Deck 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism

Question 1

Which of the following can cause abnormally high levels of ketone bodies to be present in the blood?

A) diabetes
B) a high fat diet
C) starvation
D) More than one response is correct.

Answer 1

More than one response is correct.

Question 2

The accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood is termed _____ .

A) acidosis
B) alkalosis
C) ketonuria
D) ketonemia

Answer 2

ketonemia

Question 3

The first step of the fatty acid spiral is a dehydrogenation requiring which coenzyme?

A) Coenzyme A
B) FAD
C) NAD⁺
D) NADP⁺

Answer 3

FAD

Question 4

How many trips through the fatty acid spiral are required for a 10-carbon fatty acid?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 10

Question 5

A fatty acid loses how many carbon atoms by going through one loop of the fatty acid spiral?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 6

Glycerol can be converted to _____ .

A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B) pyruvate
C) glucose
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 7

In the metabolism of fats,the fatty acids enter the reactions of the

A) electron transport chain.
B) ( $\beta$ -oxidation process.)
C) glycolysis pathway.
D) citric acid cycle.

Question 8

Oxidation of a 12-carbon fatty acid produces ____ molecules of acetyl-CoA.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12

Question 9

Activation of a fatty acid prior to its entry into the fatty acid spiral requires the presence of _____ .

A) FAD
B) malonyl CoA
C) cyclic AMP
D) ATP

Question 10

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are liberated in the intestinal tract.There are triglycerides in the blood.What is the site of the triglyceride re-synthesis?

A) within the circulatory system
B) within the cells of the intestinal mucosa
C) just before absorption by cells
D) in the cytoplasm of the body cells

Question 11

High concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood

A) cause diabetes mellitus.
B) are a symptom of starvation.
C) increase the pH of the blood.
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 12

High density lipoproteins contain greater amounts of ____ than do low density lipoproteins.

A) fatty acids
B) protein
C) triglycerides
D) cholesterol

Question 13

Ketosis results from

A) underproduction of ketone bodies.
B) consumption of too much sugar.
C) overproduction of acetyl CoA.
D) underproduction of acetyl CoA.

Question 14

The biosynthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ____ of the cell.

A) matrix
B) mitochondria
C) nucleus
D) cytoplasm

Question 15

Which of the following is a ketone body?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Question 16

During fat mobilization,triglycerides are converted to _____ .

A) glucose
B) pyruvate
C) glycogen
D) fatty acids and glycerol

Question 17

Complete $\beta$ -oxidation of a 12-carbon fatty acid produces ____ molecules of FADH₂.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12

Question 18

Two of the ketone bodies are _____ .

A) acidic
B) neutral
C) basic
D) basic or acidic

Question 19

How many molecules of NADH are formed by the oxidation of a 6-carbon fatty acid?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 3
D) 2

Question 20

Chylomicrons are modified within the ____ into smaller lipoprotein particles.

A) liver
B) bloodstream
C) intestinal mucosa
D) lymph

Question 21

Which of the following statements is correct with reference to cholesterol?

A) Cholesterol is a lipid that can be found in the blood.
B) Cholesterol is not soluble and water and will precipitate out of the blood
C) Cholesterol is important in the formation of cell membranes.
D) All of these responses are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following processes is important when new amino acids are synthesized in the body?

A) deamination
B) transamination
C) the urea cycle
D) phosphorylation

Question 23

Amino acids of the amino acid pool can be supplied by

A) dietary amino acids.
B) the breakdown of tissue proteins.
C) synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 24

Amino acids that are degraded into ____ are termed glucogenic amino acids.

A) acetyl CoA
B) acetoacetyl CoA
C) pyruvate
D) aspartate

Question 25

Which of the following is the nitrogen-containing product of the urea cycle?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Question 26

In PKU disease,an enzyme is lacking which converts

A) alanine to serine.
B) tryptophan to tyrosine.
C) phenylalanine to tyrosine.
D) alanine to phenylalanine.

