Deck 16: Urinary System and Excretion

Question 1

Which is NOT a function of the urinary system?

A) monitoring and maintaining blood pH at about 7.4
B) regulating blood pressure by regulating salt balance in the blood
C) elimination of nitrogenous wastes including urea, uric acid, and creatinine
D) hormone secretion to stimulate red blood cell production and regulate sodium ion levels
E) production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃)

Answer 1

E
Explanation: The urinary system does not produce water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions.

Question 2

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to

A) gout.
B) creatinine.
C) erythropoietin.
D) renal failure.
E) urethritis.

Answer 2

A
Explanation: The breakdown of nucleotides, such as those containing adenine and thymine, produces uric acid. Crystals of uric acid sometimes collect in the joints, producing gout.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a metabolic waste?

A) CO₂ formed by cellular respiration
B) urea formed during amino acid metabolism
C) creatinine formed in the muscles
D) fiber that's not absorbed from the digestive tract
E) renin from the kidneys

Answer 3

E
Explanation: Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys. It is not considered a waste product.

Question 4

The wall of the ureter has three layers,an inner mucosa,a smooth muscle layer,and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.

Question 5

Deamination of amino acids will result initially in the formation of

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) glucose.
D) creatinine.
E) uric acid.

Question 6

The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the

A) ureter.
B) urethra.
C) collecting tubule.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) renal vein.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product?

A) ammonia
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) creatinine
E) bile pigments

Question 8

Nitrogenous wastes are produced by

A) the breakdown of complex sugars.
B) salts that are not incorporated in cellular metabolism.
C) production of proteins.
D) breakdown of proteins.
E) production of nucleic acids.

Question 9

Urine and feces are both considered excretions or wastes.How do they biologically compare?

A) Undigested food passes through as feces; urine is just unused or surplus water.
B) Although they are processed by separate systems, feces and urine are bacteria-laden and unsanitary.
C) Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the tissue; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free.
D) Both feces and urine were molecules that were for a short time part of cell metabolism.
E) Both are ways of excreting excess water from the body.

Question 10

Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females?

A) Men have 2 urethras while women have only one urethra.
B) The urethra is shorter in females.
C) Men have longer ureters than females.
D) Kidneys tend to be larger in females.
E) The female urethra passes through the prostate gland.

Question 11

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.

Question 12

On average,a healthy adult human produces 10-20 liters of urine per day.

Question 13

It is advantageous to have a bladder because it

A) helps with defecation.
B) is a place where white cells attack bacteria.
C) stores urine to prevent constant urination.
D) transports urine to the outside of the body.
E) filters wastes and recycles nutrients back into the bloodstream.

Question 14

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it.How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?

A) two: the renal artery and vein
B) three: the renal artery and vein and one urethra
C) three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter
D) four: the renal artery and vein and the ureter and urethra
E) five: the renal artery and vein, two ureters and one urethra

Question 15

Which of the following does not contribute to homeostasis?

A) excretion of metabolic wastes
B) maintenance of water-salt balance
C) maintenance of acid-base balance
D) excretion of proteins and nucleotides
E) secretion of hormones

Question 16

How many openings does the bladder have?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 17

What is not removed from the body via the urinary system?

A) uric acid
B) salt
C) feces
D) bicarbonate
E) urea

Question 18

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?

A) The brain determines need for urination from an internal clock.
B) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the sphincters to cause urination.
C) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex.
D) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the brain that consciously decides to stimulate sphincters to relax.
E) Chemical receptors in the bladder detect urine concentration and trigger a reflex action.

Question 19

The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A) urethra.
B) ureter.
C) collecting duct.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

Question 20

The urethra serves what other body system in males?

A) endocrine
B) lymphatic
C) reproductive
D) digestive
E) immune

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?

A) Blood pressure primarily accounts for filtration.
B) Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus.
C) It is composed of capillaries.
D) It is connected to arterioles at both ends.
E) It is surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

Question 22

Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions,creatinine,and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted tubule.How are these molecules moved across?

A) fluid pressure similar to what happens in the glomerulus
B) passive diffusion
C) osmosis
D) active transport
E) reverse reabsorption

Question 23

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.

Question 24

The portion of the kidney which is continuous with the ureter is the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) glomerulus.
D) renal pelvis.
E) nephron.

Question 25

The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's)capsule is

A) concentrated urine.
B) blood plasma minus blood proteins.
C) old bile ready for excretion.
D) glycogen and water.
E) albumin.

Question 26

Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because

A) the kidney stores glucose as glycogen.
B) kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport.
C) glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
D) glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney.
E) glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

Question 27

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's)capsule?

A) peritubular
B) glomerular
C) loop of nephron (loop of Henle)
D) collecting tubule
E) pulmonary

Question 28

Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels about the nephron?

