Deck 25: Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Cancer and HIV Infection

Question 1

Which nutrition-related factor is associated with a high incidence of stomach cancer?

A) ​alcohol
B) ​fat
C) ​salt-preserved foods
D) ​sodium
E) ​obesity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A buffalo hump and lipomas are common side effects of drug treatments for HIV infection.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Nutrition-related factors may increase or decrease the risk of developing cancer.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Untreated HIV infection leads to AIDS in the majority of HIV-infected individuals.​

Question 5

Cancer cachexia is characterized by _____.​

A) ​anorexia
B) ​weight gain
C) ​slowed metabolism
D) ​increased appetite
E) ​increased blood glucose

Question 6

Some people with cancer fail to regain lean body mass even when they are receiving adequate nutrients and energy.

Question 7

A cancer that arises from muscle or bone is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) ​sarcoma
B) ​adenoma
C) ​carcinoma
D) ​melanoma
E) lymphoma

Question 8

Alcohol consumption correlates strongly with development of _____ cancer.

A) ​lung
B) ​kidney
C) ​liver
D) ​endometrium
E) ​prostate

Question 9

All of these nutrition-related factors may increase the risk of developing cancer except _____.

A) ​obesity
B) ​red meat intake
C) ​intake of salt-preserved foods
D) ​consumption of citrus fruits
E) ​foods grilled and charred

Question 10

Fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer for all of these reasons except _____.

A) ​they contain phytochemicals
B) ​many are rich in folate
C) ​they contain nutrients that have antioxidant activity
D) ​they are high in carbohydrate
E) ​they reduce DNA damage

Question 11

There appears to be a link between the consumption of _____ and a decreased risk of prostate cancer.

A) ​milk and dairy products
B) tomato products
C) ​citrus fruits
D) whole grains
E) ​vitamin C

Question 12

Most often, cancer is caused by interactions between a person's genes and environmental agents.

Question 13

Cancer cachexia affects over 80 percent of people with cancer.

Question 14

A copy of any advance directive should be part of a client's medical record.​

Question 15

Obese women have a higher risk of breast cancer than lean women because _____.

A) ​obese women have higher levels of estrogen
B) ​obese women eat high-fat diets
C) ​lean women exercise more
D) ​lean women have higher levels of estrogen in the body
E) ​obese woman have genetic factors that predispose them to cancer

Question 16

Herpes simplex is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat that often occurs in patients with HIV.

Question 17

Premenopausal women are at greater risk of developing breast cancer than postmenopausal women.​

Question 18

All of these factors are involved in the development of cancer except _____.

A) ​mutations in the genes that control cell division
B) ​chronic inflammation
C) ​bacterial infection
D) ​exposure to carcinogens
E) ​metabolic processes

Question 19

Fruits and vegetables have been shown to have a protective effect against all of these cancers except _____.

A) ​lung
B) ​esophagus
C) ​liver
D) ​stomach
E) ​pharynx

Question 20

Patients have a right to refuse medical treatment-including nourishment and hydration-even if refusing the treatment could result in death.

Question 21

The drug dronabinol is sometimes given to cancer patients to _____.​

A) ​increase lean body mass
B) ​shrink tumors
C) ​stimulate appetite
D) ​combat diarrhea
E) ​improve mental status

Question 22

Which factor is a major contributor to wasting associated with cancer?​

A) ​increased appetite
B) ​anorexia
C) ​insulin resistance
D) ​graft rejection
E) ​decreased fat metabolism

Question 23

A cancer patient complains that foods just don't taste right. What is an appropriate recommendation to help the patient handle this problem?

A) ​Consume smaller meals, and eat slowly.
B) ​Cut foods into smaller pieces.
C) ​Brush your teeth or use mouthwash before eating.
D) ​Ask your doctor about appetite-enhancing medications.
E) ​Drink water while eating to improve taste.

Question 24

The structure of methotrexate, a drug used to treat cancer, resembles that of _____.

