Deck 19: Nutrition From Infancy Through Adolescence

Question 1

For a girl,undernutrition could be expected to have its greatest effect on height if it occurs

A)just before the onset of menstrual periods.
B)2 years after the onset of menstrual periods.
C)1 year after the onset of menstrual periods.
D)3 years after the onset of menstrual periods.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The new WHO growth standards stress that ______ is the biological norm for infant nutrition.

A)feeding infant formula
B)breastfeeding
C)feeding cows' milk
D)feeding infant formula and cereal

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Approximately one-third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age.The most frequent cause is

A)weaning to high-carbohydrate,low-protein diets.
B)diets low in essential fatty acids.
C)weaning to low-carbohydrate,high-protein diets.
D)diets low in vitamin A.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The most sensitive indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is

A)weight.
B)height.
C)head circumference.
D)fusion of bone ends.

Question 5

Breast milk contains approximately how many kilocalories per liter?

A)120
B)360
C)480
D)670

Question 6

Daily protein needs during infancy vary from ______ grams per day.

A)5 to 10
B)9 to 11
C)15 to 25
D)0.8 to 0.95

Question 7

According to current growth charts,an infant can be expected to increase his or her birth length by ______ in 1 year.

A)50%
B)25%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 8

The greatest energy requirement per unit of body weight occurs during

A)pregnancy.
B)infancy.
C)lactation.
D)childhood.

Question 9

Mildred is worried about her infant becoming obese in adulthood.Which of the following would be accurate information if you were attempting to counsel her?

A)Fat cells can increase in number during infancy and adulthood.
B)If she limits calories during infancy,the growth of other organ systems may be restricted.
C)Most obese infants become normal weight preschoolers.
D)All the above would be accurate information to share with the mother.

Question 10

Typically,preterm infants will catch up in growth by ______ of age

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)2 to 3 years
D)4 to 5 years

Question 11

According to current growth charts,an infant can be expected to ______ his or her birth weight by 1 year of age.

A)triple
B)double
C)quadruple

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

A)There is strong evidence that overweight infants will become obese adults.
B)Overweight infants usually become obese preschool children.
C)Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers.
D)Calories should be restricted for obese infants to levels less than those for normal weight infants.

Question 13

Human milk provides approximately ______ % of kilocalories from fat.

A)15
B)30
C)40
D)55

Question 14

Human milk provides _______ of kilocalories from protein.

A)6% to 7%
B)10% to 15%
C)9% to 10%
D)>20%

Question 15

Per kilogram of body weight,at 6 months of age,a child's energy needs are approximately how many times higher than adult needs?

A)2 to 4
B)5 to 7
C)8 to 10

Question 16

Brain growth is most rapid during

A)the toddler years.
B)the first year of life.
C)adolescence.
D)adulthood.

Question 17

Susie is 3 years old.At her most recent checkup she was at the 20^th percentile for height.This means that she is

A)taller than 19 out of 100 girls her age.
B)shorter than 19 out of 100 girls her age.
C)taller than 20 out of 100 girls her age.
D)taller than 79 out of 100 girls her age.

Question 18

According to current growth charts,an infant will double his or her birth weight at about ______ months of age.

A)5
B)3
C)2
D)9

Question 19

Infants receive a dose of vitamin K at birth to

A)promote bone health.
B)reduce risk of hemorrhage.
C)reduce risk of blood clots.
D)support immune function.

Question 20

To assess weight status in children 3 years of age and older,the most useful growth charts are

A)BMI-for-age.
B)head circumference and height-for-age.
C)weight-for-height and head circumference.
D)weight-for-age and height-for-age.

Question 21

It is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 to 6 months of age because

A)the young infant's GI tract is not mature enough to digest complex carbohydrates and proteins.
B)the young infant's kidney function is limited.
C)the young infant is not able to sufficiently control his head and neck.
D)All of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age.

Question 22

High-fiber diets are

A)recommended for infants after 4 months of age.
B)recommended for infants after 6 months of age.
C)not recommended for infants.
D)recommended for breastfed infants only.

Question 23

Infants need fat because it aids in absorption of several vitamins and also helps the _______ to develop.

A)kidneys
B)nervous system
C)reproductive system
D)skin

Question 24

Infants require approximately ______ of fluid per day.

A)3 cups
B)8 cups
C)1 pint
D)1 quart

Question 25

Iron-deficiency anemia in the latter part of infancy is associated with

A)a diet containing few solid foods.
B)a diet dominated by commercial infant cereals.
C)medicinal iron supplements.
D)a diet dominated by carbohydrates.

Question 26

Most formula products for infants contain

A)lactose,heat-treated cows' milk protein,and vegetable oils.
B)soy protein,glucose,and vegetable oils.
C)fructose and heat-treated cow's milk protein.
D)galactose and vegetable oils.

Question 27

Feeding problems may develop during the preschool years partially because of

A)decreased appetite associated with decreased growth rate.
B)increased appetite associated with increased growth rate.
C)increased metabolic rate.
D)increased need for finger foods.

Question 28

Iron stores present at birth generally are depleted by ______ months.