A) renal artery $\rarr$ peritubular capillary network $\rarr$ afferent arteriole $\rarr$ efferent arteriole $\rarr$ renal vein
B) efferent arteriole $\rarr$ glomerulus $\rarr$ venule $\rarr$ afferent arteriole $\rarr$ collecting duct
C) afferent arteriole $\rarr$ glomerulus $\rarr$ efferent arteriole $\rarr$ peritubular capillary network $\rarr$ venule $\rarr$ renal vein
D) afferent arteriole $\rarr$ glomerulus $\rarr$ peritubular capillary network $\rarr$ efferent arteriole $\rarr$ venule $\rarr$ renal vein
E) renal vein $\rarr$ venule $\rarr$ efferent arteriole $\rarr$ peritubular capillary network $\rarr$ glomerulus $\rarr$ afferent arteriole

Question 29

Which of the following should not normally contain urine?

A) renal artery
B) kidney
C) ureter
D) urethra
E) bladder

Question 30

The kidney has three regions: the renal pelvis,the renal atria,and the renal ventricle.

Question 31

The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in postglomerular blood as compared with that in arterial blood because

A) protein is digested in glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
B) the kidney manufactures protein.
C) reabsorption of protein occurs.
D) as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.
E) water is a small molecule.

Question 32

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.

Question 33

The microscopic anatomical unit of excretion found in the kidney is the

A) nephron.
B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) alveoli.
E) microvilli.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps (processes)involved in urine formation?

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) creatinine production
D) tubular secretion
E) filtration of small molecules into glomerular filtrate

Question 35

Each kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons.

Question 36

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?

A) loop of nephron $\rarr$ glomerular capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule
B) glomerular capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of nephron $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule
C) glomerular capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of nephron
D) proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ glomerular capsule $\rarr$ loop of nephron $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ glomerular capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of nephron

Question 37

Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid)as it passes through the kidney?

A) before the glomerulus
B) after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron
C) after the loop of nephron
D) Blood remains equally viscous at all points in the human body including the kidney nephrons.
E) in the renal vein

Question 38

Reabsorption of water,nutrients,and required salts occurs in the what part of the nephron?

A) glomerulus
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

Question 39

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion,what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?

A) microvilli to increase surface area
B) smooth muscle to stretch as the volume inside increases
C) numerous mitochondria to allow active transport
D) loose connective tissue so that liquids can pass through the cells
E) many neurons to stimulate the cells to reabsorb

Question 40

Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because

A) less water passes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.
B) more water is driven from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule than normal.
C) more salt is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
D) an increase in sodium ions causes more nerve stimulation and triggers urination.
E) increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

Question 41

Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion.

Question 42

The glomerular (Bowman's)capsule

A) returns material to the blood.
B) filters material from the blood.
C) makes urea.
D) contains urine in its final state.
E) reabsorbs materials not to be excreted.

Question 43

An increased amount of ADH leads to

A) an increased amount of urine.
B) a decreased amount of urine.
C) no change in the amount of urine.
D) kidney failure.
E) a decreased amount of filtrate.

Question 44

The overall effect of renin release will be to

A) lower blood pressure.
B) lower blood volume.
C) convert angiotensin II into angiotensin I.
D) inhibit aldosterone secretion.
E) increase blood pressure for homeostasis.

Question 45

Which of the following is a non-filterable component of the blood?

A) urea
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) albumin
E) sodium chloride

Question 46

Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate?

A) water
B) red blood cells
C) nitrogenous wastes
D) glucose and other nutrients
E) salts (ions)

Question 47

How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic)than the blood?

A) Urine cannot since the process is passive diffusion.
B) Reabsorption of water in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more concentrated urine.
C) All stages in the kidney involve active transport.
D) Urine can be hypertonic for small molecules if it is hypotonic for an equal number of big molecules.
E) The whole nephron is impermeable to water.

Question 48

Normally,concentrations of metabolically important substances,such as glucose,are

A) high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.
B) low in glomerular filtrate but high in urine.
C) high in both glomerular filtrate and urine.
D) low in both glomerular filtrate and urine.
E) excluded from entering the excretory system altogether.

Question 49

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)exhibiting

A) an active release of sodium from the descending limb.
B) a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb.
C) a passive release of sodium from the descending limb.
D) the release of water from the ascending limb.
E) the active transport of water.

Question 50

Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma.Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions.Urea is assembled in the liver.In a healthy person,what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron?

A) All three remain in the bloodstream.
B) All three pass across to the glomerular capsule and are excreted in urine.
C) All three pass across to the glomerular capsule but the salt ions are mostly reabsorbed.
D) Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions and urea are passed across and excreted.
E) Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.

Question 51

Which mechanism used to form urine,requires a high blood pressure?

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion
D) phagocytosis
E) countercurrent mechanism

Question 52

Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure?

A) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the more fluid and watery blood is easier to pump.
B) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.
C) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the kidney does not have to work as hard.
D) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and the loss of nitrogenous wastes helps the heart.
E) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and salt loss. Salt is bad for the heart.

Question 53

Which structure releases aldosterone?

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule cells
C) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
D) collecting tubule
E) adrenal cortex

Question 54

There is an osmotic gradient within the tissues of the renal medulla: the concentration of salt is greater in the direction of the inner medulla.

Question 55

Which statement is NOT true about ADH?

