Deck 10: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Infancy

Question 1

The most potent single predictor of an infant's future health status is:

A)rapidity of the mother's recovery.
B)the infant's birthweight.
C)the age at which the infant first learns to walk.
D)the ease and rapidity of delivery.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Nutrients and oxygen travel to the developing fetus via:

A)the placenta.
B)the amniotic sac.
C)its lungs.
D)its intestines.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A pregnant woman's daily energy needs increase by _____ kcalories in the first trimester, ____ kcalories in the second trimester, and _____ kcalories in the third trimester.

A)0, 340, 450
B)100, 300, 500
C)50, 140, 250
D)0, 300, 600

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Improper feeding position is a frequent cause of sore nipples.

Question 5

Research suggests that low-birthweight babies may experience any of the following long-term health effects except:

A)a lower adult IQ.
B)greater risk of heart disease and hypertension.
C)short stature.
D)greater risk of psychological problems.

Question 6

Breast milk or infant formula normally provides enough water to replace fluid losses in healthy infants.

Question 7

A lactating mother should avoid all types of oral contraceptives.

Question 8

There are factors in breast milk that protect the infant against infection.

Question 9

Increasing maternal fluid intake does not increase breast milk volume.

Question 10

A low-birthweight baby has a statistically greater chance of contracting diseases and dying early in life.

Question 11

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _____ grams per day.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 12

The developing brain of a fetus contains substantial amounts of lipid material and depends on _____ for proper development and function.

A)long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
B)monounsaturated fatty acids
C)cholesterol
D)medium-chain fatty acids

Question 13

Low-carbohydrate diets during pregnancy:

A)help to prevent excess weight gain for the mother.
B)may impair brain development in the fetus.
C)may lead to pre-term labor.
D)aid in preventing gestational diabetes.

Question 14

All of the following are likely complications that obese pregnant women may face except:

A)premature delivery.
B)a larger-than-normal baby.
C)complications during delivery.
D)a low-birthweight baby.

Question 15

To ensure sound nutrition, the mother's diet during pregnancy should include:

A)twice as many kcalories to spare protein for tissue synthesis.
B)an additional 25 grams of protein each day.
C)enough salt to promote edema.
D)vitamin and mineral supplements, instead of food, to prevent weight gain.

Question 16

Pregnant women who are vegans should get their protein from:

A)protein supplements.
B)high-protein smoothies.
C)legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and tofu.
D)milk, yogurt, and cheese.

Question 17

During pregnancy, food energy needs increase less than nutrient needs.To achieve this balance, food selection should include all of the following except:

A)foods of high nutrient density.
B)vitamin A supplements.
C)nonfat milk and lean protein sources.
D)increased portions of vitamin C-rich foods.

Question 18

Ample carbohydrate is needed by the pregnant woman in order to:

A)raise blood glucose levels.
B)fuel the fetal brain and spare protein needed for fetal growth.
C)provide adequate protein.
D)increase glycogen stores in the fetus.

Question 19

Because of the dangers of obesity, an overweight woman should try to gain little or no weight during pregnancy.

Question 20

The effects of malnutrition during critical periods in pregnancy:

A)can be offset by vitamin and mineral supplementation.
B)are irreversible.
C)can be remedied later in pregnancy with a nutritious diet.
D)are not significant.

Question 21

The benefits of physical activity during pregnancy include all of the following except:

A)It improves the overall fitness of the mother.
B)It helps to prevent or manage gestational diabetes.
C)It may result in fewer discomforts during pregnancy.
D)It prevents anemia.

Question 22

The requirement for folate during pregnancy increases from 400 micrograms per day to _____ micrograms per day.

A)450
B)500
C)600
D)800

Question 23

What nutrients are typically found in greater quantities in prenatal supplements compared to regular vitamin/mineral supplements?

A)sodium, potassium, chloride
B)thiamin, niacin, riboflavin
C)folate, iron, calcium
D)folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin A

Question 24

An obese women should gain _____ pounds during pregnancy.