Question 27

The most important function of amino acids (in terms of amount used)is for the synthesis of

A) body proteins.
B) glucose.
C) pyruvate for energy production.
D) purines and pyrimidines.

Question 28

Which of the following types of proteins tend to have the highest turnover rate in the body?

A) enzymes
B) plasma proteins
C) connective tissue proteins
D) muscle protein

Question 29

Which of these is a direct fuel for the urea cycle?

A)

B) glutamate
C) carbamoyl phosphate
D) pyruvate

Question 30

Oxidative deamination of an amino acid produces _____ .

A) urea
B) CO₂ & H₂O
C)

D) aspartate

Question 31

Ten amino acids can be synthesized from intermediates of

A) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
B) glycolysis and the electron transport chain.
C) the urea cycle and the electron transport chain.
D) the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle.

Question 32

Which process is represented by the following reaction?

A) transamination
B) deamination
C) decarboxylation
D) aminogenesis

Question 33

Two key amino acids in the catabolism of nitrogen atoms in amino acids are

A) aspartate and phenylalanine.
B) aspartate and glutamate.
C) glutamate and serine.
D) valine and alanine.

Question 34

The amino acid pool is the total cellular supply of

A) amino acids.
B) dipeptides that yield amino acids.
C) proteins that yield amino acids.
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 35

Ketogenic amino acids cannot be converted into _____ .

A) fatty acids
B) glucose
C) ketone bodies
D) acetyl CoA

Question 36

Which of the following types of proteins tend to have the lowest turnover rate?

A) liver proteins
B) plasma proteins
C) collagens
D) muscle proteins

Question 37

Which statement is correct when considering fatty acids?

A) Nearly all of the fatty acids yield more energy than does glucose.
B) Fatty acids are long chain acids.
C) Fatty acids get into the cell by means of active transport across cell membranes.
D) There is more than one correct response.

Question 38

Glucogenic amino acids can be converted into _____ .

A) acetyl-CoA.
B) glucose.
C) fatty acids.
D) ketone bodies.

Question 39

Amino acids which can be synthesized within the body are termed ____ amino acids.

A) glycogenic
B) ketogenic
C) essential
D) nonessential

Question 40

The synthesis of fatty acids

A) takes place by simply the reverse reactions of the fatty acid spiral.
B) takes place in the same location within a cell as the fatty acid spiral.
C) takes place by different reactions than the reverse of the fatty acid spiral and in a different cellular location.
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 41

Unlike amino acids and sugars,lipids are transported to the liver after initially passing through ____.

A) an artery
B) the lymph system
C) the adipose tissue
D) the respiratory system

Question 42

Consider the reaction below.Which of the following substances should be placed by the labels 1 and 2,respectively?

A) 1: ATP and 2: ADP + P_i
B) 1: ATP and 2: AMP + P_iP_i
C) 1: NAD⁺ and 2: NADH + H⁺
D) 1: FAD and 2: FADH₂

Question 43

Prior to undergoing beta oxidation,a fatty acid must initially be activated by ____.

A) use of two ATP
B) reduction of FAD to FADH₂
C) converting ATP to AMP
D) transportation to the adipose tissue

Question 44

A 14 carbon fatty acid that goes through the fatty acid spiral will net how much energy,measured in ATP?

A) 70 ATP
B) 85 ATP
C) 94 ATP
D) 92 ATP

Question 45

Which of the following has the highest energy density (calories/gram)?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) glycogen

Question 46

In the fatty acid synthetase system,acetyl CoA is converted back into a fatty acid.How many acetyl CoAs are used in making a 18 carbon fatty acid?

A) 10
B) 9
C) 18
D) 36

Question 47

The diet of a child vegetarian should not include which of the following?

A) eggs and milk
B) supplements
C) nuts and grains
D) none of the choices

Question 48

What process is summarized by the reaction shown below?

A) fatty acid synthesis
B) ketone body production
C)( $\beta$ -oxidation pathway)
D) fatty acid activation

Question 49

Which of the following substances is not considered one of the ketone bodies?

