Deck 18: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

A)Signals from the nervous system
B)Chemical changes in the blood
C)Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
D)Releasing hormones.
E)Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is an eicosanoid?
1)Prostaglandin
2)Leukotriene
3)Glycoprotein

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)Both 1and 2
E)All of these choices

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)Prolactin
C)Thyrotropin
D)Melanocyte stimulating hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)TSH
C)Corticotropin
D)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E)Growth hormone

Question 5

Which of the following is a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol? Select all that apply.

A)Steroids
B)Thyroid hormones
C)Eicosanoid hormones
D)Amine hormones
E)Peptide hormones

Question 6

How are most hormones released?

A)On a continuous,low-level basis
B)In short bursts with little or no secretion between bursts.
C)In a gradually increasing then decreasing pattern
D)Continuously at high levels
E)It depends on the immediate needs of the body

Question 7

Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?
1)Local hormone
2)Paracrine
3)Autocrine
4)Circulating hormone

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)4 only
E)Both 1 and 2

Question 8

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

A)Somatotropin
B)Prolactin
C)Thyrotropin
D)Luteinizing hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 9

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)Prolactin
C)Insulin-like growth factors
D)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 10

Which of the following pairs of hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A)Prolactin and growth hormone
B)Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
C)Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
D)Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
E)Prolactin and ACTH

Question 11

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone,it is called a(n)

A)synergistic effect.
B)permissive effect.
C)antagonistic effect.
D)circulating effect.
E)local effect.

Question 12

Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A)Thyrotrophs
B)Gonadotrophs
C)Somatotrophs
D)Lactotrophs
E)Corticotrophs

Question 13

Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones?

A)Both types of hormones are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.
B)Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.
C)Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
D)Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.
E)Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

Question 14

When a hormone is present in excessive levels,the number of target-cell receptors may decrease.This is called

A)receptor recognition.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)paracrine regulation.
D)up-regulation.
E)down-regulation.

Question 15

An individual with a deficiency in fatty acid intake might have difficulty producing which type of hormones?

A)Amine hormones
B)Peptide hormones
C)Thyroid hormones
D)Steroid hormones
E)Eicosanoid hormones

Question 16

Human growth hormone is secreted by [dropdown 1] in the anterior pituitary gland,while follicle stimulating hormone is secreted by [dropdown 2] .
Dropdown 1choices:
corticotrophs
gonadotrophs
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
Dropdown 2 choices:
corticotrophs
gonadotrophs
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

A)Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
B)Regulates metabolism
C)Regulates glandular secretions
D)Produces electrolytes
E)Controls growth and development

Question 18

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

A)Muscle contraction
B)The peripheral nervous system
C)Hormones released from the hypothalamus
D)Action potentials from the thalamus
E)Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 19

Explain the mechanism by which a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh)will lead to infertility in both a male and a female.

Question 20

Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands include

A)endocrine glands secrete hormones while exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal substances
B)exocrine glands secrete their contents into ducts;endocrine glands have no ducts
C)products of exocrine glands work at sites distant from the actual glands
D)choices a and b
E)choices b and c

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

A)Protein and fat breakdown
B)Glucose formation
C)Depression of immune responses
D)Reduction of inflammation
E)Increased production of all types of blood cells

Question 22

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

A)Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B)Testosterone
C)Insulin
D)Calcitonin
E)Calcitriol

Question 23

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)C
B)D
C)A
D)G
E)I

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?

A)Increased lipolysis
B)Increased glycogenesis
C)Increased gluconeogenesis
D)Increased digestive activities
E)Increased breakdown of proteins

Question 25

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes androgens?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the zones

Question 26

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

A)Decreased heart rate
B)Decreased airway dilation
C)Dehydration
D)Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
E)Metabolic acidosis

Question 27

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

A)Insulin
B)Glucagon
C)Somatostatin
D)Thyroid hormones
E)Calcitonin

Question 28

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T₃ and T₄?