A) ​vitamin C
B) ​vitamin E
C) ​folate
D) ​pyridoxine
E) ​adenine

Question 25

All of these factors play a role in the wasting associated with cancer except _____.​

A) ​cytokines
B) ​poor appetite
C) ​diversion of nutrients to support tumor growth
D) ​hormone levels
E) ​pain

Question 26

Weight gain often occurs in patients with cancer of the _____.​

A) ​colon
B) ​breast
C) ​stomach
D) ​pancreas
E) ​esophagus

Question 27

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increases the risk of _____.

A) ​foodborne illness
B) ​metastasis
C) ​dysphagia
D) ​Kaposi's sarcoma
E) ​hyperglycemia

Question 28

The progression of HIV can be evaluated by monitoring _____.

A) ​the viral load
B) ​serum albumin levels
C) ​weight changes
D) ​body composition
E) ​B cell function

Question 29

To improve energy intake and compensate for weight loss during cancer treatment, clients should be encouraged to _____.

A) ​use fats liberally
B) ​eat extra food immediately after treatment
C) ​avoid butter and margarine
D) ​eat more vegetables
E) ​eat smaller meals

Question 30

What is not a recommendation for reducing cancer risk?​

A) ​Limit the amount of physical activity performed on a daily basis.
B) ​Maintain a healthy body weight throughout life.
C) ​Choose a healthy diet that emphasizes plant sources.
D) ​Aim to meet nutritional needs through the diet.
E) ​Limit alcohol consumption to no more than one (woman) or two (men) drinks per day.

Question 31

All of these conditions are HIV-related causes of wasting except _____.​

A) ​anorexia
B) ​chronic diarrhea
C) ​altered metabolism
D) ​lipodystrophy
E) ​oral infections

Question 32

Immunotherapy can interfere with nutritional status in all of the following ways except _____.​

A) ​causing anorexia
B) ​interfering with appetite
C) ​causing GI problems
D) ​decreasing immune response
E) causing general discomfort

Question 33

A patient with _____ cancer may require long-term tube feeding.

A) ​breast
B) ​neck
C) ​bone
D) ​skin
E) ​prostate

Question 34

HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by all of these features except _____.​

A) ​abnormal lipid levels
B) ​accumulation of body fat in the hips
C) ​breast enlargement in both men and women
D) ​insulin resistance
E) ​loss of fat from the face

Question 35

The cause of HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome is _____.​

A) ​malnutrition
B) ​overeating
C) ​reproductive hormone imbalances
D) ​thyroid disorders
E) ​unknown

Question 36

Which condition does not contribute to malnutrition in HIV infection?​

A) ​increased gastric acid secretion
B) medication side-effects​
C) ​diarrhea
D) ​malabsorption
E) ​mouth lesions

Question 37

All of these side effects frequently accompany cancer therapies except _____.

A) ​altered taste perception
B) ​mouth sores
C) ​chronic blood loss
D) ​diarrhea
E) ​nausea

Question 38

Tube feeding or total parenteral nutrition may be indicated for patients _____.​

A) ​with cancer of the pancreas
B) ​with long-term gastrointestinal impairment
C) with short-term gastrointestinal impairment
D) who need to lose weight
E) ​with cancer of the nervous system

Question 39

All of these factors contribute to anorexia in cancer patients except _____.​

A) ​early satiety
B) ​mental stress
C) ​fatigue
D) ​reduced intestinal bacterial growth
E) ​digestive disturbances

Question 40

In order to increase caloric intake, an individual with cancer could substitute _____ for the milk normally used in recipes.​

A) ​Lactaid milk
B) ​chicken broth
C) ​fat-free evaporated milk
D) ​half-and-half
E) ​cottage cheese

Question 41

In order to increase Ms. Arther's protein intake, you suggest that she consume _____ freely.

A) fruit spreads​
B) ​mayonnaise
C) ​cheese
D) ​butter
E) ​olive oil

Question 42

Which condition is not an HIV-related cause of anorexia and reduced food intake?​

A) ​oral infections
B) ​early satiety
C) ​medications
D) ​respiratory disorders
E) emotional distress

Question 43

The symptoms that Ms. Arther is experiencing are consistent with _____.​

A) ​radiation enteritis
B) ​tissue rejection
C) ​steatorrhea
D) ​lipodystrophy
E) ​the cancer

Question 44

A type of cancer frequently associated with HIV infection is _____.​

A) ​Kaposi's sarcoma
B) ​thrush
C) ​Kaposi's adenoma
D) ​cryptosporidiosis
E) ​candidiasis

Question 45

Which substance improves lean tissue mass in HIV patients?