A) methyl ethyl ketone
B) acetone
C) acetoacetate
D) ( $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate)

Question 50

Identify the beta carbon in the following diagram.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 51

The enzyme associated with the hydrolysis of fats in the intestines is a _____.

A) hydrolase
B) ligase
C) lipase
D) hydroxylase

Question 52

In the fatty acid synthetase system,acetyl CoA is converted back into a fatty acid.How many ATPs are used in making a 10 carbon fatty acid?

A) 10
B) 8
C) 6
D) 4

Question 53

The type of enzyme that would catalyze the following reaction would be a(n)___ .

A) hydroxylase
B) transaminase
C) synthetase
D) lipase

Question 54

What is the effect on acetoacetate blood concentration as weeks without food increases?

A) increases
B) no effect
C) decreases
D) not enough information

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT considered a source of amino acids in humans?

A) protein turnover
B) transamination
C) diet
D) nitrogen fixation

Question 56

Consider the following reaction.
What would be the nitrogen containing product?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Question 57

Bile serves what function?

A) conversion of triglycerides to monoglycerides and fatty acids
B) protein degradation
C) hydrolysis of carbohydrates,fats and proteins
D) break apart fat globules

Question 58

Which of the following ketone bodies can not be used as an energy source?

A)( $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate)
B) acetone
C) acetoacetate
D) All ketone bodies can be used.

Question 59

The plasma lipids usually reach a maximum ____ after a meal containing fat is consumed.

A) 4-6 hours
B) 20-30 minutes
C) 8-10 hours
D) 2-3 days

Question 60

The density of a lipoprotein increases as the _____ content increases.

A) protein
B) triglycerides
C) phospholipids
D) cholesterol

Question 61

Fatty acid chains are built up of uneven numbers of carbons,but are degraded in carbon pairs.

Question 62

The synthesis of amino acids and the intake of amino acids are both important in order to replace cells lost from cellular death caused by either old age of the cells or disease.

Question 63

Chylomicrons are aggregates of triglycerides,phosphoglycerides,and cholesterol complexed with proteins.

Question 64

Glycerol that is liberated from fats is digested by passing through glycolysis.

Question 65

If an individual does not have a sufficient level of insulin in the blood,the uptake of glucose by the cells is inhibited.

Question 66

Consider the simplified diagram of the urea cycle shown below.What is the identity of the species numbered with a 3?

A) citrulline
B) argininosuccinate
C) arginine
D) ornithine

Question 67

The liver is the most important site for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides.

Question 68

Consider the diagram of a mitochondrion shown below.Which of the numbered locations is where $\beta$ -oxidation occurs?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 69

If there is an excessive intake of fatty acids and/or carbohydrates,the energy is stored as triglycerides for later use.

Question 70

Glycogen that is required by brain tissue leaves the liver and is transported to the brain by means of large blood vessels used specifically for this purpose.

Question 71

Phenenylketonuria (PKU)is a genetic disorder where an individual is unable to produce the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.This results in the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to what substance?

A) phenylpyruvate
B) tyrosine
C) acetoacetate
D) ( $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate)

Question 72

Nutritionists suggest that a healthy diet be low in fats and high in carbohydrates.

Question 73

The processes of fatty acid degradation and fatty acid synthesis are the chemical reverse of each other and respond to stress as predicted by Le Châtelier's principle.

Question 74

Given the chance,a few long exercise periods will burn off more fat than will many short periods.

Question 75

Some amino acids are synthesized from $\alpha$ -keto acids.

Question 76

The biosynthesis of amino acids takes place mostly in the liver.

Question 77

Phenylalanine is derived from tyrosine by oxidation.

Question 78

The body can prepare asparagine from aspartic acid.

Question 79

Consider the simplified diagram of the urea cycle shown below.Which species,numbered 1 through 4,is synthesized in the mitochondria?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 80

Amino acids that the body does not synthesize are termed nonessential.