A)Iodide trapping
B)Oxidation of iodide
C)Coupling of T₁ and T₂
D)Synthesis of parathyroid hormone
E)Iodination of tyrosine

Question 29

Which endocrine gland stores its hormonal product for approximately 100 days?

A)parathyroid
B)adrenal
C)pituitary
D)hypothalamus
E)thyroid

Question 30

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)Insulin
B)Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C)Glucagon
D)Thyroid hormone
E)Calcitonin

Question 31

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

A)Calcium
B)Sodium
C)Potassium
D)Chloride
E)Manganese

Question 32

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes steroid hormones in response to long-term stress?

A)D
B)G
C)H
D)I
E)F

Question 33

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

A)Insulin
B)Luteinizing hormone
C)Glucagon
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)Calcitonin

Question 34

Which of the following hormones plays key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

A)Insulin,Glucagon,Thyroid hormone
B)hGH,Insulin,Aldosterone
C)Cortisol,hGH,Thyroid hormone
D)Parathyroid hormone,Cortisol,hGH
E)Calcitonin,Thyroid hormone,Insulin

Question 35

In addition to increasing growth of bones and soft tissues,somatotropin

A)enhances lipolysis
B)decreases glucose uptake by cells
C)stimulates liver cells to release glucose
D)increases cellular uptake of glucose

Question 36

Which of the following labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels?

A)B
B)A
C)H
D)D
E)I

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland aging effect?

A)Rise in the blood levels of PTH
B)Less cortisol and aldosterone production
C)Decreased levels of gonadotropins
D)Decreased levels of calcitriol and calcitonin
E)Increase in thymus size

Question 38

The amount of ADH that is released by the posterior pituitary glands varies with

A)blood osmotic pressure.
B)blood calcium levels.
C)blood oxygen levels.
D)blood glucose levels.
E)all choices are correct .

Question 39

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the zones

Question 40

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH,TSH,FSH and other hormones?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)I
E)D

Question 41

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes a hormone that stimulates events that lower blood glucose concentration?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 42

What endocrine abnormality does the individual on the left in the picture of identical twins have?

A)Goiter
B)Graves' Disease
C)Type 2 diabetes
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Pituitary Gigantism

Question 43

What is a goiter? Explain how goiters can develop in both hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders.In these hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders,would you expect the levels of other regulatory hormones involved in control of thyroid hormone secretion to be high or low? Why?

Question 44

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes glucagon?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 45

Benign tumors of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla cause [dropdown 1]The only treatment for this is [dropdown 2].
Dropdown1 choices
acromegaly
goiter
myxedema
pheochromocytoma
Dropdown 2 choices
growth hormone supplementation
radiation
surgery
thyroid hormone supplementation

Question 46

Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the portion of the marked gland in the diagram?

A)tetany
B)acromegaly
C)diabetes insipidus
D)goiter
E)Cushing's syndrome

Question 47

What is the major function of the hormone produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.
B)Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery.
C)In females,initiates development of oocytes.In males,stimulates sperm production.
D)Stimulates the action of osteoclasts.
E)Increases blood levels of Na⁺ and water.

Question 48

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble versus water-soluble hormones.

Question 49

The endocrine gland shown in the diagram is found in a depression in the sphenoid bone (marked in the diagram)called the

A)maxilla.
B)infundibulum.
C)primary plexus.
D)cribiform plate.
E)hypophyseal fossa

Question 50

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)calcitonin
B)vasopressin
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)calcitriol

Question 51

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)calcitonin
B)vasopressin
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)calcitriol

Question 52

Enuresis,or bedwetting,may be caused by psychological,anatomical or physiological factors.In the latter case,vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very effective treatment.What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis?

Question 53

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system?

A)Thyroid hormones promote normal development and growth of the skeleton.
B)Erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells.
C)Leptin enhances appetite.
D)Glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses.
E)Epinephrine depresses the activity of the digestive system.

Question 54

Which of the following bones (marked in the diagram)contains a depression which houses the endocrine gland shown in the diagram?

