Deck 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorderss

Question 1

The _______________ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no or many symptoms.

A) acute
B) chronic
C) cyclic
D) terminal

Answer 1

cyclic

Question 2

One component of illness schemas involves perceptions of the range of symptoms and treatments associated with a particular disease.This component refers to the _______________ of the disease.

A) identity
B) consequences
C) cure
D) causes

Answer 2

consequences

Question 3

When under stress,people are more likely to

A) attribute stress-related physiological changes to stress rather than to illness.
B) attribute stress-related physiological changes to illness rather than to stress.
C) believe they are less vulnerable to illness and direct their attention outward.
D) repress their physical symptoms.

Answer 3

attribute stress-related physiological changes to illness rather than to stress.

Question 4

Illness schemas are acquired through

A) the media.
B) personal experience.
C) family and friends.
D) All of these.

Question 5

Medical student's disease is an example of the role of _______________ in the recognition of symptoms.

A) individual differences
B) Type A behavior
C) cultural differences
D) situational factors

Question 6

The model of illness that most people use to understand herpes is

A) acute.
B) chronic.
C) cyclic.
D) terminal.

Question 7

Maria Gonzales is a 75-year old mother,grandmother,and great grandmother who has lived in the Latino section of Las Cruces,NM,for many years.When her family,neighbors,and friends are ill they often consult with Maria before they go to the local drop-in health clinic.Maria is a part of the

A) CAL network.
B) home country system.
C) lay referral network.
D) delay behavior syndrome.

Question 8

Individual differences in neuroticism have been found to influence symptom

A) recognition but not reporting.
B) reporting but not recognition.
C) reporting and recognition.
D) None of these.

Question 9

Symptom recognition is determined by individual differences in

A) attention to one's body and situational factors.
B) tolerance of physical symptoms and access to medical care.
C) physical reactivity and situational factors.
D) physical reactivity and cultural factors.

Question 10

Kimberly has a mole on her stomach that throbs and hurts so bad she can't sleep.Kathy has a mole on her stomach that has been there for ten years and in the last few months seems to have grown larger.Who is most likely to see her physician tomorrow?

A) Kimberly
B) Kathy
C) Both are equally likely to see their physicians.
D) Neither is likely to see her physician.

Question 11

It is estimated that as many as _____ in __________ American adults use CAM in the course of a year.

A) one; two
B) two; three
C) two; five
D) one; three

Question 12

Bruce has found that he becomes increasingly fatigued after even mild exertion.He discusses his problem with his neighbor,Sam,who recently suffered from a similar problem.Sam tells him that a megadose of vitamin B complex completely eradicated his symptoms.Bruce tries Sam's remedy and does feel a little better.This is an example of

A) folk medicine.
B) self-care.
C) disease prototypes.
D) the lay referral network.

Question 13

People in a bad mood

A) suppress their symptoms and report fewer symptoms.
B) believe they are more capable of alleviating their symptoms.
C) are pessimistic that any actions they might take would relieve their symptoms.
D) perceive themselves as less vulnerable to future illness.

Question 14

Illness schemas can influence

A) preventive health behaviors.
B) reactions to symptoms.
C) adherence to treatment recommendations.
D) All of these

Question 15

Premenstrual symptoms have

A) a physiological basis only.
B) a psychological basis only.
C) both a physiological and a psychological basis.
D) are so rare that studying them is impossible.

Question 16

Women who believe they are premenstrual report

A) fewer physiological and psychological symptoms.
B) more physiological symptoms but fewer psychological symptoms.
C) vague sources of discomfort as premenstrual symptoms.
D) no changes in their physiological and psychological states.

Question 17

Symptoms that affect highly valued parts of the body are usually interpreted as

A) not serious.
B) more serious than other symptoms.
C) more painful than other symptoms.
D) more disabling than other symptoms.

Question 18

After each chapter in Dr.Woldt's Psychology of Abnormal Behavior class several students tell him about their symptoms that match the disorders studied that week.The students are experiencing.

