Deck 10: Nutrients Involved in Body Defenses

Question 1

The best way to improve the body's defense against free radicals is to

A)take antioxidant supplements.
B)increase intake of processed meats.
C)exercise at high altitudes.
D)consume plenty of fruits and vegetables.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin,bleeding gums,and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in

A)carnitine synthesis.
B)collagen synthesis.
C)antioxidant reactions.
D)neurotransmitter synthesis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Free radical damage has been implicated in increasing the risk of

A)sinus infections.
B)HIV.
C)heart disease.
D)sickle cell disease.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Vitamin E functions as

A)a coenzyme.
B)an antioxidant.
C)a hormone.
D)an enzyme.

Question 5

Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because

A)they are composed primarily of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
B)they are composed primarily of saturated fatty acids.
C)they have so many unpaired electrons.
D)they are the site of cellular respiration.

Question 6

The main form of vitamin E in the body is

A)alpha-tocopherol.
B)gamma-tocopherol.
C)beta-tocopherol.
D)delta-tocopherol.

Question 7

Food processing

A)enhances vitamin E absorption from foods.
B)increases vitamin E content of foods.
C)decreases vitamin E content of foods.
D)has no effect on vitamin E in foods because it is a stable compound.

Question 8

In general,the richest sources of vitamin E are

A)refined grain products.
B)plant oils.
C)citrus fruits.
D)yellow and orange vegetables.

Question 9

The most bioavailable source of vitamin E is

A)plant oil.
B)fish oil.
C)alpha-tocopherol supplements.
D)mixed-tocopherol supplements.

Question 10

When the intake of is low,vitamin E aids in its absorption.

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)iron
D)zinc

Question 11

Free radicals

A)are the result of an inborn error of metabolism.
B)are generated by normal metabolic processes.
C)have no beneficial roles in the body.
D)reduce inflammation.

Question 12

When an atom or molecule is ______,it gains electrons.

A)oxidized
B)reduced
C)hydrolyzed
D)dehydrogenated

Question 13

When a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals,which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged?

A)Cholesterol
B)Phospholipid
C)Polysaccharide
D)Saturated fat

Question 14

A rich source of vitamin E is

A)oranges.
B)chicken breast.
C)corn oil.
D)prime rib.

Question 15

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake,but would also increase

A)vitamin A intake.
B)vitamin C intake.
C)vitamin E intake.
D)selenium intake.

Question 16

Antioxidants

A)promote the formation of free radicals.
B)donate electrons to free radicals.
C)speed the rate of chemical reactions.
D)damage cell membranes.

Question 17

When a molecule loses an electron in a chemical reaction,the molecule has been

A)induced.
B)reduced.
C)oxidized.
D)metabolized.

Question 18

Which of the following groups is at highest risk for negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?

A)Vegetarians
B)Preterm infants
C)Athletes
D)Older adults

Question 19

Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?

A)Vitamin K
B)Vitamin D
C)Niacin
D)Vitamin E

Question 20

Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it

A)enhances vitamin K activity.
B)prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.
C)relaxes blood vessel walls.
D)prevents sodium retention.

Question 21

George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects.Which of the following foods should he choose?

A)Spinach
B)Salmon
C)Pears
D)Potato

Question 22

Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?

A)Retinol
B)Beta-carotene
C)Cholesterol
D)Phenylalanine

Question 23

Flavonoids,carotenoids,and stanols are examples of

A)toxic chemicals.
B)phytochemicals.
C)zoochemicals.
D)provitamin A

Question 24

In green vegetables,such as broccoli,the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by

A)lycopene.
B)chlorophyll.
C)lutein.
D)anthocyanin.

Question 25

Lycopene is found in

A)grapes.
B)carrots.
C)tomatoes.
D)whole grain products.

Question 26

Vitamin C intake over 2 grams per day may cause

A)diarrhea.
B)liver damage.
C)beriberi.
D)rebound scurvy.

Question 27

Consuming excessive carotenoids may cause

A)fetal malformations.
B)yellowing of the skin.
C)chlorosis.
D)scurvy.

Question 28

The selenium level in a food is tightly associated with

A)fortification of the food.
B)selenium content of the soil.
C)fortification of the feed provided to animals.
D)oxygen exposure.

Question 29

The leading cause of blindness among older Americans is macular degeneration.Eating a diet rich in can decrease the risk of this condition.

A)retinoids
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin C
D)carotenoids

Question 30

The bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by

A)cooking.
B)consumption with meat products.
C)soil mineral content.
D)exposure to acid.

Question 31

Which of the following snacks provides the most vitamin C?

