Deck 22: Nutrition and Renal Diseases

Question 1

Recovery from kidney injury may begin with a period of diuresis and a patient's fluid status should be monitored closely.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The medical nutrition therapy for nephrotic syndrome helps to prevent protein-energy malnutrition and alleviate edema.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Solutes are less likely to crystallize and form kidney stones in concentrated urine.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which helps to regulate blood pressure.​

Question 5

Dialysis removes excess fluids and wastes from the blood by employing the principles of diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration.​

Question 6

Nephrotic syndrome develops as a result of _____.​

A) ​damage to the glomeruli
B) ​damage to the tubules
C) ​excessive protein intake
D) ​excessive fat intake
E) ​increased sodium losses

Question 7

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

Question 8

The nephrotic syndrome is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and a sharply increased risk of heart disease and stroke.​

Question 9

Adults with chronic kidney disease frequently develop wasting and PEM.​

Question 10

One of the effects of nephrotic syndrome is a loss of vitamin D. This can result in _____ in children.​

A) ​growth failure
B) ​poor appetite
C) ​rickets
D) ​anemia
E) ​scurvy

Question 11

Manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome include _____.​

A) ​infection
B) ​uremia
C) ​low blood lipids
D) ​dehydration
E) ​poor peripheral pulses

Question 12

​Supplementation of all fat-soluble vitamins is necessary in clients with chronic kidney disease.

Question 13

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a procedure that involves surgically removing a kidney stone while the patient is under general anesthesia.​

Question 14

One primary function of the kidneys is to ____.​

A) ​produce albumin
B) ​aid in the digestion of fats
C) ​maintain acid-base balance
D) ​convert vitamin K to its active form
E) ​produce enzymes that protect the body from viral infections

Question 15

Prostate cancer is an intrarenal factor that can cause acute kidney injury.​

Question 16

​The part of the kidney that acts like a sieve to filter wastes is the _____.

A) ​nephron
B) ​glomerulus
C) ​tubule
D) ​lobe
E) ​loop of Henle

Question 17

Although renal patients are often encouraged to consume high-fat foods to improve their energy intakes, the foods they select should provide mostly unsaturated fats.​

Question 18

Given the choice, many patients with end-stage renal disease would prefer kidney transplants, but the demand for suitable kidneys far exceeds the supply.​

Question 19

Individuals on peritoneal dialysis have lower protein needs than those on hemodialysis.​

Question 20

A glomerular filtration rate < 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.​

Question 21

What dietary components are restricted in patients who have nephrotic syndrome?​

A) ​Vitamins A and D
B) ​Fluids and sodium
C) ​Carbohydrate and fat
D) ​Calcium and phosphorus
E) ​Sodium and protein

Question 22

The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is _____​

A) ​diabetes
B) ​infection
C) ​a genetic disorder
D) ​inflammation
E) ​peripheral vascular disease

Question 23

​Which clinical effect is most commonly seen with uremic syndrome associated with chronic kidney disease?

A) ​Hypokalemia
B) ​Hearing loss
C) ​Hypothyroidism
D) ​Hypertension
E) ​Mouth sores

Question 24

​What food is a good source of phosphorus?

A) ​Chicken
B) ​Peanut butter
C) ​Peas
D) ​Broccoli
E) ​Cantaloupe

Question 25

Patients with kidney disease who take calcium and vitamin D supplements are at risk of _____ because of the use of phosphate binders.​

A) ​hypophosphatemia
B) ​vitamin K deficiency
C) ​hyperphosphatemia
D) ​hypercalcemia
E) ​iron deficiency anemia

Question 26

During the later stages of chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.​

A) ​0.2 to 0.4
B) ​0.6 to 0.75
C) ​0.8 to 1.0
D) ​1.0 to 1.2
E) ​1.2 to 1.55

Question 27

​Low-protein diets for patients with chronic kidney disease supply less _____ than high-protein diets.

