Deck 11: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Question 1

High intakes of the following are associated with increased bone mass.

A)Calcium,vitamin D,and protein
B)Vitamin E,folate,and protein
C)Protein,iron,and vitamin B-6
D)Sodium,phosphorus,and vitamin C

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Bone remodeling refers to

A)continual degradation and regeneration of bone.
B)loss of height that occurs with aging.
C)bone marrow regeneration.
D)use of metal pins to repair broken bones.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Postmenopausal women are more prone to fractures than premenopausal women primarily because

A)low estrogen levels accelerate bone loss.
B)low progesterone levels accelerate bone loss.
C)older women are unable to maintain physical activity.
D)accumulation of iron in the blood depletes bone minerals.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which drug prevents bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast activity?

A)Calcium citrate
B)HRT
C)Parathyroid hormone
D)Bisphosphonate

Question 5

Type 1 osteoporosis

A)is mainly due to increased estrogen levels.
B)most dramatically affects trabecular bone.
C)is characterized by equal losses of trabecular and cortical bone.
D)affects both men and women over the age of 60.

Question 6

Choose the factors that promote bone health.

A)Smoking,alcohol,and excessive caffeine intake
B)Healthy body weight,active lifestyle,and a balanced dietary pattern that includes bone-building nutrients
C)Female,aging,and high estrogen
D)Strength training,low estrogen levels,and low protein intake

Question 7

Choose the following that is true about teeth.

A)They have their own blood and nerve supply within the tooth.
B)They are strengthened by fluoride,covered in enamel,and made of hydroxyapatite.
C)They are weakened when vitamin E,vitamin C,and fluoride intake is low.
D)They are not considered bone.

Question 8

A good indicator of bone health is

A)bone mineral density.
B)frame size.
C)curvature of the spine.
D)blood calcium concentration.

Question 9

Trabecular bone

A)has a porous structure.
B)is the site of blood cell synthesis.
C)is more rapidly remodeled than cortical bone.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

Cortical bone

A)has a dense structure.
B)has a spongy structure.
C)is the site of red blood cell synthesis.
D)is more rapidly remodeled than trabecular bone.

Question 11

The difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis is

A)the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is not as severe as that of patients with osteoporosis.
B)the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is worse than that of patients with osteoporosis.
C)osteopenia is caused by heredity whereas osteoporosis is caused by lifestyle.
D)osteopenia can be cured whereas osteoporosis is irreversible.

Question 12

Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence.Later in life,the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis.For average,healthy men and women,gradual bone loss begins around age

A)20.
B)30.
C)40.
D)50.

Question 13

The mixture of calcium and phosphorus that forms the structure of bone is called

A)dentin.
B)calcium citrate.
C)calcium carbonate.
D)hydroxyapatite.

Question 14

In the body,99 percent of calcium is found in

A)the liver.
B)intracellular fluid.
C)bones and teeth.
D)nerve cells.

Question 15

Calcium absorption is increased by

A)high caffeine intake and large intakes of phytic acid.
B)foods that contain vitamin D and lactose.
C)foods high in oxalates such as sweet potatoes,collard greens,spinach,and rhubarb.
D)tannins in tea and some legumes.

Question 16

To prevent bone loss,a woman at risk for osteoporosis could

A)increase weight-bearing exercise.
B)increase dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D
C)consult a physician about estrogen replacement.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 17

Excess body weight

A)accelerates bone loss.
B)increases bone density.
C)is associated with greater risk of fractures.
D)enhances calcium absorption.

Question 18

Mrs.Davis is a 70-year-old white female who just had a DEXA measurement to assess her bone density.Her T-score of -2.1 indicates

A)high bone mineral density.
B)normal bone mineral density.
C)osteopenia.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 19

For prevention of osteoporosis,strength training is

A)recommended because the stress on bones stimulates bone maintenance.
B)recommended because it decreases estrogen levels.
C)not recommended because it increases fracture risk.
D)not recommended because it increases testosterone levels.

Question 20

The most accurate method of assessing bone health is

A)computed tomography.
B)quantitative ultrasound.
C)an x-ray of the back.
D)dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Question 21

Blood phosphorus levels are primarily regulated by

A)the intestine.
B)the kidneys.
C)the liver.
D)thyroid hormone.