A)5-7
B)11-20
C)17-24
D)25-35

Question 25

An increased requirement for _____ during pregnancy is related to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A)calcium and vitamin K
B)vitamin E and vitamin C
C)folate and vitamin B₁₂
D)protein and calcium

Question 26

Most pregnant women need iron supplements because:

A)their RDA for iron is twice that of non-pregnant women.
B)the body does not conserve iron well during pregnancy.
C)iron supplements are better absorbed than iron from food.
D)their iron reserves are generally not high.

Question 27

The warning signs of preeclampsia include:

A)low blood iron, high blood glucose, and ketones in the urine.
B)high blood glucose, glucose in the urine, and agitation
C)hypertension, edema, and protein in the urine
D)high blood glucose, ketones in the urine, and glucose in the urine

Question 28

The adverse effects of cigarette smoking by pregnant women include all of the following except:

A)future intellectual problems in the baby.
B)developmental defects in the fetus.
C)slowed growth in the fetus.
D)excessive weight gain for the mother.

Question 29

The most common cause of maternal mortality in developed countries is:

A)hypertension.
B)eclampsia.
C)gestational diabetes.
D)preeclampsia.

Question 30

Which of the following changes would most improve the adequacy of this menu?

A)including more meat and milk and reducing the amount of grains
B)including more milk, fruits, and vegetables, especially brightly colored
C)including more meat, milk, fruits and vegetables
D)including more fruits and vegetables and reducing the amount of grains
E)including more milk and fruits and reducing the amount of grains

Question 31

During pregnancy, physicians often recommend _____ for healthy-weight women.

A)multivitamin and mineral supplements and weight gain of about 25-35 pounds
B)no vitamin or mineral supplements and weight gain of at least 30 pounds
C)vitamin C supplements and weight gain of about 20 pounds
D)multivitamin and mineral supplements and weight gain of no more than 20 pounds

Question 32

Women who develop gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing _____ later in life.

A)heart disease
B)type 2 diabetes
C)gastrointestinal problems
D)osteoporosis

Question 33

If you counsel Mrs.Chamberlin regarding the "morning sickness" she is experiencing, you will suggest she:

A)limit the amount of fat in her diet.
B)take iron supplements on an empty stomach.
C)limit meals to three a day.
D)eat the foods she wants when she feels like eating.

Question 34

Jane does not eat many fruits and vegetables and she dislikes dairy products.To increase her folate and calcium intakes, you would recommend that she consume plenty of:

A)yogurt.
B)calcium-fortified orange juice.
C)cheese.
D)enriched grains.
Use the following menu to answer question 18.
Menu for a Pregnant Woman
Breakfast
2 scrambled eggs
1 whole-wheat English muffin
1 cup orange juice
Lunch
2 pieces (4 oz.) fried chicken
2 wheat rolls w/butter
¹/₂ cup mashed potatoes and gravy
Iced tea
Dinner
3 oz.pork chop
1 ear corn on the cob
Lettuce & tomato salad w/2 tbsp.dressing
2 cups low-fat milk

Question 35

In early pregnancy, intestinal absorption of _____ doubles and the mother's bones store the nutrient.

A)phosphorus
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)calcium

Question 36

Which of the following foods is not provided by the WIC program?

A)milk
B)peanut butter
C)granola bars
D)tofu

Question 37

Nora, who is pregnant, awakens at 2:00
A)drank too much coffee last night.

A)m.craving pickles and chocolate sauce.The craving probably indicates that she:
B)drank too much alcohol last night.
C)needs some nutrients that are found in pickles and chocolate sauce.
D)is experiencing hormone-induced changes in taste and sensitivities to smells.

Question 38

A low intake of _____ increases the likelihood that an infant will be born with a neural tube defect.

A)iron
B)vitamin C
C)protein
D)folate

Question 39

Women who enter pregnancy with iron-deficiency anemia have a greater risk of:

A)preterm delivery.
B)excessive weight gain.
C)inadequate weight gain.
D)gestational diabetes.

Question 40

If a woman gains 30 pounds during pregnancy, the net amount of body fat she gains is about _____.