A) retrospective memory.
B) suppressed memories.
C) psychological malaise.
D) medical student syndrome.

Question 19

Compared to those with no history of a particular medical condition,people who have a history of a particular medical condition are more likely to

A) increase their vigilance and monitor their physical status to detect transitory changes in their bodily state.
B) increase their vigilance and seek out information about the condition in an attempt to regain mastery and control.
C) underestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus overestimate the threat to their health.
D) overestimate its prevalence in the general population and thus regard their situation as less serious.

Question 20

Kimberly's eye is red and swollen with a white crust around the tear ducts.Kathy has a mole on her stomach that has been there for ten years and in the last few months seems to have grown larger.Who is most likely to see her physician tomorrow?

A) Kimberly
B) Kathy
C) Both are equally likely to see their physicians.
D) Neither is likely to see her physician.

Question 21

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggests that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

A) "Are you currently sad or depressed?"
B) "Are you currently sexually active?"
C) "What brought you to see me today?"
D) general social talk in order to put the patient at ease.

Question 22

Last week Robert noticed his urine was pale pink.Today he telephoned the appointment desk at the local clinic.The soonest he can see his physician is two weeks away.Robert is in the ________________ stage of delay behavior.

A) illness
B) appraisal
C) behavioral
D) medical

Question 23

Last week Robert noticed his urine was pale pink.After several days he decided that this may be something serious,but then again it probably will go away on its own.Robert is in the ________________ stage of delay behavior.

A) illness
B) appraisal
C) behavioral
D) medical

Question 24

Although _______________ may contribute to higher levels of use of medical care by women,this/these same factor(s)also contribute(s)to women's poorer health.

A) lower levels of employment
B) higher rates of part-time employment
C) lower economic status
D) All of these.

Question 25

Who was most vulnerable to being "bitten" by the "June Bug"?

A) single women
B) married women with children
C) single men
D) married men with children

Question 26

The correct order of the stages of delay in seeking treatment is

A) appraisal, illness, behavioral, and medical delay.
B) behavioral, appraisal, illness, and medical delay.
C) appraisal, illness, medical, and behavioral delay.
D) appraisal, symptom, illness, and medical delay.

Question 27

Brandon is very careful about what he eats focusing on fruits and vegetables and limiting fats.He uses a commercial anti-bacterial wash to clean these fruits and vegetables.He exercises at least 30 minutes every day.When he sees someone in the restroom leave without washing their hands he uses a paper towel to open the door so he is not exposed to germs.When he has a cold he goes to bed for the first two days.If the cold symptoms last longer than seven days,he makes an appointment with his primary care physician.Brandon is

A) a somaticizer.
B) a polysymptomatic somaticizer.
C) one of the worried well.
D) a hypochrondriac.

Question 28

Of the following,the Internet is used most for

A) shopping.
B) locating health information.
C) getting sports scores.
D) buying stocks.

Question 29

Illness delay is the time

A) it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.
B) between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment.
C) between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.
D) between a person's recognition of a symptom and when the person seeks treatment.

Question 30

Admissions to university health services sometimes double or triple prior to midterm and final exams.This may occur because

A) illness is an excellent excuse for failing to meet one's obligations.
B) symptoms of stress are misidentified as illness.
C) students are run down from efforts at studying, and, thus, are more vulnerable to common disorders.
D) All of these.

Question 31

Last week Robert noticed his urine was pale pink.After several days Robert realizes he must seek treatment.However,he leaves tomorrow morning for a week-long conference in Florida.Thus,he decides to wait until he returns before he calls his physician.Robert is in the ________________ stage of delay behavior.

A) illness
B) appraisal
C) behavioral
D) medical

Question 32

Women's higher use of medical care and poorer health than men may be attributed to the following factor(s):

A) lower levels of employment.
B) higher rates of part-time employment.
C) lower economic status.
D) All of these

Question 33

The use of health services is lowest in

A) childhood.
B) adolescence and young adulthood.
C) middle age.
D) old age.

