Deck 13: Leadership Across Cultures

Question 1

Bass discovered that there was far more universalism in leadership that had been believed previously.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Participative leadership is the use of both a work-centered and a people-centered approach.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A leader who monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur is referred to as a contingent reward leader.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A Theory Y manager believes that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work.

Question 5

Leader behavior can be translated into three commonly recognized styles: authoritarian, paternalistic and participative.

Question 6

According to the GLOBE study, humane-oriented leadership is independent and individualistic.

Question 7

Paternalistic leadership is the use of work-centered behavior that is designed to ensure task accomplishment.

Question 8

Theory Z leadership combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leadership.

Question 9

British managers tend to use a highly autocratic approach to leadership.

Question 10

Responsible global leadership encompasses value-based leadership, ethical decision-making and quality stakeholder relationships.

Question 11

Recent findings from a leadership study in India showed that participative leadership might be more common and more effective in developing countries than has been reported previously.

Question 12

Transformational leaders are visionary agents with a sense of mission who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things.

Question 13

A Theory Y manager believes that under conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped.

Question 14

The limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives is referred to as variety amplification.

Question 15

A Theory Y manager believes that under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.

Question 16

Paternalistic leadership uses work-centered behavior coupled with protective employee-centered concern.

Question 17

Paternalistic leadership is common throughout Latin America.

Question 18

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal is referred to as motivation.

Question 19

Japan is well known for its paternalistic approach to leadership.

Question 20

A Theory X manager believes that under the right conditions, people not only will work hard but seek increased responsibility and challenge.

Question 21

A _____ manager believes that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work.

A)Theory Z
B)Theory X
C)Theory A
D)Theory Y

Question 22

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Y management except:

A)The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing
B)Commitment to objectives is determined by the rewards that are associated with their achievement
C)Under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but to seek responsibility
D)The primary need of employees is job security

Question 23

Leader behaviors can be translated into three commonly recognized styles.These are:

A)Autocratic, suppressive and cooperative
B)Authoritarian, paternalistic and participative
C)Suppressive, paternalistic and team-oriented
D)Cooperative, team-oriented and participative

Question 24

U.S.managers believe that to motivate workers, it is necessary to satisfy their:

A)Higher-order needs
B)Safety needs
C)Lower-order needs
D)Physiological needs

Question 25

The leadership scholar that coined the terms "Theory X" and "Theory Y" management was:

A)Robert Blake
B)William Ouchi
C)Sheila Puffer
D)Douglas McGregor

Question 26

The philosophical assumptions of both the Chinese and the Russian managers help dictate the leadership approach that they use.The assumptions are most easily seen in the:

A)Managers' pay scale
B)Managers' behavior
C)Managers' qualifications
D)Managers' years of experience

Question 27

This manager believes that under the right conditions, people will not only work hard but also seek increased responsibility and challenges.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Theory Y
D)Theory A

Question 28

The focus of attention of this leadership style usually is on work progress, work procedures and roadblocks that are preventing goal attainment.

A)Participative
B)Authoritarian
C)Paternalistic
D)Laissez-faire

Question 29

According to the text, which of the following is a recognized style of leader behaviors?

A)Suppressive
B)Autocratic
C)Participative
D)Team-oriented

Question 30

This leadership is the use of work-centered behavior that is designed to ensure task accomplishment.

A)Authoritarian
B)Suppressive
C)Paternalistic
D)Laissez-faire

Question 31

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal is referred to as:

A)Leadership
B)Management
C)Directing
D)Controlling

Question 32

This leadership style uses work-centered behavior coupled with a protective employee-centered concern.

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Authoritarian
D)Autocratic

Question 33

Identify the leadership style that is best summarized by the statement, "Work hard and the company will take care of you".

A)Autocratic
B)Authoritarian
C)Participative
D)Paternalistic

Question 34

Which of the following leadership styles uses both a work-centered and people-centered approach?

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 35

Authoritarian leadership has all of the following characteristics except:

A)It typically involves the use of one-way communication from manager to subordinate
B)The focus of attention usually is on work progress, work procedures and roadblocks that prevent goal attainment
C)It is widely used by Theory Y managers
D)It is often effective in handling a crisis

Question 36

Usually, this leadership behavior satisfies some employee needs and in turn subordinates tend to exhibit loyalty and compliance.

A)Participative
B)Authoritarian
C)Paternalistic
D)Autocratic

Question 37

Which type of leadership is popular in many technologically advanced countries?

A)Paternalistic
B)Authoritarian
C)Autocratic
D)Participative

Question 38

These leaders expect everyone to work hard; in turn, the employees will be guaranteed employment and given security benefits such as medical and retirement programs.

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 39

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory X management except:

A)By their very nature, people do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible
B)Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility and like to be directed
C)The primary need of employees is job security
D)The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting

Question 40

According to this theory, a great deal of creative potential basically goes untapped and if these abilities can be tapped, workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Theory Y
D)Theory A

Question 41

Which of the following are accurate depictions of the leadership style adopted by the managers of many Middle Eastern companies?