Question 22

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

A)Growth,development,and maintenance of bones
B)Appetite regulation
C)Homocysteine metabolism
D)Transport of oxygen through the blood

Question 23

______ is the mineral present in the body in the greatest quantity.The best dietary sources are milk and dairy products.

A)Boron
B)Calcium
C)Magnesium
D)Phosphorus

Question 24

Regarding use of calcium supplements,which of the following is true?

A)Supplements containing oyster shell and dolomite should be labeled "purified" to be considered safe.
B)Intakes over 500 milligrams per dose may interfere with absorption of iron and zinc.
C)For maximum absorbability,any form of calcium supplements should be taken between meals.
D)The USP label warns consumers that the supplement may contain high levels of lead or aluminum.

Question 25

The most nutrient-dense calcium food source is

A)dark green vegetables.
B)meat.
C)dairy.
D)cereal grains.

Question 26

Vitamin D regulates

A)energy metabolism.
B)fluid balance.
C)oxidation and reduction reactions.
D)blood calcium levels.

Question 27

Which would you expect to provide the largest amount of calcium?

A)1 medium egg
B)1 slice of bread
C)1 ounce of cheese
D)1 medium apple

Question 28

Which of the following are functions of phosphorus?

A)Activation of enzymes,component of cell membranes,and maintenance of fluid balance
B)Regulation of blood glucose,control of calcium absorption,and synthesis of vitamin D in the liver
C)Energy metabolism,destruction of pathogens,and transport of oxygen in the blood
D)Support of immune function,regulation of cell growth,and production of hormones

Question 29

Soft bones resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D in adulthood is known as

A)osteopenia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)osteopathy.

Question 30

Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the

A)liver and kidneys.
B)bones.
C)pancreas.
D)skin.

Question 31

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

A)it is absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system.
B)absorption requires bile and fat.
C)it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun.
D)it can be stored.

Question 32

Of the following,the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in the American diet is

A)calcium.
B)phosphorus.
C)iron.
D)copper.

Question 33

Which of the following food combinations would provide the most phosphorus?

A)Strawberries,orange juice,potatoes
B)Cream of wheat,enriched bread,muffin
C)Cheeseburger on whole-wheat bun,cola
D)Broccoli and cauliflower salad

Question 34

______ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones.

A)Hydroxyapatite
B)Calcitriol
C)Cholesterol
D)Estrogen

Question 35

Calcium absorption is decreased by

A)phytic acid,oxalic acid,and tannins.
B)periods of growth,such as adolescence and pregnancy.
C)the presence of lactose in the diet.
D)acidic environment of the stomach.

Question 36

Blood calcium concentration is regulated at the level of the

A)bones.
B)intestines.
C)kidneys.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 37

A reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is

A)poultry.
B)whole-grain bread.
C)yellow squash.
D)fortified milk.

Question 38

______ should be taken with meals to enhance absorption.

A)Calcium carbonate
B)Calcium citrate

Question 39

The ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by

A)use of sunscreen.
B)excessive dietary calcium intake.
C)excessive dietary phosphorus intake.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 40

Exceeding the UL for phosphorus can lead to

A)kidney damage.
B)excessive bone growth.
C)blood clots.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 41

Older women may be at risk for phosphorous deficiency if

A)they include too much dairy in their diets.
B)they live alone,eat poorly,and take calcium supplements.
C)they live alone,eat poorly,and take hormone replacement therapy.
D)they stay inside most of the day.

Question 42

Magnesium deficiency causes

A)irregular heartbeat.
B)muscle pain.
C)seizures.
D)All of these are true.

Question 43

Aging ______ dietary needs for calcium and vitamin

A)increases
B)decreases
C)does not affect
D)

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true?

A)As we age,we need more vitamin D and more kilocalories.
B)As we age,we need more vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
C)As we age,we need less vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
D)As we age,we need less vitamin D and more kilocalories.

Question 45

Vitamin C contributes to bone health by virtue of its role in

A)antioxidant reactions.
B)collagen synthesis.
C)immune function.
D)mineral absorption.

Question 46

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely a result of

A)consuming beef liver.
B)megadoses of vitamin D supplements.
C)excessive sun exposure.
D)consuming 3 servings of vitamin D-fortified dairy products per day.

Question 47

Magnesium is related to vitamin D in that

A)magnesium is required for synthesis of vitamin D in the skin.
B)magnesium increases intestinal absorption of vitamin D
C)magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the liver.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 48

The mineral that gives hardness to teeth and bones is

A)selenium.
B)zinc.
C)copper.
D)fluoride.

