Deck 13: Cognitive Functions

Question 1

 In most people, the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 Normally, a split-brain patient should be able to name an object flashed to the left visual field.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

 In most humans, control of language is centered in the ____.

A) left hemisphere
B) right hemisphere
C) corpus callosum
D) cerebellum

Question 5

 In relation to their interests, aptitudes, and skills, people are either predominantly right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere.

Question 6

 Lekisha feels that everything that exists is material. Her belief would be described as identity position.

Question 7

 Jodee has Wernicke's aphasia. Her biggest challenge is with producing speech.

Question 8

 Olin is participating in a research study that uses the Stroop effect. The researchers are likely testing him for spatial neglect.

Question 9

 Reggie is in love with Jeana. An fMRI scan of his brain while he was looking at a picture of Jeana would look just about the same as his brain would look if he had used addictive drugs.

Question 10

 When a woman in a persistent vegetative state was told to imagine playing tennis, an fMRI of her brain showed increased activity in motor areas of her cortex, similar to what healthy volunteers showed.

Question 11

 The left and right hemispheres exchange information through a set of axons called the corpus callosum.

Question 12

 Odessa has frontotemporal dementia. As a result, she is easily embarrassed around others.

Question 13

 Danelle is trying to make a perceptual decision. Based on research, scientists would expect that she would have activity in her frontal orienting fields while trying to decide.

Question 14

 Professor Prost tells her class that _____ is/are uncrossed in the brain.

A) taste only
B) taste and smell
C) vision
D) vision and hearing

Question 15

 Observations of people with Williams syndrome indicate that language is not simply a by-product of overall intelligence.

Question 16

 The left hemisphere is connected to skin receptors mainly on the ____ half of the body, and controls muscles mainly on the ____ side of the body.

A) left; right
B) left; left
C) right; left
D) right; right

Question 17

 Nearly all current philosophers and neuroscientists reject monism.

Question 18

 Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure?

A) Cerebellum
B) Inferior colliculus
C) Corpus callosum
D) Massa intermedia

Question 19

 When heterosexual men were given oxytocin or a placebo prior to meeting an attractive woman, the oxytocin had no effect on single men, but it caused those in a monogamous relationship to stand farther away.

Question 20

 The brain has ____ control of the facial muscles.

A) ipsilateral
B) contralateral
C) bilateral
D) mixed

Question 21

 Estell had her corpus callosum cut. She finds now that she tends to _____.

A) say she is not hungry while eating
B) say she does not know the answer while pointing it out with her left hand
C) write with one hand but not be able to write with the other
D) suddenly change from a manic state to depression

Question 22

 After damage to the right hemisphere, many people suffer what kind of loss?

A) Control of the muscles on the right side of the body
B) Control of hunger and thirst
C) Ability to remember the names of objects
D) Ability to recognize humor and sarcasm

Question 23

 A split-brain patient is someone who has had their ____.

A) corpus callosum severed
B) cerebellum severed
C) frontal lobe separated from the rest of the cortex
D) cerebral cortex separated from the rest of the brain

Question 24

 Researchers have found that the planum temporale is _____ in the _____ for 65 percent of people.

A) larger; left hemisphere
B) smaller; left hemisphere
C) larger; right hemisphere
D) smaller; right hemisphere

Question 25

 Lateralization refers to the ____.

A) formation of the sulci and gyri in the cortex
B) functional asymmetries of the brain
C) slow rate of maturation in forebrain structures
D) physical changes that occur in neurons as learning takes place

Question 26

 Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely than right hemisphere damage to impair which ability?

A) Understanding the meaning of language
B) Understanding that someone is joking when they speak
C) Producing facial expressions of emotion
D) Understanding other people's facial expressions

Question 27

 Damage to the human left optic nerve before it crosses the optic chiasm would result in the loss of vision in the ____.

A) left eye
B) right eye
C) right visual field
D) left visual field

Question 28

 A split-brain patient who sees something in his left visual field can point to it with the ____.

A) left hand but cannot name it
B) right hand but cannot name it
C) left hand and can name it
D) right hand and can name it

Question 29

 Which task are split-brain patients likely to perform better than other people?

A) Tying their shoes
B) Unfamiliar tasks
C) Completing an intelligence test
D) Using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes

Question 30

 A condition in which brain neurons have repeated episodes of excessive, synchronized activity is called ____.

A) dyslexia
B) epilepsy
C) hippocampal commissure
D) Broca's aphasia

Question 31

 Split-brain patients suffer ____.

A) little or no impairment of overall intellectual performance
B) a lack of motor control
C) sensation deficits
D) memory deficits

Question 32

 In order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it ____.

A) with the left eye
B) with the right eye
C) in the left visual field
D) in the right visual field

Question 33

 Benny had the split-brain procedure done. Later, he was working with a researcher. When he performed an action via his _____, he found that his _____ tried to invent and defend explanations for his actions, even when the true causes were unconscious.