A) ​megestrol acetate
B) ​dronabinol
C) ​testosterone
D) ​antiretroviral agents
E) ​vitamin A and D

Question 46

Which condition is not associated with thrush in HIV patients?​

A) ​altered taste sensation
B) ​mouth pain
C) ​lesions around the lips
D) ​dysphagia
E) ​milky white coating on tongue

Question 47

Ms. Arther enjoys pudding and is able to tolerate it pretty well. To increase her caloric intake, you suggest that she make her pudding with _____.

A) ​half-and-half
B) ​whole milk
C) ​2% milk
D) ​powered milk
E) ​butter milk

Question 48

Kaposi's sarcoma can contribute to wasting in cancer patients due to _____.​

A) ​malabsorption of nutrients
B) ​lesions in the mouth and throat
C) ​depletion of lean body mass
D) ​respiratory disorders
E) ​hormonal changes

Question 49

A patient's right to make decisions concerning his or her own medical care is called _____.​

A) ​patient autonomy
B) ​informed consent
C) ​beneficence
D) ​distributive justice
E) ​maleficence

Question 50

A _____ is a request by a patient or surrogate indicating that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be withheld.​

A) ​legal will
B) ​DNR order
C) ​power of attorney
D) ​disclosure document
E) ​living trust

Question 51

Because of the symptoms Ms. Arther is experiencing, she is at risk for all of these conditions except _____.​

A) ​weight loss
B) ​fluid and electrolyte imbalances
C) ​negative nitrogen balance
D) ​dysphagia
E) ​muscle wasting

Question 52

Lipodystrophy can be treated with all of these methods except _____.​

A) ​resistance training
B) ​aerobic activity
C) ​medication to treat abnormal blood lipids
D) ​a low-kcalorie diet
E) ​antiretroviral drugs

Question 53

Mrs. Watson is a 55-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer. To reduce Mrs. Watson's risk of breast cancer, she is advised to _____.​

A) ​avoid alcohol and maintain a healthy weight
B) ​take a calcium supplement daily
C) ​eat less red meat
D) ​drink a glass of red wine with dinner
E) ​increase her fat intake

Question 54

Which alternative therapy might worsen HIV infection or AIDS by decreasing the effectiveness of antiviral drugs?​

A) ​echinacea
B) ​ginger
C) ​marijuana
D) ​biofeedback
E) ​acupuncture

Question 55

Which condition does not contribute to malnutrition in HIV-infected patients?​

A) ​intestinal malabsorption
B) ​lipid abnormalities
C) ​bacterial overgrowth
D) ​vomiting and diarrhea
E) ​medications

Question 56

A health proxy is also known as a _____.​

A) ​legal will
B) ​living will
C) ​power of attorney
D) ​disclosure document
E) ​living trust

Question 57

Disclosure refers to _____.​

A) ​a patient's right to be fully informed of a treatment's benefits and risks in a fair and honest manner
B) ​a comparison of the potential benefits and harm of any treatment
C) ​a patient's right to life-sustaining treatments
D) ​the ability to understand pertinent information and make appropriate decisions
E) ​performing beneficial services rather than harmful ones

Question 58

The primary focus of nutrition care for Ms. Arther is _____.

A) ​educating her on ways to prevent the recurrence of cancer
B) ​ensuring appropriate intakes of calories and protein
C) ​ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
D) ​preventing iron-deficiency anemia
E) ​preventing dehydration

Question 59

A durable power of attorney is used to _____.​

A) ​state one's wishes about treatments one does or does not want at the end of life
B) ​make medical decisions in the event of incapacitation
C) ​withhold CPR in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest
D) ​allow a physician to write a DNR order
E) ​preserve patient autonomy

Question 60

Which legal document allows a competent adult to clearly express directions regarding medical treatment in the event that he or she becomes incapacitated?​

A) ​living trust
B) ​power of attorney
C) ​living will
D) ​medical record
E) ​medical will

Question 61

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
carcinogenesis

Question 62

Which nutrition intervention is most appropriate for a patient who complains that food doesn't taste right?​

A) ​"Consume foods chilled or at room temperature."
B) ​"Let family members prepare food for you."
C) ​"Avoid foods with strong odors."
D) ​"Take a walk before you eat."
E) ​"Only eat foods you like."