A)1 pound
B)7 pounds
C)10 pounds
D)15 pounds

Question 41

Characteristics of breast milk include all of the following except:

A)ample vitamin content.
B)high in sodium.
C)adequate in zinc.
D)highly absorbable iron content.

Question 42

Which of the following situations indicates that the mother should not breastfeed?

A)use of birth control pills
B)an ordinary cold
C)drug addiction
D)moderate coffee consumption

Question 43

Practices that should be avoided during pregnancy include:

A)cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption.
B)cigarette smoking and consumption of either alcohol or caffeine
C)alcohol consumption; cigarette smoking is not harmful
D)cigarette smoking, exercise, and consumption of alcohol and fat

Question 44

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants receive breast milk for at least the first _____ months of life.

A)3
B)4
C)6
D)12

Question 45

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics support exclusive breastfeeding until an infant is _____ months old.

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 46

Because of concern about mercury contamination, pregnant women are advised to avoid:

A)king mackerel.
B)shrimp.
C)catfish.
D)flounder.

Question 47

The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is:

A)goat's milk.
B)cow's milk.
C)iron-fortified infant formula.
D)low-iron infant formula.

Question 48

During what period are kcalorie needs per unit of body weight the highest?

A)infancy
B)toddler years
C)childhood
D)adolescence

Question 49

Advantages to breastfeeding include all of the following except:

A)it provides protection against the development of allergies.
B)it provides possible protection against excessive weight gain later in life.
C)it protects against intestinal infections.
D)it is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby.

Question 50

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a supplement of _____ for all infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of life.

A)iron
B)vitamin C
C)folic acid
D)vitamin D

Question 51

An infant who weighs 8 pounds will require about _____ kcalories per day.

A)290
B)360
C)420
D)800

Question 52

Which of the following should be used to feed an infant under one year of age who is being weaned from breast milk?

A)whole milk
B)low-iron infant formula
C)evaporated milk
D)iron-fortified infant formula

Question 53

Herbal supplements during pregnancy:

A)are generally considered safe.
B)do not need to be discussed with the physician since they can be purchased over the counter.
C)are not recommended due to lack of evidence about their safety and effectiveness.
D)are recommended for relieving nausea.

Question 54

To meet her increased energy needs, a breastfeeding woman is advised to consume an extra _____ calories per day until her infant is 6 months old.

A)170
B)330
B)430
D)500

Question 55

An infant weighing 7 pounds at birth would normally weigh about _____ pounds at five months of age.

A)8
B)14
C)21
D)28

Question 56

With the possible exception of _____, the vitamin content of the breast milk of a well-nourished mother is ample.

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin D
C)thiamin
D)zinc

Question 57

Most standard infant formulas are fortified with:

A)DHA and arachidonic acid.
B)DHA and linoleic acid.
C)linolenic and linoleic acid.
D)DHA and EPA.

Question 58

Which of the following is not an adverse effect of smoking during lactation?

A)lower milk production
B)nicotine in breast milk
C)low weight gain in the baby
D)higher fat content of breast milk

Question 59

If a lactating woman's diet is poor, her milk:

A)volume will be normal but the nutrient quality will be poor.
B)will be thin and watery.
C)quality will be maintained at the expense of maternal stores.
D)will contain toxic products.

Question 60

Infants are given a single dose of vitamin _____ at birth.

A)A
B)D
C)C
D)K

Question 61

_____ develops when excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods in the diet of a young child.

A)Scurvy
B)Milk anemia
C)Growth failure
D)Weight loss

Question 62

A good age to introduce solid foods to infants is:

A)one to two weeks.
B)two to three months.
C)four to six months.
D)one year.
E)two years.

Question 63

The ideal time for the first breastfeeding is:

A)immediately after delivery.
B)one hour after delivery.
C)four hours after delivery.
D)the next day after delivery.

Question 64

Which of the following foods is appropriate for an infant?