A)Highly authoritarian tone; rigid instructions
B)Less bureaucratic; more delegation of authority
C)Informal control mechanisms; routine checks on performance
D)Formal planning; decisions made at all levels of management

Question 42

The limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives is referred to as:

A)Variety amplification
B)Variety reduction
C)Variety augmentation
D)Variety expansion

Question 43

Theory Z leadership is associated with the work of:

A)Robert Blake
B)William Ouchi
C)Sheila Puffer
D)Douglas McGregor

Question 44

According to Bass, the most effective leaders were characterized by four interrelated factors.These are:

A)Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration
B)Nurturing personality, creative mindset, willingness to give recognition and intellectual stimulation
C)High self-esteem, outgoing personality, inspirational motivation and willingness to give recognition
D)Internal locus of control, outgoing personality, individualized consideration and nurturing personality

Question 45

_____ leaders typically encourage their people to play an active role in assuming control of their work and authority commonly is highly decentralized.

A)Paternalistic
B)Autocratic
C)Authoritarian
D)Participative

Question 46

Japan is well-known for favoring this approach to leadership.

A)Paternalistic
B)Autocratic
C)Authoritarian
D)Suppressive

Question 47

As a general statement, most evidence indicates that European managers tend to use this approach to leadership.

A)Paternalistic
B)Participative
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 48

All of the following are relevant to leadership examined in the now classic Haire, Ghiselli and Porter study except:

A)Communication skills
B)Capacity for leadership and initiative
C)Sharing information and objectives
D)Participation

Question 49

All of the following are accurate depictions of the U.S.approach to leadership except:

A)Employment is usually short-term; layoffs are common
B)Responsibility is shared collectively
C)Evaluation and promotion is very fast; those not quickly promoted often seek employment elsewhere
D)Decision-making is carried out by the individual manager

Question 50

British managers tend to use a highly _____ leadership approach.

A)Authoritarian
B)Participative
C)Paternalistic
D)Autocratic

Question 51

William Ouchi's theory of leadership, which combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leader behavior is referred to as:

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Participative leadership
D)Paternalistic leadership

Question 52

French and German managers tend to use work-centered and _____ approach to leadership.

A)Authoritarian
B)Autocratic
C)Paternalistic
D)Participative

Question 53

Bass found that the most effective leaders were _____ leaders.

A)Transformational
B)Transactional
C)Variable
D)Functional

Question 54

Which of the following leaders has explored how the individual ability of an executive works to inspire and motivate his/her subordinates?

A)Formational
B)Charismatic
C)Transactional
D)Negotiable

Question 55

These leaders are individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis.

A)Variable
B)Functional
C)Transactional
D)Transformational

Question 56

The creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action is referred to as:

A)Variety expansion
B)Variety subtraction
C)Variety amplification
D)Variety reduction

Question 57

These leaders are visionary agents with a sense of mission, who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things.

A)Transactional
B)Negotiable
C)Transformational
D)Formational

Question 58

The leadership process used by Japanese managers places a strong emphasis on _____ goals.

A)Distinct
B)Indeterminate
C)Ambiguous
D)Specific

Question 59

All of the following are accurate depictions of the Japanese approach to leadership except:

A)Management's concern for its employees extends to the whole life, business and social, of the worker
B)Decision-making is carried out via group decision-making techniques
C)Employment is often for life; layoffs are rare
D)Control mechanisms are very explicit; people know exactly what to control and how to do it

Question 60

This individual monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur.

A)Contingent reward leader
B)Active management-by-exception leader
C)Passive management-by-exception leader
D)Laissez-faire leader

Question 61

Which of the following is not a quality needed to be a servant leader?

A)Listening
B)Empathy
C)Entrepreneurship
D)Conceptualization

Question 62

Which of the following leaders takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met?

A)Passive management-by-exception leader
B)Laissez-faire leader
C)Contingent reward leader
D)Active management-by-exception leader

Question 63

What is leadership? What areas warrant attention as a foundation for the study of leadership in an international setting?

Question 64

This is a dynamic view that factors in fundamental concerns, but ultimately emphasizes positive human potential.

A)GLOBE
B)CR
C)POS
D)LF

Question 65

Positive organizational scholarship:

A)Focuses on positive outcomes, processes and attributes of organizations and their members
B)Focuses avoiding, intervening or accepting responsibility for follower actions
C)Takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met
D)Monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur

Question 66

This leader avoids intervening or accepting responsibility for follower actions.

A)Passive management-by-exception leader
B)Laissez-faire leader
C)Contingent reward leader
D)Active management-by-exception leader

Question 67

Discuss Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z.

Question 68

According to Bass, the active management-by-exception leader:

A)Is a visionary agent with a sense of mission, who is capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things
B)Clarifies what needs to be done and provides both psychic and material rewards to those who comply with his or her directives
C)Is an individual who exchanges rewards for effort and performance and works on a "something for something" basis with employees
D)Monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur

Question 69

Compared to non-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs typically

A)Make linear changes to products and systems
B)Rely on an organization to guide their thinking
C)Require structure support
D)Are more creative and innovative

Question 70

Discuss the four other types of leaders discovered by Bass.

Question 71

What are the different types of leadership styles?

Question 72

Positive organizational scholarship consists of the following subunits except:

A)Enablers
B)Motivations
C)Outcomes or effects
D)Followers

Question 73

Describe the difference between transformational and transactional leadership.

Question 74

"Transformational leaders are able to get their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world regarding how things now need to be done".Which characteristic factor of transformational leaders is being described?

A)Idealized influence
B)Inspirational motivation
C)Intellectual stimulation
D)Individualized consideration

Question 75

Which of the following leaders clarifies what needs to be done and provides both psychic and material rewards to those who comply with his/her directives?

A)Contingent reward leader
B)Active management-by-exception leader
C)Passive management-by-exception leader
D)Laissez-faire leader