Deck 3: The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective

Question 1

The ______ system is assisted by the lymphatic system and the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract.

A)immune
B)respiratory
C)nervous
D)skeletal

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

A)It is composed of a mucus-like substance.
B)It picks up and transports dietary lipids.
C)It serves to transport fat- and water-soluble vitamins to the heart.
D)It funnels nutrients to the liver via a one-way pump.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The constant turnover of body tissues requires the ______ supplied by carbohydrates,proteins,and lipids.

A)chemical energy
B)hormones
C)vitamins
D)structural components

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the lymphatic system?

A)The specialized fluid carried by this system is blood.
B)This system never intersects with the bloodstream.
C)It helps to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood.
D)It is important for transporting fat-soluble nutrients.

Question 5

Where does digestion begin?

A)Mouth
B)Stomach
C)Esophagus
D)Small intestine

Question 6

Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein directly to the

A)kidneys.
B)heart.
C)liver.
D)pancreas.

Question 7

Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate?

A)Insulin
B)Vitamin D
C)Glucagon
D)Thyroid hormone

Question 8

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

A)Helps to regulate water content of the body
B)Contributes to acid-base balance of the blood
C)Excretion of water-soluble vitamins
D)Excretion of fat-soluble vitamins

Question 9

Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ______ in the neuron.

A)calcium and magnesium
B)B vitamins
C)sodium and potassium
D)cholesterol

Question 10

The epiglottis

A)covers the opening of the stomach.
B)prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing.
C)regulates the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.
D)is the first GI tract sphincter.

Question 11

To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

A)Heart
B)Lungs
C)Liver
D)Kidneys

Question 12

After digestion and absorption,which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?

A)Portal
B)Enterohepatic
C)Lymphatic
D)Mesentery

Question 13

Which organ of the urinary system produces urine?

A)Kidney
B)Ureter
C)Urethra
D)Urinary bladder

Question 14

Which of the following is stored within the nucleus of the cell and acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins?

A)RNA
B)Cells
C)Organs
D)DNA

Question 15

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

A)Epiglottis
B)Tongue
C)Tonsils
D)Esophagus

Question 16

The processes by which certain white blood cells identify and destroy pathogens are part of the ______ immune response.

A)specific (adaptive)
B)nonspecific (innate)

Question 17

The physical barriers of the skin and GI tract support the ______ immune response.

A)nonspecific (innate)
B)specific (adaptive)

Question 18

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients,transporting them to the liver?

A)Hepatic portal vein
B)Mesenteric vein
C)Subclavian vein
D)Renal vein

Question 19

All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology except

A)phytochemicals.
B)lipids.
C)vitamins and minerals.
D)carbohydrates.

Question 20

The _____ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism,reproduction,water balance,and many other functions.

A)urinary
B)lymphatic
C)endocrine
D)cardiovascular

Question 21

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called

A)regurgitation.
B)peristalsis.
C)propulsion.
D)compression.

Question 22

The ring-like muscles that prevent the backflow of partially digested food within the gastrointestinal tract are called

A)sphincters.
B)passages.
C)channels.
D)gates.

Question 23

Which of the following organs is part of the GI tract?

A)Liver
B)Kidneys
C)Colon
D)Gallbladder

Question 24

Most chemical digestion takes place in the

A)stomach.
B)small intestine.
C)pancreas.
D)large intestine.

Question 25

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

A)Breaks apart food particles
B)Controls passage of food through the GI tract
C)Controls peristalsis
D)Releases enzymes and hormones into the GI tract

Question 26

Which of the following is a description of chyme?

A)A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines
B)The semisolid mass of undigested food that is swallowed
C)The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion
D)A thick,viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

Question 27

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

A)Pyloric
B)Esophageal
C)Anal
D)Ileocecal

Question 28

Which of the following is not a sphincter?

A)Duodenal
B)Esophageal
C)Pyloric
D)Ileocecal

Question 29

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

A)Prevents esophageal contents from emptying too quickly into the stomach
B)Prevents stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus
C)Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach
D)Prevents intestinal contents from emptying too quickly into the colon

Question 30

Which of the following is not a short-term storage site for carbohydrates in the body?

A)Blood
B)Liver
C)Muscle
D)Brain

Question 31

Which of the following body organs produces bile?

A)Stomach
B)Salivary glands
C)Pancreas
D)Liver

Question 32

The study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called

A)nutrigenomics.
B)nutrigenetics.
C)nutritional biochemistry.
D)genetic engineering.

Question 33

Which of the following,upon digestion,is not normally absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A)Minerals
B)Fats
C)Carbohydrates
D)Proteins

Question 34

Where are most digestive enzymes produced?

A)Pancreas and small intestine
B)Liver and large intestine
C)Pancreas and large intestine
D)Liver and pancreas

Question 35

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called

A)epidemiology.
B)molecular biology.
C)nutrigenomics.
D)nutrigenetics.