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is most likely to need supplemental dietary calcium?

A)An adolecent girl with a milk allergy
B)A 30-year-old man who follows a lactoovovegetarian diet
C)A 4-year-old girl who refuses to eat vegetables
D)An overweight man with a sedentary desk job

Question 50

The major effect of taking high doses of vitamin D is

A)excessive acne.
B)calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
C)limb paralysis.
D)a flaky skin rash.

Question 51

This mineral can be protective for the teeth when introduced into the water supply;however it can cause tooth mottling when consumed in high quantities.

A)Fluoride
B)Copper
C)Iron
D)Selenium

Question 52

The following populations are at risk for poor magnesium status.

A)Alcoholics,people using diuretics,and people experiencing excessive vomiting and diarrhea
B)Diabetics,vegans,and people who are overweight
C)Teenagers and middle-age males
D)Individuals with autoimmune disease,young adults,and people with iron-deficiency anemia

Question 53

Reduced blood calcium levels would result from the actions of

A)calcitriol.
B)calcitonin.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 54

What is magnesium's primary function?

A)It transports calcium in the blood.
B)It is important in hemoglobin synthesis.
C)It maintains mucus production in the digestive tract.
D)It is important for nerve and heart function.

Question 55

The most economical way to supply fluoride is

A)fluoride tablets.
B)topical fluoride gels.
C)fluoridation of the municipal water supply.
D)fortification of foods with fluoride.

Question 56

To promote bone health,all infants should receive supplemental ______ until dietary intake from formula and/or other foods meets their needs.

A)calcium
B)phosphorus
C)vitamin D
D)magnesium

Question 57

Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?

A)Strict vegan diet
B)Allergy to milk protein
C)Kidney disease
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 58

Magnesium is required for

A)bone health.
B)cardiovascular health.
C)energy-yielding reactions.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet?

A)Fish oil
B)Vitamin D-fortified soymilk
C)Spinach
D)Whole grain products

Question 60

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

A)Refined grains
B)Meat
C)Legumes
D)Milk

Question 61

_______ is a major mineral important for nerve and heart function and is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.It is a major constituent of bone and is found in whole grains and vegetables.

A)Magnesium
B)Calcium
C)Phosphorus
D)Fluoride

Question 62

The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called

A)osteopenia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)rickets.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 63

Vitamin ______ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light.

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)E

Question 64

Low levels of _______,a mineral found especially in plant foods,may be associated with poor cardiovascular health.

A)calcium
B)fluoride
C)phosphorus
D)magnesium

Question 65

In North America,the major dietary source of vitamin ______ is fortified dairy products.

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)K

Question 66

Which of the following non-dairy milk beverages has the highest protein content?

A)Almond milk
B)Flax milk
C)Coconut milk
D)Soy milk

Question 67

Substituting carbonated soft drinks for dairy products in the diet is a bad idea because the resulting high _______ intake combined with inadequate _______ intake leads to bone loss.

A)sodium;phosphorus
B)phosphorus;calcium
C)magnesium;sodium
D)carbon dioxide;calcium

Question 68

Coconut milk is not a good dairy substitute because of its high _______ content and relatively low __________ and _____________ contents.

A)cholesterol;phosphorus;magnesium
B)sodium;fluoride;vitamin C
C)fat;calcium;vitamin D
D)sugar;lactose;starch

Question 69

Tetany may be a sign of low blood levels of

A)fluoride.
B)phosphorus.
C)calcium.
D)vitamin D

Question 70

_______ is a disease in which bone mass is lost to such a degree that fractures can occur in bones,especially the wrist,spine,and hips.

A)Osteopenia
B)Rickets
C)Osteomalacia
D)Osteoporosis

Question 71

Vitamin K is required for optimal bone health due to its role in activating

A)vitamin D in the liver.
B)vitamin D in the kidneys.
C)clotting factors in the blood.
D)proteins that bind calcium.

Question 72

Osteomalacia is characterized by soft bones resulting from

A)vitamin D deficiency in adulthood.
B)vitamin D deficiency in childhood.
C)calcium deficiency in adulthood.
D)calcium deficiency in childhood.

Question 74

Consumption of this mineral in water has lowered the rate of dental caries because _______ strengthens the crystal structure of teeth.

A)sodium
B)fluoride
C)magnesium
D)iron

Question 75

Besides calcium and phosphorous,______ is another mineral important for bone health.

A)iron
B)sodium
C)magnesium
D)sulfur