A) It increases the permeability of the collecting duct.
B) ADH increases water reabsorption.
C) ADH decreases urine volume.
D) It is secreted by the adrenal gland.
E) Hot sweaty days will cause more ADH release.

Question 56

The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

A) is necessary for glucose reabsorption.
B) creates a low osmotic pressure in the medulla.
C) creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla.
D) creates a low osmotic pressure in the cortex.
E) creates a high osmotic pressure in the cortex.

Question 57

Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption?

A) When blood volume and pressure are low, the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin.
B) When blood pressure is high, the heart atria secrete ANH.
C) High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.
D) Renin leads to production of angiotensin I and II and eventual reabsorption of sodium ions and water.
E) If you drink more water, the pituitary reduces ADH and more water and urine is excreted.

Question 58

The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the

A) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
C) juxtanephritic apparatus.
D) ascending tubule.
E) renal pelvis.

Question 59

Normally,concentrations of wastes,such as urea,are

A) high in urine in comparison to plasma.
B) high in the filtrate but low in urine.
C) in trace amounts in urine but are high in blood.
D) not in the filtrate but are present in low concentrations in the urine.
E) only found in the excretory organs where they originate from metabolism.

Question 60

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine.Since infections last for a short period of time,what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?

A) Provide another oral medication that stops cellular metabolism.
B) Provide a medication that prevents the filtration of all metabolites in the kidney.
C) Take a much larger single dose of penicillin.
D) Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream.
E) Provide a medication that prevents all reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 61

Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia,which is characterized by

A) blood cells in the urine.
B) urea in the blood.
C) edema.
D) ionic imbalance.
E) excessive urine.

Question 62

Urethra and bladder infections are easily treated with antibiotics,but even simple kidney infections are much more difficult to treat.

Question 63

One morning when Jon is urinating,he experiences an incredible stabbing pain in his groin.What is most likely causing this pain?

A) a bladder infection
B) kidney failure
C) inflammation of the urethra
D) bladder cancer
E) a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

Question 64

Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer,but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer.

Question 65

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure?

A) urea in the urine
B) salts in the urine
C) uric acid in the urine
D) large amount of protein in the urine
E) dilute urine

Question 66

Currently,the one year survival rate following a kidney transplant is 95-98%.

Question 67

What is the main reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A) the bacteria Escherichia coli
B) increased animal protein in the diet
C) accumulation of granules within the renal pelvis
D) increased usage of diuretics
E) all are reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome

Question 68

The physical principle upon which kidney dialysis is based is

A) active transport.
B) diffusion.
C) heat transfer.
D) hydrogen ion transfer.
E) pinocytosis.

Question 69

Although it sounds like science fiction,human bladders can be grown in the laboratory.

Question 70

List,in order,the structures of the nephron that will be involved in the formation of urine.

Question 71

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) prostate enlargement-decreased urethral flow
B) cystitis-bladder infection
C) pyelonephritis-urethral infection
D) uremia-nephron damage
E) kidney stones-granules in the renal pelvis

Question 72

Urinary tract infections confined to the urethra are called

A) urethritis.
B) kidneyitis.
C) cystitis.
D) nephritis.
E) prostatitis.

Question 73

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work.When she went to the doctor about the problem,the doctor requested a urine specimen.Why?

A) Edema could be a sign of kidney failure. A urine sample might contain protein or urea.
B) Jackie is probably drinking too much water and the doctor can see this because the urine will be very dilute.
C) Jackie probably stands all day long and this prevents the urinary system from working correctly.
D) Edema is a sign of kidney stones and the doctor is looking for small stones in the urine.
E) Edema could be a sign of an inactive bladder. The doctor wants to see if Jackie is capable of urinating.

Question 74

Ammonia in urine is NOT evidence of

A) tubule cells deaminating amino acids.
B) a mechanism to neutralize acidic urine.
C) buffering of excess hydrogen ions in urine (NH₃ + H⁺ $\rarr$ NH₄⁺.)
D) the need to reabsorb more water.
E) regulation of pH of body fluids.

Question 75

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney.What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

A) Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day.
B) Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses.
C) Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.
D) Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream.
E) Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood.

Question 76

Urinary tract infections that involve the bladder are called

A) urethritis.
B) kidneyitis.
C) cystitis.
D) nephritis.
E) prostatitis.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true?

A) Increasing the breathing rate rids the body of hydrogen ions because more carbon dioxide is breathed out.
B) The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata increases the breathing rate if the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood rises.
C) The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.
D) Breathing readjusts the proportion of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions in the blood.
E) When the buffer system of the blood is overwhelmed by an acidic or basic substance, the respiratory center adjusts the breathing rate to compensate.

Question 78

If the blood is alkaline,

A) more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted.
B) less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.
C) less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed.
D) the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water.
E) the diet must be low in necessary acids.

Question 79

Urine excreted from the body should be sterile.

Question 80

In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood,when would hydrogen ions be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?

A) only when the lung system is not working
B) when the blood is acidic
C) when the blood is basic
D) when the blood is neutral pH, which is not normal
E) The kidney never excretes or reabsorbs hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.