A)Mixed berries,including strawberries and blueberries
B)Whole wheat crackers with peanut butter
C)Baked apples with cinnamon and brown sugar
D)Grilled cheese sandwich

Question 32

The selenium content of the typical North American diet is

A)inadequate,due to low intake of whole grain products.
B)inadequate,due to low intake of fruits and vegetables.
C)adequate,due to consumption of a variety of animal and grain products.
D)adequate,due to widespread fortification of foods with selenium.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about selenium?

A)It is needed for insulin formation and use.
B)An excess can cause hypertension.
C)It acts as a cofactor in protein metabolism.
D)It participates in antioxidant reactions.

Question 34

Research evidence shows that vitamin C supplements

A)reduce the duration of the common cold.
B)worsen the severity of symptoms of the common cold.
C)suppress the immune response to the common cold.
D)prevent the common cold.

Question 35

Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?

A)Orange
B)Apricot
C)Cauliflower
D)Potatoes

Question 36

Which of the following population groups has increased vitamin C requirements?

A)Vegetarians
B)Alcoholics
C)Older adults
D)Smokers

Question 37

Carotenoid consumption may reduce the risk of

A)acne.
B)cataracts.
C)cirrhosis.
D)eczema.

Question 38

The vitamin C content of foods can be decreased by

A)exposure to cool temperatures.
B)microwaving.
C)exposure to oxygen.
D)consuming with spinach.

Question 39

Chronic overconsumption of vitamins A and E can result in

A)increased urine output.
B)vitamin E and K deficiencies.
C)prevention of colds and cancer.
D)debilitating side effects.

Question 40

Vitamin E deficiency is least likely among

A)those who follow a vegetarian diet.
B)those who smoke cigarettes.
C)premature infants.
D)those with fat malabsorption.

Question 41

Formation and maintenance of collagen requires

A)thiamin.
B)vitamin C
C)pantothenic acid.
D)folate.

Question 42

A mineral that has antioxidant functions and has been suggested to reduce cancer risk is

A)iron.
B)magnesium.
C)selenium.
D)sulfur.

Question 43

Anya is undergoing treatment for cancer and suffers from nausea and mouth sores,which are hindering her food intake.Which of the following meals would you recommend?

A)Toast with jam,a soft-boiled egg,and milk
B)Bacon,fried eggs,and orange juice
C)Pancakes,a hard boiled egg,and apple juice
D)Spaghetti with meat sauce,garlic bread,and a soft drink

Question 44

For cancer prevention,which of the following dietary components should be limited?

A)Cured meats
B)Low-fat dairy products
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Phytochemicals

Question 45

The skin assists the immune system by

A)forming a barrier against invading pathogens.
B)secreting lysozyme.
C)Both of these answers are correct.
D)Neither of these answers are correct.

Question 46

Protein-rich diets,especially those that include many animal sources of protein are high in

A)calcium.
B)zinc.
C)vitamin E
D)beta carotene.

Question 47

Which of the following cancers is unrelated to body fatness or excessive calorie intake?

A)Lung
B)Breast
C)Colon
D)Pancreatic

Question 48

Which of the following is an antioxidant?

A)Vitamin C
B)Vitamin B-6
C)Biotin
D)Niacin

Question 49

Which of the following accurately describes innate immunity?

A)Physical and chemical defenses that keep foreign substances out of the body
B)Specific to the pathogen that is in the system
C)Develops over time;effective after repeated exposures
D)Second line of defense from infections after adaptive immunity

Question 50

Cruciferous vegetables such as ______ are rich in cancer-preventing phytochemicals.

A)onions and leeks
B)carrots and sweet potatoes
C)cabbage and cauliflower
D)spinach and Swiss chard

Question 51

______ is needed for DNA synthesis,protein metabolism,wound healing,growth,development of sexual organs,and white blood cell formation.

A)Vitamin E
B)Vitamin A
C)Selenium
D)Zinc

Question 52

Selenium toxicity would most likely result from

A)high intakes of seafood.
B)high intakes of grain products grown on selenium-rich soil.
C)high intakes of green,leafy vegetables.
D)dietary supplementation.

Question 53

Probiotics help to reinforce the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract by forming a network of proteins that blocks the movement of pathogens through its lining.If the integrity of the GI tract lining is compromised,pathogens can move more easily into the blood.This condition of compromised integrity of the GI tract is called

A)the gut microbiota.
B)a Metchnikoff gut.
C)a leaky gut.
D)an autoimmune disease.

Question 54

Which of the following foods is highest in selenium?