A)canned vegetables
B)canned fruits
C)honey
D)popcorn

Question 65

All of the following are considerations in deciding when to add solid foods to the diet of an infant except:

A)the infant's nutrient needs.
B)the infant's physical readiness to handle different forms of food.
C)the need to detect and control allergic reactions.
D)the type of milk the infant is consuming.

Question 66

By reading the clinic brochure on prenatal nutrition, Deborah discovers that she can "kill two birds with one stone" by eating more _____, which is a good source of both iron and zinc, minerals that might be lacking in the average pregnant woman's diet.

A)meat
B)yogurt
C)salad vegetables
D)citrus fruits

Question 67

Which of the following is considered a risk of formula feeding an infant?

A)The infant may not receive all of the nutrients he/she needs.
B)Formula may be incorrectly prepared and cause malnutrition and growth failure.
C)Parents may not be aware that some formulas do not meet FDA requirements.
D)Many infants are allergic to formula.

Question 68

Children over two years of age should be transitioned to _____ milk.

A)reduced-fat
B)low-fat
C)fat-free
D)whole

Question 69

Deborah receives a brochure about nutrition during her first prenatal clinic appointment.It correctly states that _____ typifies a balanced diet recommended during pregnancy.

A)"eating for two"
B)"eating sufficient amounts of nutrient-dense foods from the five food groups"
C)"eating as tolerated and taking a prenatal dietary supplement to make up for gaps in food intake"
D)"eating an additional 340 kcalories daily during the second trimester and an extra 450 kcalories each day during the third trimester"
E)"eating sufficient quantities of foods rich in folate"

Question 70

An important aspect of infant feeding is the prevention of future health problems.An appropriate measure is:

A)encouragement of eating habits that will support normal weight.
B)encouraging the infant to eat only those foods she likes.
C)introduction of solid foods as early as possible.
D)forcing the infant to finish her bottle.
Use the following case study to answer questions 64-68.
Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician.Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources.She resides with her mother.In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting, and has had a ravenous appetite.Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners, and occasionally make a home-cooked meal.She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions.She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago.She does not smoke or drink alcohol.Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.

Question 71

To successfully breastfeed her infant, the mother should do all of the following except:

A)push the infant's face toward her nipple.
B)learn how to relax and position herself comfortably.
C)touch the infant's cheek to her nipple.
D)slip a finger between the infant's mouth and her breast to break suction.

Question 72

In the United States, about _____ of infants are still breastfeeding at one year of age.

A)10%
B)20%
C)35%
D)60%

Question 73

The two nutrients needed early by infants and provided by the introduction of solid foods are:

A)protein and calcium.
B)iron and vitamin C.
C)sodium and fat.
D)vitamin D and fluoride.

Question 74

Excessive consumption of fruit juice in infants and young children can lead to all of the following except:

A)diarrhea.
B)excessive kcal intake.
C)poor intake of food.
D)toxicity of the water-soluble vitamins.

Question 75

If Deborah's prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement provides _____ milligrams of iron, it is adequately meeting her pregnancy RDA.

A)8
B)18
C)27
D)40

Question 76

A major deterrent to breastfeeding is:

A)fear and social anxiety.
B)the medical community's failure to encourage breastfeeding.
C)the difficulty in breastfeeding for working mothers.
D)post-partum depression.

Question 77

To encourage breastfeeding, maternity facilities would be wise to adopt all of the following policies except:

A)Give no artificial nipples or pacifiers to breastfeeding infants.
B)Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within half an hour of birth.
C)Keep babies in the nursery until feeding time to allow new mothers to rest.
D)Train all health care staff in the skills necessary to implement the breastfeeding policy.

Question 78

Which of the following is an iron deficiency risk factor for Deborah?

A)her ethnicity
B)her age
C)her limited financial means
D)her usual eating style

Question 79

Which of the following cereals causes allergy least often?

A)wheat
B)barley
C)oats
D)rice

Question 80

The social worker at the prenatal clinic determines that Deborah is eligible for WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children).This program provides:

A)nutrition counseling.
B)vouchers redeemable for nutritious foods.
C)referrals to health and social services.
D)all of the above