A) ​sodium
B) ​phosphorous
C) ​potassium
D) ​vitamin B6
E) ​magnesium

Question 28

​What condition that leads to acute kidney injury is considered a prerenal factor?

A) ​Urinary obstruction
B) ​Drug exposure
C) ​Heart failure
D) ​Trauma
E) ​Exposure to toxins

Question 29

A patient in the later stage of chronic kidney disease has been advised to increase his intake of potassium-rich foods. What food is an example of an item that is high in potassium?​

A) ​Strawberries
B) ​Cabbage
C) ​Potatoes
D) ​Watermelon
E) ​Carrots

Question 30

Kidney disease is classified according to _____.​

A) ​glomerular filtration rate
B) ​the ratio of albumin to creatinine in a urine sample
C) ​BUN levels
D) ​the degree of proteinuria
E) ​the amount of urine output in a 24-hour period

Question 31

A glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?​

A) ​Stage 2: Mildly decreased
B) ​Stage 3a: Mild to moderately decreased
C) ​Stage 3b: Moderate to severely decreased
D) ​Stage 4: Severely decreased
E) ​Stage 5: Kidney failure

Question 32

If a client is on peritoneal dialysis, his diet should contain less _____ than other renal diets.​

A) ​fat
B) ​protein
C) ​vitamin D
D) ​carbohydrate
E) ​potassium

Question 33

In oliguric patients, recovery from kidney injury sometimes begins with a period of _____, in which large amounts of fluid (up to 3 liters daily) are excreted.​

A) ​hemodialysis
B) ​proteinuria
C) ​anuria
D) ​diuresis
E) ​peritoneal dialysis

Question 34

Laboratory findings associated with acute kidney injury include abnormal levels of serum electrolytes and _____.​

A) ​elevated WBC count
B) ​glycosuria
C) ​elevated BUN
D) ​positive bacterial culture
E) ​elevated GFR

Question 35

Furosemide (Lasix) is a drug used to _____.​

A) ​mobilize fluids
B) ​lower cholesterol
C) ​prevent PEM
D) ​activate vitamin D
E) ​stimulate appetite

Question 36

Supplemental _____ among patients with chronic kidney disease should be limited to 70 mg per day because excessive intakes can contribute to kidney stone formation in those at risk.​

A) ​vitamin D
B) ​phosphorus
C) ​potassium
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​iron

Question 37

​Secondary complications of chronic kidney disease include _____.

A) ​ type 1 diabetes
B) ​dementia
C) ​stroke
D) ​hypotension
E) ​bone disease

Question 38

Total parenteral nutrition may be necessary for a patient with acute kidney injury when _____.​

A) ​the patient has severe dysphagia
B) ​the patient cannot tolerate tube feedings
C) ​the patient has urine output of less than 400 mL per day
D) ​the patient has hyponatremia
E) ​the patient will need dialysis

Question 39

Weight gain can become a problem when peritoneal dialysis continues for an extended period of time. This is likely due to _____.​

A) ​the kcalories contributed by the dialysate
B) ​a less restrictive diet
C) ​food cravings experienced by the patient
D) ​the body's adaptation to dialysis
E) ​fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity

Question 40

In patients with acute kidney injury, oliguria leads to _____.​

A) ​sodium retention and elevated levels of potassium
B) ​edema due to increased urine production
C) ​an increase in blood potassium levels due to excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone
D) ​production of at least 800 mL of urine per day
E) ​hypophosphatemia and overgrowth of bone tissue

Question 41

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
Mr. Wilson's laboratory reports indicate hyperkalemia. His intake of _____ should be restricted.​

A) ​protein
B) ​sodium
C) ​phosphorus
D) ​potassium
E) ​vitamin D

Question 42

The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is to _____.​

A) ​minimize calcium intake
B) ​eat less meat
C) ​eat fewer oxalate-containing vegetables
D) ​drink 12 to 16 cups of fluids per day
E) ​add iron supplements to the diet

