes at the base of the tongue.
E) mucus in the trachea.

Question 16

Doctors can easily examine lymph nodes to see if a patient is fighting disease because

A) many lymph nodes are superficial.
B) all lymph nodes are superficial.
C) lymph nodes become hot when fighting disease.
D) lymph nodes secrete pus when fighting an infection.
E) lymph nodes are concentrated in the abdomen.

Question 17

After organ transplantation, drugs such as cyclosporine are given which

A) stimulate T cell response to cytokines.
B) increase the production of histamines.
C) inhibit T cell response to cytokines.
D) both stimulate T cell response to cytokines and increase the production of histamines.
E) stimulate phagocytosis by macrophages.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true regarding B-cell receptors?

A) They bind with specific antigens.
B) They cause B cells to produce plasma cells and memory B cells when activated.
C) They may never encounter the antigen which binds to them.
D) They are identical to the antibodies produced by plasma cells which they activated.
E) They may be changed by the B cell in response to whatever pathogen is present.

Question 19

When a disease has been fought off by the immune system, what happens to the leftover cells which were produced by the immune system to fight the disease?

A) Apoptosis occurs.
B) They are saved for later use.
C) They are stored in thymus gland.
D) They destroyed by bone marrow.
E) They are killed by cytotoxic T cells.

Question 20

Which of the following is not correct in describing the spleen?

A) It contains red pulp and white pulp.
B) It is an essential organ for survival.
C) It can be involved in fighting cancer.
D) It is spongy, containing many sinuses.
E) It is easily ruptured by a severe blow or infection.

Question 21

HIV is contracted mainly by rectal intercourse.

Question 22

Red bone marrow in adults produces only white blood cells.

Question 23

Macrophages present antigens to T cells by digesting the pathogen and placing the pathogen's antigens on the macrophage plasma membrane along with an MHC "self" protein.

Question 24

Figure:
The letter "A" in the figure shown here is referring to a(n) _________.

A) sweat gland
B) oil (sebaceous) gland
C) salivary gland
D) blood vessel
E) lymph node

Question 25

Figure:
In this figure, A is acting as a(n) ______________.

A) antigen-presenting cell
B) helper T cell
C) neutrophil
D) antibody
E) plasma cell

Question 26

Immediate allergic responses occur when

A) IgE antibodies in red blood cells cause destruction of allergens.
B) IgE antibodies in mast cells attach to allergens, releasing histamines.
C) cytotoxic T cells produce histamine in response to allergens.
D) memory T cells release cytokines in response to allergens.
E) memory B cells respond to the presence of an allergen.

Question 27

Figure:
David was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion due to his injuries. His brother, Steve, went to the hospital hoping to donate blood to be used in the transfusion. David's blood type is type B. Steve's blood type is type AB. What types of blood can David receive in a transfusion?

A) A and AB
B) B and O
C) B only
D) O only
E) B, AB and O

Question 28

Figure:
David was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion due to his injuries. His brother, Steve, went to the hospital hoping to donate blood to be used in the transfusion. David's blood type is type B. Steve's blood type is type AB. Persons of what blood type can receive a transfusion of Steve's blood?

A) AB only
B) AB and O
C) A, B, AB, and O
D) A, B and AB
E) A and B

Question 29

Figure:
The secretions of the structure lettered "A" in the figure shown here

A) contain substances that will weaken or kill some bacteria on the skin.
B) cool the body through evaporative cooling.
C) release white blood cells on the surface of the skin.
D) are part of the body's specific defenses against disease.
E) attract white blood cells to cuts in order to fight infections.

Question 30

When the body responds to its own cells as foreign antigens, this results in ________.

A) allergies
B) autoimmune disease
C) passive immunity
D) anaphylactic shock
E) active immunity

Question 31

When a person is hypersensitive to pollen, they have ___ in response to the antigens on pollen called ___.

A) autoimmune disease; cytokines
B) immunity; allergens
C) an allergy; allergens
D) an allergy; IgG
E) immunity; antibodies

Question 32

This is a graph of antibodies in an immunized person's blood. At point B _________ is given which enhances the immunity to the pathogen.

A) a booster
B) the primary exposure to the vaccine
C) a dose of antibodies
D) live pathogen
E) histamine

Question 33

During an inflammatory response, macrophages consume debris and cause the release of colony-stimulating factors which increase production of white blood cells by the bone marrow.

Question 34

Figure:
David was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion due to his injuries. His brother, Steve, went to the hospital hoping to donate blood to be used in the transfusion. David's blood type is type B. Steve's blood type is type AB. Which of the following statements is true regarding Steve's potential donation?