A) right hemisphere; left hemisphere
B) left hemisphere; right hemisphere
C) frontal lobe; temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe; corpus callosum

Question 34

 Control of the emotional content of speech depends on ____.

A) the right hemisphere
B) the left hemisphere
C) both hemispheres equally
D) the corpus callosum

Question 35

 The point of origin of an epileptic seizure is called the ____.

A) scope
B) target
C) focus
D) heart

Question 36

 Damage to the corpus callosum prevents ____.

A) hallucinations
B) release of pituitary hormones
C) the exchange of information between the two hemispheres
D) the exchange of information between pre- and postsynaptic membranes

Question 37

 Several months after split-brain surgery, the number of incidents of conflicts between the two hemispheres diminishes because ____.

A) portions of the corpus callosum grow back
B) the right hemisphere begins to control all body muscles
C) the hemispheres learn ways of cooperating with each other
D) the cerebellum assumes the former functions of the corpus callosum

Question 38

 Cristy had damage to her left optic nerve after it had crossed in the optic chiasm. This resulted in the loss of vision in her ____.

A) left eye
B) right eye
C) right visual field
D) left visual field

Question 39

 A split-brain patient sees something in her left visual field, and must reach behind a screen and select the object from a group of objects. She will select the object correctly with ____.

A) the left hand
B) the right hand
C) either hand
D) neither hand

Question 40

 Mariano has severe epilepsy. What would his doctors try first to stop the seizure activity?

A) Give him anti-epileptic drugs
B) Remove the focus
C) Remove his corpus callosum
D) Prevent the seizure from rebounding between the hemispheres by using heavy sedatives

Question 41

 Professor Sanders tells her class that many nonhuman animals can understand language. She described the work by Irene Pepperberg who taught Alex, a ______, many words and even basic conversation skills.

A) dog
B) parrot
C) bonobo
D) chimpanzee

Question 42

 The planum temporale is located in the ____.

A) frontal lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe

Question 43

 Meri just recovered from split-brain surgery. She found that at first, she kept ____.

A) picking out different clothes with each hand and put them on
B) compensating for her right hemisphere with her left
C) compensating for her left hemisphere with her right.
D) taking items from a grocery shelf and forgetting what they were.

Question 44

 What is the apparent relationship between language abilities and other intellectual abilities?

A) Impairments in either results in impairments in the other.
B) It is possible to have good language and poor intelligence, but not the reverse.
C) It is possible to have good intelligence and poor language, but not the reverse.
D) Either can be impaired independently of the other.

Question 45

 The nonhuman species that has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language is the ____.

A) common chimpanzee
B) bonobo chimpanzee
C) gorilla
D) dolphin

Question 46

 The Bode's son has Williams syndrome. He would most likely be able to do which of the following?

A) Estimating the length of a bus
B) Imagining the bus route to school
C) Drawing a bus
D) Singing "wheels on the bus"

Question 47

 People with right-hemisphere damage have particular trouble with tasks that require ____.

A) understanding sentences with a complex grammatical structure
B) spatial processing
C) control of the right hand
D) memory of recent events

Question 48

 The inborn mechanism for learning language is called the ____.

A) language acquisition device
B) poverty of the stimulus argument
C) speech synthesizer
D) grammatical articulation device

Question 49

 What can we learn about human language abilities from the studies of nonhuman language abilities?

A) Language is totally limited to humans.
B) The only important language advantage of humans is in our vocal apparatus.
C) We may gain some insights into how best to teach language to those who do not learn it easily.
D) Language is indistinguishable from the forms of communication that other species use.

Question 50

 The language of children with Williams syndrome is ____.

A) comparable to children with other forms of intellectual disability
B) a by-product of their intelligence
C) comparable to that of a normal adult's second language
D) impossible to understand

Question 51

 A paradoxical characteristic of children with Williams syndrome is that they ____.

A) seem mentally disabled during childhood but develop into above average intelligence adults
B) can write, but cannot read what they just finished writing
C) show a better memory after a delay than they show immediately after an event has occurred
D) have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills

Question 52

 Studies of nonhuman language abilities seem to indicate that human language may have evolved from a precursor that was probably ____.

A) present only in human ancestors
B) a by-product of total brain size
C) present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved
D) a single-gene mutation

Question 53

 The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi ____.

A) observed his mother being trained while he was an infant
B) was given food reinforcements for associating arbitrary symbols with meanings
C) was given only verbal praise
D) was raised from birth in a human family, in total isolation from other animals

Question 54

 Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by ____.

A) good language abilities despite low overall intelligence
B) loss of language abilities at approximately four years of age
C) problems creating grammatical sentences
D) a specific impairment of vocabulary

Question 55

 People with Williams syndrome tend to do as well as normal people on tasks that involve ____.

A) planning a schedule
B) adding numbers
C) verbal descriptions
D) naming unfamiliar objects

Question 56

 Professor Xing tells his class that evolution enabled humans to develop language because _____.