Question 63

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
chemotherapy​

Question 64

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Question 65

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
herpes simplex

Question 66

Cancer patients exhibit an increased rate of protein turnover. This means that patients _____.​

A) ​may have a difficult time maintaining a healthy body weight
B) ​require less protein in their diets
C) ​should increase their intake of fats
D) ​may experience early satiety
E) ​have elevated levels of blood glucose

Question 67

Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer. One of its side effects is that it can cause a patient to become deficient in _____.​

A) ​essential fatty acids
B) ​folate
C) ​vitamin B₁₂
D) ​calcium
E) ​vitamin D

Question 68

A nurse is working with a cancer client who needs to add kcalories and protein to his diet. The best advice the nurse could offer would be to _____.

A) ​try new foods and experiment with herbs and spices
B) eat nutrient-dense foods first
C) ​use plenty of butter and margarine and add milk powder to casseroles
D) ​do not eat with others, since the company will be too distracting
E) ​eat fish and poultry more often

Question 69

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
carcinogens

Question 70

A patient with HIV is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of dehydration. The patient complains of chronic diarrhea. The nurse notes a 15-pound weight loss over a 4-week period. The most likely explanation for the patient's condition is:​

A) ​AIDS enteropathy.
B) ​thrush.
C) ​herpes simplex virus.
D) ​HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome.
E) ​dysphagia.

Question 71

During a class at a nursing home on cancer prevention, a resident asks if one's diet affects his or her risk of developing cancer. The speaker makes the following statements. Which one is incorrect?​

A) ​"Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal cancer."
B) ​"Fruits and nonstarchy vegetables may reduce the risk of several types of cancer."
C) ​"Foods rich in folate seem to prevent pancreatic cancer."
D) ​"Dairy foods have been implicated in many types of cancer."
E) ​"Tomato products may decrease the risk of prostate cancer."

Question 72

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
buffalo hump

Question 73

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
metastasize

Question 74

Mrs. Dwyer is a 48-year-old patient who is undergoing chemotherapy for uterine cancer. She complains of sores, swelling, and redness in her mouth. Mrs. Dwyer has developed _____.​

A) ​oral mucositis
B) ​radiation enteritis
C) ​steatorrhea
D) ​mental stress
E) ​anorexia

Question 75

A female cancer patient tells the nurse that she has begun taking St. John's wort in conjunction with her cancer therapy. How should the nurse respond?​

A) ​"Be sure you take the dose as prescribed on the bottle."
B) ​"Be sure you are buying a brand-name supplement."
C) ​"St. John's wort may reduce the effectiveness of your cancer therapy."
D) ​"I've read that St. John's wort can cure cancer, too."
E) ​"It's always good to supplement your health with natural remedies."

Question 76

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
cancer cachexia

Question 77

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
lipoma

Question 78

For a patient with chronic radiation enteritis, the best form of nutrition support is _____.​

A) ​an oral liquid supplement
B) ​enteral nutrition
C) ​parenteral nutrition
D) ​a pureed diet
E) ​high fat diet

Question 79

Matching
a. the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck
b. the process of cancer development
c. a fungal infection of the mouth and throat
d. to spread from one part of the body to another
e. substances that can cause cancer
f. a wasting syndrome, associated with cancer, that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue
g. the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells
h. benign tumor composed of fatty tissue
i. a common virus that can cause blister-like lesions on the lips and in the mouth
j. transplantation of the stem cells that produce red and white blood cells
candidiasis

Question 80

A nurse is working with a cancer patient admitted to the hospital with complaints of loss of appetite and weight loss. An assessment of the client also reveals depletion of lean body mass and serum protein. The nurse accurately recognizes these as characteristics of _____.​

A) ​graft-versus-host disease
B) ​human immunodeficiency virus
C) ​thrush
D) ​cancer cachexia
E) ​neutropenia