Question 43

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
Since this is Mr. Bradley's first visit to the center, his primary care nurse spends hours speaking to him while his dialysis progresses. The nurse explains that within the next week he will be seen by _____, who will counsel him about his nutrition therapy.​

A) ​a dietitian who specializes in chronic kidney disease
B) ​a physician who oversees all aspects of clients' medical care
C) ​another client who has been following the diet for years
D) ​a pharmacist who will address the nutrients administered via the dialysate
E) ​a phlebotomy nurse who draws blood for and interprets laboratory values

Question 44

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
What principle regarding fluid is correctly conveyed to Mr. Bradley?​

A) ​"Gelatin, soups, fruit ices, and frozen fruit juice bars contribute to your fluid intake."
B) ​"Water losses from the skin and lungs are deducted from your fluid allowance."
C) ​"Solid foods do not contribute to your fluid intake."
D) ​"Your average fluid gain between dialysis treatments should ideally be 10 pounds."
E) ​"Most of your fluid intake should come when you take your medications."

Question 45

Approximately _____ percent of patients with end-stage renal disease receive a kidney transplant.​

A) ​5
B) ​15
C) ​24
D) ​30
E) ​42

Question 46

Which immunosuppressant drug would most likely be administered to a patient following a kidney transplant?​

A) ​Sevelamer
B) ​Potassium citrate
C) ​Calcium acetate
D) ​Tacrolimus
E) ​Sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Question 47

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
The likely cause of Mr. Wilson's chronic kidney disease is _____.​

A) ​his history of type 1 diabetes
B) ​exposure to chemicals in the workplace
C) ​his history of smoking
D) ​male gender and age
E) ​unknown

Question 48

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
You explain to Mr. Bradley that the diet for end-stage renal disease _____.​

A) ​has little influence on disease progression
B) ​will not prevent the development of complications
C) ​contributes to elevated serum levels of nitrogenous wastes
D) ​can help to control electrolytes and avoid a life-threatening imbalance
E) ​will prevent him from developing further vision loss

Question 49

Calcium oxalate stones are most often accompanied by what metabolic condition?​

A) ​Hypercalciuria
B) ​Hyperkalemia
C) ​Hyperphosphatemia
D) ​Hypercholesterolemia
E) ​Hypernatremia

Question 50

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
Protein intake for Mr. Wilson should _____.​

A) ​be restricted due to slow disease progression
B) ​be increased due to PEM
C) ​be limited to plant protein foods
D) ​be limited to animal protein foods
E) ​remain the same until he begins to lose weight

Question 51

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
The nurse allays Mr. Bradley's fears that his new diet will lack variety and flavor by assuring him that the diet _____.​

A) ​excludes meat and dairy but includes everything else
B) ​promotes flavor with salt and other seasonings
C) ​encourages unsaturated fats, such as oil-based salad dressings
D) ​allows unlimited amounts of sweets
E) ​does not need to be a permanent change

Question 52

One potential complication of hemodialysis is _____.​

A) ​blood clots
B) ​insomnia
C) ​edema
D) ​hemochromatosis
E) ​hypertension

Question 53

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
Mr. Wilson's estimated energy needs are _____.​

A) ​1818 kcal per day
B) ​2182 kcal per day
C) ​2545 kcal per day
D) ​2710 kcal per day
E) ​2983 kcal per day

Question 54

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
Mr. Bradley's comprehension of the need for a lower-phosphorus diet is reflected by which statement?​

A) ​"I will need to eat fewer fatty meats."
B) ​"I will need to avoid legumes."
C) ​"I will need to limit dairy products."
D) ​"I can eat all the bread I want."
E) ​"Becoming a vegetarian would best meet my protein needs."