A)1 to 2
B)4 to 6
C)6 to 8
D)8 to 10

Question 29

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics,the best age to introduce solid foods into the infant's diet is

A)less than 1 month.
B)1 to 4 months.
C)4 to 6 months.
D)over 8 months.

Question 30

Which of the following practices may help to reduce lead exposure?

A)Allowing cold water to run from the tap for 2 to 3 minutes after a long period of inactivity
B)Consuming a variety of whole grains,lean meats,and low-fat dairy products
C)Ensuring adequate iron,zinc,calcium,thiamin,and vitamin E intakes
D)All of these strategies may help to reduce lead exposure.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is true?

A)Nutritional interventions are useless in the treatment of ASD.
B)Food allergens may contribute to ASD by altering cardiovascular system function.
C)Autism spectrum disorder can both affect and be affected by nutritional status.
D)Research shows a causal link between childhood vaccinations and ASD.

Question 32

As solid food is introduced,which of the following should be included in an infant's diet?

A)Iron-fortified cereal
B)Low-fat milk
C)Hot dogs
D)Honey

Question 33

Indicators of an infant's readiness to add solid foods include

A)head and neck control.
B)consuming more than 32 ounces of formula or breastfeeding more than 8-10 times per day.
C)ability to sit with support.
D)All of these are indicators of an infant's readiness for solid food.

Question 34

Which of the following are strategies to prevent early childhood caries?

A)Do not put an infant to sleep with a bottle filled with breast milk or infant formula.
B)Begin weaning an infant from bottle to cup around 12 months of age.
C)Discuss the need for fluoride supplementation with a pediatrician or dentist.
D)All of these are ways to prevent early childhood caries.

Question 35

Signs of an infant's readiness for solid food include the abilities to sit with support,control the head and neck,and move foods from the front to the back of the mouth.These typically occur at _____ of age.

A)1 year
B)8 to 12 months
C)1 to 3 months
D)4 to 6 months

Question 36

The first solid foods usually introduced into an infant's diet are

A)egg whites.
B)pureed meats.
C)pureed fruits.
D)iron-fortified cereals.

Question 37

Weight gain between the ages of 2 and 5 is about ______ pounds per year.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 38

Vitamin ______is routinely given by injection to all infants at birth.

A)A
B)E
C)K
D)D

Question 39

Arachidonic acid (ARA)and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)are two long-chain fatty acids necessary for the development of

A)the muscles and bones.
B)the circulatory and respiratory systems.
C)the nervous system,brain,and eyes.
D)the endocrine and integumentary systems.

Question 40

A gluten-free/casein-free diet,omega-3 fatty acid supplements,and probiotics are nutritional interventions under study for their potential to help children with

A)autism spectrum disorder.
B)childhood obesity.
C)preventing chronic diseases in adulthood.
D)increasing longevity.

Question 41

Preschool children should be encouraged to try new foods.If a child is reluctant to do so,it is best to

A)ask that he or she at least taste it.
B)withhold dessert until what is on the plate is eaten.
C)quietly remove it and never try again.
D)encourage other family members to coax him or her to eat.

Question 42

Among adults,the most common food allergy is to

A)eggs.
B)milk.
C)peanuts.
D)shellfish.

Question 43

Children will more effectively develop the breakfast-eating habit if

A)they are driven to school so that they have time to eat.
B)parents eat breakfast with them.
C)breakfast is prepared for them to eat while their parents are dressing for work.
D)they are given money to buy breakfast on the way to school.

Question 44

Which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child at risk for iron deficiency?

A)Lean meats
B)Milk
C)Orange juice
D)Egg whites

Question 45

Which of the following are true statements about snacks for preschool children?

A)Nutrient-dense snacks make an important contribution to overall nutrient intake.
B)Snacks are appropriate if timed so that appetite is not impaired at meals.
C)Snacks can assist in introducing children to new foods.
D)All these are true statements about snacks.

Question 46

Today,most females reach their full height

A)before the onset of menstrual periods.
B)within 7 months of the onset of menstrual periods.
C)within 5 years after the onset of menstrual periods.
D)by the age of 13.

Question 47

Adolescents obtain ______ % of their energy and nutrient intakes from snacks.

A)15 to 23
B)25 to 33
C)43 to 53
D)50 to 63

Question 48

Which of the following is true about teens and vegetable consumption?

A)Most teens meet the recommendation to consume 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
B)Most of a teen's vegetable intake is from pizza sauce.
C)Potato chips and French fries make up more than one-third of the vegetable intake of teens.
D)Most teens meet the AI for fiber despite low vegetable intake.

Question 49

Among children under 3 years of age,the most common food allergy is to

A)eggs.
B)milk.
C)peanuts.
D)shellfish.

Question 50

Absence of breakfast for children is associated with

A)increased attention span and decreased performance in sports.
B)decreased performance in school and no impact on attention span.
C)decreased performance in school and decreased attention span.
D)decreased performance in sports and no impact on attention span.