A) we evolved it as a specialization
B) we use fewer gestures than other primates
C) we have the largest brains
D) we have the most highly developed corpus callosum

Question 57

 Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker proposed that humans have a ____.

A) language synthesizer
B) language stimulus apparatus
C) language acquisition device
D) grammatical articulation device

Question 58

 Language studies with bonobo chimpanzees suggest that they ____.

A) cannot learn language as well as common chimpanzees
B) use symbols in the wild to communicate with each other
C) comprehend spoken language comparable to that of a two-year-old child
D) can write as well as a two-year-old child

Question 59

 Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the ____.

A) ability of many species to learn language
B) close relationship between language and classical conditioning
C) difficulty of defining language
D) close relationship between language and brain size

Question 60

 The____ has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language.

A) common chimpanzee
B) bonobo
C) gorilla
D) dolphin

Question 61

 A stroke patient speaks in short, inarticulate but meaningful phrases such as "Weather hot" and "Dog bite man." This person is probably suffering from ____.

A) Broca's aphasia
B) Wernicke's aphasia
C) Williams syndrome
D) apraxia

Question 62

 A person with Broca's aphasia ____.

A) has lost total knowledge of grammar
B) has lost total knowledge of use of verbs
C) recognizes that something is wrong with grammatically incorrect sentences
D) insists that his or her utterances are grammatically correct and that other people are wrong

Question 63

 A loss of language ability, in general, is referred to as ____.

A) apraxia
B) dyslexia
C) aphasia
D) anomia

Question 64

 The comprehension of language in people with Broca's aphasia is ____.

A) completely normal
B) poor for nouns, but fine for prepositions and conjunctions
C) similar to that of normal people who are just highly distracted
D) better than average

Question 65

 Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty ____.

A) articulating speech
B) reading aloud
C) understanding speech
D) using prepositions and conjunctions

Question 66

 People with Broca's aphasia speak meaningfully but ____.

A) do so without feeling
B) do so in a monotone
C) omit pronouns, tense, and number endings
D) omit nouns and verbs

Question 67

 Prepositions, conjunctions, helping verbs, and so forth are known as the ____ of grammatical forms.

A) fluent class
B) fixed class
C) open class
D) closed class

Question 68

 Dr. Vancil can tell when her patients have lost consciousness because they experience _____.

A) decreased connectivity between the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.
B) increased overall activity of the cortex but decreased subcortical areas
C) loss of synchrony and connectivity between cortical areas but intact subcortical areas
D) loss of synchrony and connectivity between subcortical areas but intact cortical areas

Question 69

 Noam Chomsky and other advocates of the language acquisition device argue that humans ____.

A) are incapable of learning language
B) are born with an ability to acquire language
C) learn language through classical conditioning
D) are no different in language capabilities than gorillas

Question 70

 Broca's area is located in the ____.

A) left parietal lobe
B) left frontal lobe
C) right temporal lobe
D) right occipital lobe

Question 71

 Wernicke discovered that damage to the ____ cortex produced language impairment.

A) right temporal
B) left temporal
C) right frontal
D) left frontal

Question 72

 Dr. Beeler is testing what happens when she presents her monkey with two similar choices that the monkey likes (eg., an apple slice or a banana slice). She has found that the monkey will have increased activity in the _____.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) prefrontal cortex
C) left hemisphere
D) right hemisphere

Question 73

 Research with deaf children suggests that it is essential to ____.

A) learn any language when you are young if you do not want to be forever disadvantaged
B) learn language through reinforcements for correct usage
C) be able to hear language if you are to learn sign language
D) learn spoken language before sign language

Question 74

 The strongest evidence for a critical period for human language development is the ____.

A) exceptional language abilities of children with Williams syndrome
B) different lateralization of first language and second language
C) differences in language between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia
D) difficulty deaf children have learning sign language if they start late

Question 75

 Blair is having to choose between choices A and B. Normally, A would be the best choice. But given the circumstances, B would be the best choice right now. Blair will be able to make the best choice because his _____ will override his _____.

A) prefrontal cortex; basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia; prefrontal cortex
C) left hemisphere; right hemisphere
D) right hemisphere; left hemisphere

Question 76

 Nonfluent aphasia, in which the victim is unable to speak fluently, is due to brain damage that includes ____.

A) Broca's area
B) the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
C) Wernicke's area
D) the corpus callosum

Question 77

 Deaf children who do not learn any language by the time they enter school ____.

A) can still learn English, but not sign language
B) can still learn sign language, but not English
C) will never develop perfect skill at any language
D) can master any language at any time

Question 78

 Kyle has Broca's aphasia. He has a really hard time with ____.

A) prepositions and conjunctions
B) adjectives
C) pronouns
D) verbs

Question 79

 Wilma had a loss of consciousness. When she first started to recover, she experienced _____.

A) increased connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas
B) increased activity in the cortex
C) increased connectivity between the thalamus and hypothalamus
D) increased connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia

Question 80

 Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty ____.

A) understanding spoken language
B) understanding written language
C) remembering the names of objects
D) speaking