Question 55

Uric acid kidney stones are most commonly associated with what condition?​

A) ​Hypercalcemia
B) ​Diabetes
C) ​Gout
D) ​Atherosclerosis
E) ​Diarrhea

Question 56

An example of a food that is high in oxalate is _____.​

A) ​grapes
B) ​milk
C) ​carrots
D) ​apples
E) ​spinach

Question 57

The most effective way to improve the iron status of patients undergoing dialysis is _____.​

A) ​oral iron supplements
B) ​IV iron administration
C) ​IV iron administration in conjunction with erythropoietin therapy
D) ​increasing intake of iron-rich foods
E) ​intramuscular iron injections

Question 58

Which factor may predispose an individual to kidney stone formation?

A) ​Increased volume of urine output
B) ​Intake of foods that contain tyrosine​
C) ​Recent gastrointestinal infection
D) ​Changes in urinary acidity
E) ​Decreased tissue perfusion

Question 59

The potassium content of vegetables can be reduced through which process?​

A) ​Steaming
B) ​Sautéing
C) ​Leaching
D) ​Boiling
E) ​Spraying

Question 60

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
​The primary goal(s) of medical nutrition therapy for Mr. Wilson at this time should be to _____.

A) ​lower his blood cholesterol levels
B) ​prevent PEM and weight loss
C) ​treat him for iron-deficiency anemia
D) ​prevent osteoporosis
E) ​eliminate excess potassium from his diet

Question 61

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
hypoalbuminuria​

Question 62

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
acute kidney injury

Question 63

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
anuria

Question 64

A patient presents with elevated BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure. He complains of fatigue, confusion, easy bruising, and pruritus. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of _____.​

A) ​cystinuria
B) ​diuresis
C) ​renal osteodystrophy
D) ​gout
E) ​uremia

Question 65

What describes an advantage of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis?​

A) ​It is less likely to cause blood clots.
B) ​Its dialyzer is typically more effective.
C) ​It is less likely to cause infection.
D) ​It requires fewer dietary restrictions.
E) ​It can be used for longer periods.

Question 66

A client is admitted to the emergency room and is found to have proteinuria, a low serum albumin, edema, and elevated blood lipids. The nurse recognizes these symptoms as those associated with _____.​

A) ​rejection of a kidney transplant
B) ​acute kidney injury
C) ​nephrotic syndrome
D) ​kidney stones
E) ​renal colic

Question 67

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
glomerular filtration rate

Question 68

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
uremia

Question 69

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
​filtrate

Question 70

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
dialyzer

Question 71

A patient's lab results reveal hypoalbuminemia. The nurse realizes that this is likely to cause _____ in the patient.​

A) ​edema
B) ​infection
C) ​rickets
D) ​altered blood lipids
E) ​hypertension

Question 72

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
nephrotic syndrome​

Question 73

A 52-year-old male patient recently required surgery for the removal of a large calcium oxalate stone. To prevent further stone formation, the nurse instructs him to consume plenty of fluids, but advises against drinking _____.​

A) ​apple juice
B) ​coffee
C) ​tea
D) ​draft beer
E) ​orange juice

Question 74

The nurse understands that patients on peritoneal dialysis may most likely experience what side effect?​

A) ​Weight loss
B) ​Hypoglycemia
C) ​Lactose intolerance
D) ​Hypertriglyceridemia
E) ​Uremia

Question 75

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
aldosterone

Question 76

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
​Bowman's capsule

Question 77

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
creatinine​

Question 78

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
diuresis

Question 79

Matching​
a. ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys
b. a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​
c. ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
d. ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction
e. ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
f. ​increased urine production
g. ​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
h. ​low plasma albumin concentrations
i. ​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
j. ​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
k. ​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
l. ​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
m. ​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
n. ​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
o. ​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
p. ​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
q. ​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
r. ​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food
end-stage renal disease

Question 80

The nurse in the dialysis unit understands that patients may experience various complications during hemodialysis. What describes a common complication during hemodialysis?​

A) ​Profuse sweating
B) ​Hypertension
C) ​Leg cramps
D) ​Severe pain
E) ​Confusion