Question 36

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the

A)pyloric sphincter.
B)lower esophageal sphincter.
C)sphincter of Oddi.
D)ileocecal sphincter.

Question 37

What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?

A)25%
B)55%
C)80%
D)95%

Question 38

Peristalsis refers to

A)chewing and swallowing.
B)the opening and closing of sphincters.
C)the action of bile on dietary fat.
D)muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.

Question 39

Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals?

A)Liver
B)Stomach
C)Kidney
D)Brain

Question 40

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture,making fat more available to digestive enzymes?

A)Bicarbonate
B)Mucus
C)Bile
D)Pancreatic juices

Question 41

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated?

A)Neutral
B)Acidic
C)Basic

Question 42

Excessive acid production in the stomach or upper small intestine could result in

A)poor iron,calcium,and folate absorption.
B)small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
C)an ulcer.
D)decreased fiber digestion and absorption.

Question 43

In passive absorption,nutrients enter the cell

A)with a carrier.
B)with the expenditure of energy.
C)from an area of higher solute concentration to one of lower concentration.
D)from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration.

Question 44

Heartburn is caused by

A)the backflow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
B)the backflow of intestinal contents into the stomach.
C)consuming spicy and acidic foods.
D)an esophageal tear near the heart.

Question 45

Partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called

A)a bolus.
B)feces.
C)chyme.
D)bile.

Question 46

Most stomach ulcers are cause by ______ infection.

A)E.coli
B)Helicobacter pylori
C)Clostridium botulinum
D)Salmonella

Question 47

Which of the following is true regarding bile?

A)It is an enzyme.
B)It stimulates the release of pancreatic juices.
C)It is produced by the liver.
D)It is a hormone.

Question 48

Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except

A)sustained absorption.
B)passive absorption.
C)active absorption.
D)facilitated absorption.

Question 49

A recurrent and serious form of heartburn is called

A)pernicious anemia.
B)eosinophilic esophagitis.
C)gastroesophageal reflux disease.
D)atrophic gastritis.

Question 50

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn?

A)Aspirin
B)Antacids
C)Orange juice
D)Milk and cream

Question 51

When food enters the small intestine,a hormone stimulates the release of ______ from the pancreas.

A)acid
B)bicarbonate
C)bile
D)mucus

Question 52

A major function of the large intestine is to absorb

A)fats and proteins.
B)water-soluble vitamins.
C)water and minerals.
D)dietary fiber.

Question 53

Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion?

A)Bicarbonate
B)Pancreatic juices
C)Hydrochloric acid
D)Bile

Question 54

Which of the following is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn?

A)Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.
B)Consume milk or cream with meals.
C)Eat meals low in carbohydrate.
D)Avoid fluids.

Question 55

These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen.

A)Bile
B)Emulsifiers
C)Enzymes
D)Hormones

Question 56

Which of the following is true about digestive enzymes?

A)One enzyme can speed many types of chemical processes.
B)Enzymes are not sensitive to temperature.
C)Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa.
D)Enzymes typically work independently of vitamins or minerals.

Question 57

Constipation can best be prevented by

A)consuming adequate dietary fiber.
B)restricting fluids.
C)restricting physical exercise.
D)using laxatives.

Question 58

The most active area for the absorption of nutrients into the body is the

A)stomach.
B)small intestine.
C)large intestine.
D)liver.

Question 59

The villi of the small intestine

A)provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
B)store fat-soluble vitamins.
C)continuously push food through the small intestine to the colon.
D)inactivate enzymes consumed with food.

Question 60

The function of thick mucus in the stomach is to

A)promote fat digestion.
B)activate stomach enzymes.
C)protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes.
D)keep the stomach bacteria-free.

Question 61

When a nutrient moves,with the help of a carrier,from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower,this is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)phagocytosis.
C)passive diffusion.
D)active absorption.

Question 63

The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the

A)ribosomes.
B)mitochondria.
C)nuclei.
D)lysosomes.

Question 64

Water,dietary fiber,bacterial cells,and worn-out intestinal cells are components of

A)feces.
B)bile.
C)urine.
D)lymph.

Question 66

A compound that allows for communication between one cell and the next is a

A)neuron.
B)nephron.
C)synapse.
D)neurotransmitter.

Question 69

A(n)______ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions.

A)antibiotic
B)proton pump inhibitor
C)antacid
D)NSAID

Question 70

The walls of the small intestine are folded,and within the folds are fingerlike projections called

A)cilia.
B)dendrites.
C)rugae.
D)villi.

Question 71

Which absorptive process in the small intestine requires a carrier and energy to transport nutrients into absorptive cells?

A)Active absorption
B)Phagocytosis
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Passive diffusion

Question 72

When a nutrient moves freely from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower,this is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)passive diffusion.
C)active absorption.
D)phagocytosis.