A)maxilla
B)sphenoid bone
C)mandible
D)ethmoid bone
E)temporal bone

Question 55

Compare the metabolic changes that occur during starvation with those that occur in diabetes mellitus.

Question 56

Which of the following hormones is produced in the zone of the adrenal gland labeled B?

A)cortisol
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)glucagon
E)androgens

Question 57

Which of the following diseases results when the cells marked in the histology image are destroyed by the immune system?

A)Cushing's disease
B)Addison's disease
C)Acromegaly
D)Type 1 diabetes
E)Diabetes insipidus

Question 58

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hormone release from the pituitary gland.

Question 59

Which of the following describes a function of a hormone produced in the zone of the adrenal gland labeled B?

A)enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose
B)intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body
C)accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis)
D)stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
E)stimulates breast development and milk secretion

Question 60

Identify the stalk-like structure labeled A in the diagram.

A)hypothalamus
B)anterior pituitary
C)posterior pituitary
D)infundibulum
E)hypophyseal fossa

Question 61

The anterior pituitary develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct

Question 62

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)is produced by the

A)placenta.
B)ovaries.
C)testes.
D)pituitary gland.
E)hypothalamus.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland?

A)Initially secretes its products into a duct.
B)Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body.
C)Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs.
D)Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.
E)All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands.

Question 64

The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate dietary iodine intake $\rarr$ low level of thyroid hormone in blood $\rarr$ increased TSH secretion $\rarr$ thyroid gland enlargement.

A)Acromegaly
B)Tetany
C)Goiter
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Addison's disease

Question 65

Leptin is a hormone produced by the

A)placenta.
B)ovaries.
C)testes.
D)pituitary gland.
E)adipose tissue.

Question 66

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called

A)thromboxane.
B)intrinsic factor.
C)thymopoietin.
D)arachidonic acid.
E)cholesterol.

Question 67

Seasonal affective disorder is due to hypersecretion of which of the following hormones by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

A)testosterone
B)glucagon
C)melatonin
D)aldosterone
E)vasopressin

Question 68

Which of the following endocrine disorders is the individual shown in this picture suffering from?

A)Acromegaly
B)Graves' Disease
C)Goiter
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Gigantism

Question 69

The thyroid gland develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct

Question 70

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called

A)acromegaly.
B)pheochromocytoma.
C)hirsutism.
D)gynecomastia.
E)myxedema.

Question 71

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders?

A)Acromegaly
B)Graves' Disease
C)Hypoglycemia
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Myxedema

Question 72

Two of the hallmarks of hyperparathyroidism are [dropdown 1] and [dropdown 2] .
Dropdown1 choices:
broken bones
excessive thirst
increased hair growth
myxedema
Dropdown 2 choices:
bronze skin
buffalo hump
kidney stones
rapid heart rate

Question 73

Which of the following hormones is produced by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

A)testosterone
B)glucagon
C)melatonin
D)thymopoietin
E)vasopressin

Question 74

Which of the following is an abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion,observed primarily in women,that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern?

A)Acromegaly
B)Tetany
C)Hirsutism
D)Gynecomastia
E)Myxedema

Question 75

The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones by which endocrine gland?

A)Thyroid gland
B)Pineal gland
C)Parathyroid gland
D)Pituitary gland
E)Pancreas

Question 76

Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland?

A)pituitary gland
B)thyroid gland
C)adrenal gland
D)sebaceous gland
E)pineal gland

Question 77

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones are derived from

A)mesoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)ectoderm.
D)a combination of two or more layers.
E)none of the layers that are listed.

Question 78

The patient shown is suffering from a disease called _____,caused by a pituitary hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood.

A)Goiter
B)Graves' Disease
C)Acromegaly
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Gigantism

Question 79

Hypersecretion of a hormone by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram results in a type of depression that affects some people during the winter months,when the day length is short.This condition is known as

A)thyroid crisis (storm).
B)general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
C)seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
D)Addisonian crisis.
E)posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 80

The adrenal medulla develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct