Deck 17: Psychological and Biological Treatments

Question 1

Why is the choice of a therapist who uses effective methods an important one as a person enters into psychotherapy?

Answer 1

Answers will vary but should include the following points in the discussion to earn full credit.
• Many people have been dealing with the problem for several months or years prior to seeking out professional help.
• An effective therapist provides a patient with hope, empathy, advice, support, and opportunities for new learning experiences.
• An effective therapist works with the patient to find the best treatment and to provide appropriate feedback about the patient's progress. An ineffective therapist dictates and seeks to control a patient's behaviour through the therapist's preferred method of treatment.
• An effective therapist is open, honest, and focused on improvement with a patient, while an ineffective therapist is secret, guarded, and lacking focus on the bigger issue of improving the patient's functioning.

Question 2

A ________ provides counselling, support in spiritual context, wellness programmes, as well as group, family, and couples therapy.

A)psychiatrist
B)mental health counsellor
C)pastoral counsellor
D)psychiatric nurse

Answer 2

pastoral counsellor

Question 3

Which of the following persons is most likely to seek help for a mental health difficulty?

A)Byron, who recently gained Australian citizenship after moving from South Africa
B)Baljinder, who entered Australia as a refugee
C)Marie, a 45-year-old Caucasian female
D)Ralph, a 65-year-old postal worker

Answer 3

Marie, a 45-year-old Caucasian female

Question 4

Which members of the following racial and ethnic groups are less likely to seek mental health services?

A)Asian Americans and African Americans
B)Arabic-speaking minorities in Australia
C)Caucasian Australians
D)British residents living in Australia

Question 5

In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties?

A)Behavioural
B)Cognitive-behavioural
C)Humanistic
D)Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Question 6

Teu goes in to see a psychoanalyst, and during one of their sessions he shares a dream with the therapist. "I dreamt that I am a kangaroo and that I'm hopping up the side of the hill, but each time I get to a certain point, the hill turns to glass, and I slide back down to the bottom." The analyst tells Teu that this dream is a reference to his recent career struggles where he feels that his attempts to climb the ladder at his company are continually being thwarted by events outside of his control. The analyst's interpretation of Teu's dream represents the ________ content of the dream.

A)manifest
B)archetypical
C)latent
D)preconscious

Question 7

Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of ________.

A)active confrontation
B)transference
C)free association
D)systematic desensitisation

Question 8

Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people to deal with and manage

A)legal problems.
B)financial problems.
C)interpersonal problems only.
D)behavioural, emotional, and interpersonal problems.

Question 9

Kelly has been in therapy with Dr Williams for two months when she suddenly starts skipping appointments. Even when in session, she tends to blankly stare at the therapist. This is best explained by ________.

A)free association
B)resistance
C)transference
D)working through

Question 10

Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting?

A)Clinical psychologist
B)Clinical social worker
C)Mental health counsellor
D)Psychiatrist

Question 11

George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called ________.

A)free association
B)resistance
C)transference
D)working through

Question 12

What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties?

A)Behavioural
B)Biological
C)Cognitive
D)Insight

Question 13

The goal of ________ therapies is increased awareness about the underlying cause or causes of one's psychological disorder.

Question 14

________ is a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve problems and improve their quality of life.

Question 15

Females benefit ________ males when receiving psychotherapy for their emotional or mental difficulties.

A)equally as much as
B)less than
C)more than
D)substantially more than

Question 16

During the first month of treatment, many clients improve considerably. In fact, 40 to ________ per cent of clients report improvement even before attending their first session.

A)50
B)56
C)60
D)66

Question 17

Your friend Maria asks you why seeing a mental health professional rather than a paraprofessional may be a better choice. You explain that

A)professional helpers appreciate the complex ethical, professional, and personal issues.
B)professional helpers understand how to operate ineffectively within the mental health system.
C)professional helpers are less confident, less defensive, and better able to appreciate clients' world view.
D)professional helpers provide services in crisis intervention centres and other social service agencies.

Question 18

Julio tells his therapist that he dreamt of a large blue monster that was about to eat him. His therapist interpreted this dream as representing Julio's abusive father. According to dream analysis, the manifest content is ________.

A)Julio
B)Julio's father
C)the therapist
D)the large blue monster

Question 19

Carlita has just come from her first therapy session. To better understand Carlita's generalised anxiety, the therapist asked her to talk about her childhood experiences and interactions with her parents and has asked her to keep a dream journal for the next several weeks. With which orientation is this approach most consistent?

A)Behavioural
B)Eclectic
C)Humanistic
D)Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Question 20

________ are persons who lack formal professional training but provide mental health services.

Question 21

Unlike Freud, the neo-Freudians focused more on the ________ aspects of a patient's functioning.

Question 22

His work influenced the contemporary work of interpersonal therapy (IPT).

A)Jung
B)Freud
C)Sullivan
D)Beck

Question 23

One reasonable criticism of Freud's psychodynamic theory is that several of his concepts, including therapeutic interpretations, are difficult to measure and verify. From a critical-thinking concept, this presents the challenge of ________.

A)replicability
B)falsifiability
C)Occam's Razor
D)correlation versus causation

Question 24

________ nondirective, person-centred therapy centres on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems.

A)Rogers's
B)Freud's
C)Perls's
D)Ellis's

Question 25

Sullivan believed that the analyst's proper role is that of ________.

A)conversational witness
B)observational witness
C)participant surveyor
D)participant observer

Question 26

Humanistic psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ________ rather than to the ________.

A)future; past
B)present; future
C)present; past
D)past; present

Question 27

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)is a short-term intervention designed to strengthen people's social skills and assist them in coping with interpersonal problems and conflicts. It typically lasts for ________ sessions.

A)10-12
B)12-16
C)14-16
D)16-20

Question 28

Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for choosing the direction of the therapy. Lionel's therapist is making use of ________.

A)Perls's Gestalt therapy
B)Jung's analytic therapy
C)Rogers's person-centred therapy
D)Beck's cognitive therapy

Question 29

Carl Rogers asserts that an effective psychotherapist will

A)actively confront and challenge a client's erroneous beliefs.
B)interpret important transference and resistance behaviours for a client.
C)provide unconditional positive regard and display empathy toward a client.
D)seek to identify how negative reinforcement is promoting maladaptive behaviours, feelings, and/or thoughts for an individual.

Question 30

In person-centred therapy, this non-judgemental acceptance of all feelings the patient expresses is known as ________.

A)unconditional bipositive regard
B)unconditional negative regard
C)unconditional positive regard
D)unconditional neutral regard

Question 31

The neo-Freudians would have been LEAST likely to emphasise the importance of ________ needs in a therapeutic setting.

A)dependence
B)sexual
C)power
D)status

Question 32

Sigmund Freud suggested that in therapy a person may transfer important intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto the therapist, so that their relationship mirrors other relationships in the client's life. Another possibility, however, is that stable personality traits in the client may cause him or her to simply react in similar ways to different people. This is an important reminder of the critical-thinking concept of ________.

A)ruling out rival hypotheses
B)replicability
C)falsifiability
D)extraordinary claims

Question 33

According to this neo-Freudian, the goal of psychotherapy was individuation.

A)Jung
B)Freud
C)Sullivan
D)Beck

Question 34

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)has shown demonstrated success in substance abuse, eating disorders, and ________.

A)anxiety
B)bipolar disorder
C)depression
D)schizophrenia

Question 35

The Freudian idea of working through was most important ________ insight had been achieved.

A)after
B)long before
C)immediately before
D)exactly when

Question 36

Humanistic psychotherapists stress the

A)importance of assuming responsibility for decisions.
B)importance of the past over the present.
C)importance of the client-therapist relationship.
D)importance of neutral self-fulfillment in guiding one's behaviour and thoughts.

Question 37

________ therapy is a treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions.

Question 38

Dr Johnson tells her students not to think of a white rabbit during the lecture. Within a few seconds, many students report that they have already thought of a white rabbit. This casts doubt on

A)all claims made by the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies.
B)the existence of repressed memories from traumatic events.
C)the importance of insight as a therapeutic goal.
D)the usefulness of active listening as a therapeutic technique.

Question 39

Dr Martinez, a psychodynamic therapist, was quite pleased when her patient improved, and she felt the patient was making excellent progress. In fact, the patient himself stated how great he was feeling, although he still had difficulty realising what the "main conflict" was. The lack of ability for the patient to have insight despite feeling great is an example of which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

A)Occam's Razor
B)Ruling out rival hypotheses
C)Correlation versus correlation
D)Extraordinary claims

Question 40

Dr Moretti recently published a paper on his therapy work with 10 patients whom he said benefitted greatly from psychoanalysis. The patients all suffered from moderate depression and were in treatment for six months. Dr Moretti's research has come under intense scrutiny as other clinicians and researchers have not been able to consistently find the same results in their patients. This lack of research consistency is a problem for which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

A)Falsifiability
B)Replicability
C)Occam's Razor
D)Ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 41

________ therapy is often a preferred approach to psychotherapy over individual therapy because it is more efficient and less costly.

Question 42

There is very little research examining the effectiveness of 12-step programmes that are patterned after the Alcoholics Anonymous model, and thus what research does exist is difficult to verify. For which critical-thinking concept is this a big problem?

A)Falsifiability
B)Extraordinary claims
C)Replicability
D)Occam's Razor

Question 43

The ________ perspective disagrees with the AA model of total abstinence from alcohol.

Question 44

The ultimate goal of humanistic psychotherapy is for a person to

A)change their maladaptive behaviours and reactions to challenging situations.
B)change their maladaptive thoughts about themselves and their life circumstances.
C)think more realistically, become tolerant of others, and engage in more adaptive behaviours.
D)uncover the hidden motivations that impact their conscious thoughts and behaviours.

Question 45

In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand

A)how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love them.
B)how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life.
C)the family context out of which problems presumably arise.
D)why some families seem to experience more problems than others.

Question 46

Kennedy meets with a therapist who is trying to merge her "quiet expert" with her "risk taker" so that she'll become a complete "risky expert". This would be an example of ________.

A)Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy
B)Freud's psychoanalysis
C)Perls's Gestalt therapy
D)Rogers's person-centred therapy

Question 47

A concern with the many 12-step approaches that are based on the Alcoholics Anonymous model in dealing with various problems with living is that

A)they promote feelings of helplessness to control and change one's behaviour.
B)physical diseases are never cured but rather go into remission.
C)no research evidence exists for the effectiveness of these approaches.
D)relapse is unavoidable.

Question 48

Identify and discuss the similarities and differences between the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)and controlled drinking approaches to treating alcoholism.

Question 49

As many as ________ per cent of participants drop out within three months of joining Alcoholics Anonymous.

A)48
B)58
C)68
D)78

Question 50

The core concepts of humanistic therapy, such as meaning and self-actualisation, are

A)well correlated in the literature.
B)difficult to measure and falsify.
C)more effective than no treatment.
D)less effective than psychoanalysis.

Question 51

The most recent trend in group therapy has been for groups to

A)form at workplaces.
B)be smaller in size.
C)form at church.
D)form over the internet.

Question 52

The most nondirective form of psychotherapy is ________.

Question 53

Research suggests that the causal direction of the relationship between therapeutic alliance and improvement may often be the reverse of what ________ proposed.

A)Greenberg
B)Freud
C)Perls
D)Rogers

Question 54

Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest organisation for treating alcoholics and was founded in

A)1932.
B)1935.
C)1938.
D)1943.

Question 55

Maureen is a vocalist who seems to have two conflicting parts to her personality. There is the "performer" side that thrives on the attention she receives and the "frightened" side that experiences great distress before and during a performance because she might mess up. A(n)________ therapist would focus on merging these two incompletes into a new complete personality.

Question 56

________ Gestalt therapy involves the two-chair technique as well as integrating different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self.

A)Rogers's
B)Perls's
C)Beck's
D)Ellis's

Question 57

Keegan has entered into rehabilitation for both an alcohol abuse problem as well as an addiction to cocaine. His therapist recognises that Keegan may not wish to change some of his long-standing behaviours that have precipitated his problems. Therefore, she spends the first two sessions working with Keegan to identify the reasons for changing and not changing his life. This form of person-centred therapy is known as ________.

Question 58

Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because

A)it is more effective at producing lasting changes than individual treatments.
B)it allows participants to practise new skills in a safe environment.
C)they interact less with each individual patient.
D)they can make more money.

Question 59

According to the authors, the claims of Alcoholics Anonymous' success

A)is not supported by the available data.
B)is supported by the available data.
C)can be applied to other problems of impulse control.
D)have largely gone unrecognised by the scientific community.

Question 60

Probably the most famous form of self-help group therapy is ________, which was first formed in 1935.

Question 61

Flooding therapies are based on the idea that fears are maintained by ________.

A)indifference
B)obsessions
C)repression
D)avoidance

Question 62

Dismantling allows researchers to examine the effectiveness of isolated components of a broader treatment such as systematic desensitisation and compare these effects with that of the full treatment package. Dismantling represents which of the six principles of scientific thinking?

A)Falsifiability
B)Extraordinary claims
C)Correlation versus correlation
D)Ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 63

Systematic desensitisation was developed in ________ and gradually exposes clients to ________ situations through the use of imagined scenes.

A)1948; anxiety-producing
B)1948; depression-provoking
C)1958; anxiety-producing
D)1958; depression-provoking

Question 64

Which family therapy approach is designed to remove barriers to effective communication?

A)Stratified family therapy
B)Structural family therapy
C)Logical family intervention
D)Strategic family intervention

Question 65

A behavioural therapist is most likely to focus on

A)the past and broad traits.
B)the past and specific behaviours.
C)the present and broad traits.
D)the present and specific behaviours.

Question 66

Someone who is conducting strategic family therapy would be most likely to attempt to understand

A)family communication patterns.
B)an individual's thoughts and feelings about their family.
C)parental impacts on children's adaptive or maladaptive functioning.
D)why family history makes some people more or less vulnerable to psychological problems.

Question 67

After learning how to relax, Herman begins his systematic desensitisation treatment for his claustrophobia by

A)constructing an anxiety hierarchy.
B)being exposed to tight spaces with no means of escape.
C)deconstructing an anxiety hierarchy.
D)trying to recall how he developed this fear as a child.

Question 68

Therapists have successfully used flooding with numerous anxiety disorders, including

A)social phobia, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder.
B)social phobia, acrophobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
C)social phobia, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizoaffective disorder.
D)social phobia, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Question 69

Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next, she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear.

A)exposure therapy
B)modelling
C)person-centred therapy
D)systematic desensitisation

Question 70

Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but is an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model?

A)Stratified family therapy
B)Structural family therapy
C)Logical family intervention
D)Strategic family intervention

Question 71

Identify and discuss the various approaches therapists use when working with dysfunctional families.

Question 72

Systematic desensitisation is specifically designed to help a person to deal with a person's ________.

A)depression
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)phobia
D)psychopathic personality

Question 73

Systematic desensitisation works on the principle of ________.

Question 74

The behavioural technique of ________ exposes the patient to the most intense anxiety-provoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time.

Question 75

The key to understanding dysfunctional family dynamics is to study the unhealthy ________ patterns that occur within this group.

Question 76

________ allows psychotherapists to place persons in situations to confront and eliminate their fears that would either be infeasible or difficult to do in real life.

A)Exposure therapy
B)Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing
C)Implosive therapy
D)Virtual reality exposure therapy

Question 77

Systematic desensitisation was developed by ________.

A)Wolpe
B)Beck
C)Freud
D)Ellis

Question 78

According to your book, systematic desensitisation may fare no better than a placebo procedure designed to arouse an equivalent degree of ________ expectations.

A)positive
B)negative
C)neutral
D)melancholic

Question 79

Dr Navid has been riding in the lift with his client Jill for more than an hour in the hopes that this ________ will dissipate Jill's anxiety.

A)in vivo wishing
B)in vivo imagery
C)in vivo flooding
D)in vivo riding

Question 80

Dawn is afraid of flying. Her therapist has begun a 10-week treatment involving talking about the fears of flying, rating her fear, talking about different types of planes, looking at pictures of planes, watching planes at the airport, using imagery, and eventually going on a trip. This therapy technique is known as ________.

A)systematic desensitisation
B)systematic sensitisation
C)transmatic desensitisation
D)automatic desensitisation