Question 51

The adolescent growth spurt

A)begins earlier in boys than girls.
B)begins earlier in girls than boys.
C)decreases energy and nutrient needs.
D)begins at the same age for boys and girls.

Question 52

Federally funded programs,such as Team Nutrition,promote

A)good dental hygiene.
B)a vegetarian lifestyle.
C)total avoidance of fats and sweets.
D)early development of healthy eating and exercise habits.

Question 53

Which of the following minerals may be low in the diets of adolescent girls?

A)Calcium and phosphorus
B)Iron and calcium
C)Magnesium and zinc
D)Iron and phosphorus

Question 54

The nutrient needs of preschool children are relatively great,so it may be important to

A)serve high-fat foods.
B)provide vitamin supplements.
C)withhold liquids until after meals.
D)serve snacks daily in addition to meals.

Question 55

Which of the following is an appropriate feeding philosophy for children?

A)Parents should be responsible for choosing how much and when the child should eat.
B)Parents should present a variety of nutritious food choices and avoid making the dinner table into a battleground.
C)Children should be forced to eat what is good for them.
D)Parents should present nutritious food choices and not worry about their own eating habits.

Question 56

Teenagers are at risk of deficiency in which of the following nutrients?

A)Fats and protein
B)Calcium and folate
C)Calcium and iron
D)Iron and sodium

Question 57

Techniques to help preschoolers eat vegetables include

A)showing the child that you like vegetables.
B)offering new vegetables with familiar foods.
C)avoid overcooking vegetables.
D)All of these are strategies to encourage preschoolers to eat vegetables.

Question 58

For the more than 30% of school-age children who are overweight or obese,experts generally recommend

A)severe caloric restriction.
B)limiting physical activity to avoid stressing the joints.
C)early diabetes and cholesterol screening.
D)bariatric surgery.

Question 59

For a child who follows a totally vegetarian diet,which nutrients need to monitored carefully to prevent a deficiency?

A)Iron,vitamin B-12,and vitamin D
B)Vitamin A,vitamin C,and folate
C)Vitamin K,thiamin,and vitamin C
D)Fiber,vitamin A,and vitamin C

Question 60

Which of the following is a reliable indicator of generally good nutrition status in young children?

A)The presence of subcutaneous fat
B)Consumption of foods from several groups
C)Regular gains in height and weight
D)The child's interest in a variety of foods

Question 61

In the short-term,gains in ______ are a good indicator of nutritional status.The best indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is gains in ______.

A)weight;height
B)height;head circumference
C)weight;head circumference
D)height;weight

Question 62

According to the hygiene hypothesis,frequent use of antimicrobial cleansers and antibiotics can

A)impair development of the immune system,predisposing a person to allergies and autoimmune diseases.
B)improve the function of the immune system,reducing the risk for communicable diseases.
C)cause dry and cracked skin which makes the person more susceptible to skin infections.
D)promote tumor growth in people with a genetic predisposition for cancer.

Question 63

What foods are most frequently linked to food allergies?

A)Corn,sugar,and honey
B)Milk,eggs,nuts,and wheat
C)Oranges,beef,and corn
D)There are no common foods that cause allergies as food allergies are unique to each person.

Question 64

An adverse reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system is

A)a food allergy.
B)a food intolerance.
C)anaphylaxis.
D)a food deterrence.

Question 65

Foreign proteins that cause adverse reactions in the body are called

A)albumins.
B)antibodies.
C)anaphylaxins.
D)antigens.

Question 66

Which of the following is true about snacks?

A)Healthy snack choices help children to meet their high caloric requirements.
B)Snacks should be viewed as small,nutrient-dense meals.
C)Distractions should be limited while snacking to prevent mindless eating.
D)All of these are true statements about snacks.

Question 67

Children on the autism spectrum are at risk for nutritional deficiencies because

A)they are prone to selective eating behaviors.
B)they commonly experience GI problems,such as diarrhea.
C)they may follow overly-restrictive diets in an attempt to treat their disorder.
D)All of these are reasons these children are at risk.

Question 68

Approximately what percentage of obese adolescents become obese adults?

A)30%
B)50%
C)80%
D)90%

Question 69

The treatment of childhood obesity involves

A)increasing the activity level.
B)moderation of energy intake.
C)reducing dietary sugar and fat.
D)All the choices are correct.

Question 70

Mild deficiencies of zinc in children in the United States have been linked to

A)enlarged head circumference.
B)childhood obesity.
C)short stature.
D)eating disorders.

Question 71

Approximately what percentage of obese children become obese adults?

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 72

Freddie is 8 months old and weighs 9 kilograms.He needs about ______ grams of protein per day.

A)11
B)9
C)15
D)21

Question 73

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants should receive dietary supplements of ______ until they take in this much from food sources.

A)400 IU of vitamin D
B)11 milligrams of iron
C)500 milligrams of calcium
D)3 milligrams of zinc

Question 74

In the United States,approximately _____ percent of school-age children are overweight or obese.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)50

Question 75

Having an adequate iron and calcium status helps to reduce _____ absorption.

A)bacteria
B)sugar
C)lead
D)saturated fat