A) David can not receive Steve's blood because of the antibodies in Steve's blood.
B) David can not receive Steve's blood because of the antigens on David's blood.
C) David can not receive Steve's blood because of the antibodies in David's blood.
D) David can receive the transfusion from Steve.
E) David can receive blood from Steve as long as it is only a small amount.

Question 35

AIDS is caused by

A) the human immunodeficiency virus which destroys helper T cells.
B) the human immunodeficiency virus which stimulates apoptosis of immune system cells.
C) allergens which stimulate helper T cells to produce cytokines.
D) bacteria which destroy lymphocytes in the bone marrow.
E) the human immunodeficiency virus which destroys macrophages.

Question 36

Figure:
In this figure, "B" represents ____________ which is released by "A", _________.

A) histamine; mast cells
B) histamine; neutrophils
C) antibodies; mast cells
D) pathogens; bacteria
E) antibodies; B cells

Question 37

Acquired immunity involves all of the following except

A) exposure to a pathogen either naturally or by vaccination.
B) memory B cells responding to a second exposure to the same pathogen.
C) receiving mother's antibodies through the placenta and breast feeding.
D) passive or active mechanisms.
E) the stimulation of a nonspecific immune defense.

Question 38

Figure:
The cells labeled B

A) produce cytokines which stimulate other types of immune cells.
B) destroy virus infected cells through phagocytosis.
C) produce perforins and granzymes which destroy cancer cells.
D) produce histamine to induce the inflammatory response.
E) produce specific antibodies.

Question 39

Natural killer cells can destroy cancer cells which have lost their "self" proteins.

Question 40

Figure:
This figure represents

A) the events of the inflammatory response.
B) the first stages of immunity.
C) the complement system.
D) the antibody response.
E) the effects of an immunization on the blood.

Question 41

Which substances are examples of antigens?

A) protein and carbohydrates
B) nucleic acids and proteins
C) lipids and proteins
D) lipids and carbohydrates
E) nucleic acids and carbohydrates

Question 42

Which one of the following is NOT an effect of an HIV infection?

A) progression into AIDS
B) number of T cells decreases
C) hair loss
D) chronic fever
E) Kaposi's sarcoma, a form of cancer

Question 43

____________ cells kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by cell-cell contact.

A) Natural killer
B) Plasma
C) Cytotoxic T
D) Memory B
E) Helper T

Question 44

What is the effect of T cells not undergoing apoptosis after the defeat of an infection?

A) An HIV infection may result.
B) Leukemia or lymphoma may result.
C) The future immunity is that much stronger.
D) An autoimmune disease may result.
E) An allergy may result.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is correct about the usage of a booster?

A) The booster allows the antibody concentration to rise to a level higher than the primary response.
B) The booster will raise the antibody concentration in the individual by 10%.
C) The booster will cause the antibody concentration to rise and then decrease rapidly.
D) The booster will do nothing for the individuals immune response.
E) The booster will initiate the immune response.

Question 46

Which of the statistics regarding the number of cases of HIV is NOT true?

A) Male-to-male contact accounts for the greatest number of new cases each year.
B) As of 2007, there were about 10 million people living world-wide with HIV.
C) In 2007, over 5000 people were newly infected world-wide each day.
D) In 2007, over 5000 people died world-wide from HIV complications each day.
E) Heterosexual contact and intravenous drug use together account for a greater percentage of new cases than male-to-male contact.

Question 47

Which of the following bones does NOT contain red bone marrow in an adult?

A) pelvic bones
B) sternum
C) clavicle
D) vertebrae
E) carpals

Question 48

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the complement proteins?

A) They are blood plasma proteins.
B) Some form the membrane attack complex which forms a hole in the bacterial plasma membrane.
C) They may amplify the inflammatory response by attracting phagocytes to the site of the infection.
D) They may bind to pathogens already coated with antibodies, ensuring they are phagocytized.
E) Many proteins must be independently activated in order to have a significant impact on the immune response.

Question 49

Which statement about vaccines is correct?

A) Vaccines will always cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
B) Vaccines never cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
C) Vaccines are not intended to cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
D) Vaccines need to be administered on a continuous basis in order to be effective.
E) It is only necessary to be vaccinated once in order to have immunity for your entire life.

Question 50

Which one of the following is a method of treatment for HIV infections?

A) chemotherapy
B) radiation treatment
C) blood transfusion
D) herbal supplements
E) drug therapy

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

A) myasthenia gravis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) multiple sclerosis
D) systemic lupus erythematosus
E) tuberculosis

Question 52

_________ of T lymphocytes leave the thymus.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 24%

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT true about passive immunity?

A) It is temporary.
B) It can be gained by infants through breast milk.
C) It is achieved through the production of antibodies by the person gaining the immunity.
D) It can be achieved through injections of antibodies or immunoglobulins.
E) It can be used to prevent an illness in someone who has been exposed to that illness.