A)Whole grain bread
B)Special K
C)Salmon
D)Tuna

Question 55

Clusters of specialized immune cells located throughout the gastrointestinal tract are known as

A)gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
B)cytokines
C)lymph nodes.
D)lysozymes.

Question 56

Selenium does not play a role in

A)immune function.
B)thyroid function.
C)regulation of fluid status.
D)glutathione peroxidase activity.

Question 57

Scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of

A)niacin.
B)riboflavin.
C)vitamin C
D)thiamin.

Question 58

Which of the following qualities can help to identify produce that is rich in phytochemicals?

A)Price
B)Fat content
C)Color
D)Texture

Question 59

Specialized cells and tissues that participate in the immune response,such as the spleen,thymus,and lymph nodes,are collectively called

A)lymphoid tissue.
B)bone marrow.
C)white blood cells.
D)lymphocytes.

Question 60

The best zinc source is

A)potatoes.
B)turkey.
C)pears.
D)cheese.

Question 61

Phagocytosis is one form of

A)cell-mediated immunity.
B)gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
C)antimicrobial enzyme.
D)antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 62

The ______ is an organ of the immune system that removes dead and damaged cells from the bloodstream.

A)spleen.
B)thymus.
C)kidney.
D)liver.

Question 63

Ben started taking a supplement containing fructooligosaccharides,which are a form of carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans,but helps to promote the growth of healthy bacteria in the human colon.This supplement is a(n)

A)synbiotic.
B)prebiotic.
C)antibiotic.
D)probiotic.

Question 64

Suzanne takes a supplement containing a strain of bacteria known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in hopes that it will colonize her large intestine and promote health.This supplement is a(n)

A)probiotic.
B)synbiotic.
C)prebiotic.
D)antibiotic.

Question 65

The safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by

A)consuming organ meats on a daily basis.
B)heavy use of fortified foods.
C)consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
D)use of a vitamin A supplement.

Question 66

Vitamin C,vitamin E,and selenium support immune function mainly through their roles in

A)DNA synthesis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)collagen synthesis.
D)antioxidant systems.

Question 67

Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called

A)dysphagia.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)cachexia.
D)apnea.

Question 68

To bolster immune function,evidence supports

A)consuming 5 to 9 servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables per day.
B)consuming a variety of nuts and seeds.
C)megadoses of vitamin C
D)All of these are correct.

Question 69

A diet high in sugars,fat,and calories ______ the inflammatory response.

A)does not affect
B)promotes
C)inhibits

Question 70

Probiotics are being studied for their potential to improve many aspects of health.At this time,the best evidence exists to support the role of probiotics in

A)reducing symptoms of ulcerative colitis.
B)prevention of urinary tract infections.
C)reduction of diarrheal diseases.
D)prevention of respiratory tract infections.

Question 71

Most vitamin A is stored in the

A)kidneys.
B)small intestine.
C)liver.
D)adipose tissue.

Question 72

Antioxidant nutrients support immune function because

A)white blood cells are rapidly turned over.
B)vitamin C,vitamin E,and selenium are toxic to pathogens.
C)immune cells transport oxygen.
D)they protect white blood cells from being damaged by oxidative reactions that destroy pathogens.

Question 73

The process by which some types of white blood cells are able to engulf and destroy foreign particles is

A)erythropoiesis.
B)antibody-mediated immunity.
C)homeostasis.
D)phagocytosis.

Question 74

______ is important for immune function because it promotes the health of mucus-producing cells of the epithelial tissue.

A)Vitamin E
B)Vitamin A
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin K

Question 75

Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)take into account the activity of provitamin A carotenoids and ______ found in foods.

A)preformed vitamin A
B)cysteine
C)lutein and zeaxanthin
D)None of these are correct.

Question 76

Because of its roles in regulating the growth of development of epithelial tissue and supporting the activity of white blood cells,______ is sometimes called the "anti-infection" vitamin.

A)vitamin A
B)folate
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin B-12

Question 77

Which of the following is the best source of preformed vitamin A?

A)Liver
B)Broccoli
C)Pork chop
D)Chicken breast

Question 78

The physical and chemical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract contribute to ______ immunity.

A)adaptive
B)innate

Question 79

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?

A)Retinoids are found in plant foods.
B)Retinoids are converted to carotenoids.
C)Carotenoids are found in animal foods.
D)Carotenoids are converted to retinoids.

Question 80

Vitamin A supplements are needed by

A)pregnant women.
B)people with severe fat malabsorption.
C)anyone trying to fend off a cold.
D)All the above are correct.