Question 34

The notion that illness may actually be reinforcing because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

A) malingering.
B) delay behavior.
C) secondary gains.
D) hypochondriasis.

Question 35

The Health Belief Model best predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

A) men.
B) women.
C) ethnic minorities.
D) people with money and access to health services.

Question 36

Somaticizers

A) exhibit strong beliefs in self-care.
B) tend to express distress and conflict through physical symptoms.
C) repress their symptoms during times of stress.
D) All of these.

Question 37

Sarah has missed work for the last six days.This morning when she called in sick once again,her boss told her she must either provide documentation by a physician of her illness or her pay would be docked.This is

A) sick-role behavior.
B) social sanctioning.
C) sick-role interference.
D) social authority.

Question 38

The patient who complains of a medical disorder that is rightfully psychological in nature is most likely to be treated by a

A) psychiatrist.
B) general practitioner.
C) specialist.
D) lay practitioner.

Question 39

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in

A) budget cuts, which have restricted access to programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
B) preventive health services.
C) the use of the lay referral network.
D) the use of emergency care services.

Question 40

Yesterday Robert noticed his urine was pale pink.His first thought was "what did I eat that was red?" Robert is in the ________________ stage of delay behavior.

A) illness
B) appraisal
C) behavioral
D) medical

Question 41

At the time of the writing of your textbook,what do we know about complementary and alternative medicine?

Question 42

The nature of physical symptoms may play an important role in a patient's delay behavior.Specifically,a patient will seek treatment less quickly when a symptom

A) is new.
B) is highly visible.
C) does not hurt.
D) None of these.

Question 43

Explain how social and psychological factors are implicated in the interpretation of symptoms.

Question 44

Illness schemas may be interesting to study but research suggests they have few consequences for health behaviors.

Question 45

Threats to self-esteem are related to the tendency to somaticize.

Question 46

Delay is most common among people who

A) have an internal locus of control and value self-care.
B) are elderly and perceive their symptoms to be serious.
C) have no regular contact with a physician.
D) have a poor interpersonal relationship with their regular physician.

Question 47

Up to _____ percent of patients delay taking recommended treatments,put off getting tests,or postpone acting on referrals.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 50

Question 48

How prevalent is the utilization of health care services for nonmedical complaints? Who is likely to do so and why?

Question 49

Explain how social and psychological factors are implicated in the recognition of symptoms.

Question 50

Medical delay

A) accounts for at least 30 percent of all delay behaviors.
B) is more likely when symptoms deviate from the practitioner's disease prototype.
C) is more likely in cases where the diagnosis is not serious.
D) is unrelated to the diagnostic process.

Question 51

People's awareness of their internal physiological state is remarkably accurate.

Question 52

Symptoms that are painful are more likely to be interpreted as serious and requiring medical treatment.

Question 53

Research sponsored by the United Nation's World Health Organization indicates that ginko bilbao is a safe alternative medicine for promoting circulation.

Question 54

You have been asked to develop a public information program designed to minimize the delay behavior of people who evidence one or more of the seven warning signs of cancer.Considering the research evidence presented in your text,the most effective appeal would emphasize the fact that

A) certain cancers have a very poor prognosis and a high mortality rate.
B) although the side effects can be debilitating, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can successfully treat many cancers.
C) aggressive treatment enhances one's chances of surviving cancer.
D) precancerous symptoms are seldom troublesome or alarming, yet everyone is vulnerable to the disease and should seek early treatment.

Question 55

Older adults are more likely than other adults to delay medical treatment.

Question 56

Describe and discuss the four stages of delay behavior.Provide an original example for each stage.

Question 57

College students use health services more during stressful times.

Question 58

The role of psychological factors in the experience of symptoms is evidenced by the fact that women tend to minimize naturally fluctuating bodily states when they are premenstrual.

Question 59

Highly prevalent risk factors or disorders are generally regarded as less serious than rare or distinctive risk factors or disorders.

Question 60

People who are anxious or neurotic are more likely to recognize physical symptoms and worry about them without seeking treatment.