Question 1

The principle of double effect makes it morally acceptable to&#10;A) euthanize patients who request it, provided that the procedure is done with the consent of two physicians.&#10;B) euthanize patients who request it, provided that the procedure is handled by two physicians, each of whom administers a less than lethal dose of medication.&#10;C) give medication to relieve pain, even if this could be foreseen to lead to death.&#10;D) give medication to relieve pain with the double intent of causing death.

Accepted Answer

The principle of double effect states that an action can be morally acceptable if it has both good and bad effects, as long as the good effect is intended and the bad effect is merely foreseen but not intended. In the case of administering medication to relieve pain, the intended effect is to relieve pain and the foreseen effect is that it may shorten the patient's life. Therefore, it is morally acceptable to administer the medication for pain relief. Choices A and B are not consistent with the principle of double effect because they involve intentionally causing a patient's death. Choice D also involves the intention to cause death, which is not in line with the principle of double effect.

Question 2

Which of the following terms refers to cases in which the decision about death is not made by the person who is to die because she/he has failed to give consent or instructions and the decision is then left to family, friends, or physicians?

A) involuntary euthanasia
B) nonvoluntary euthanasia
C) voluntary euthanasia
D) advance directive

Accepted Answer

Involuntary euthanasia is the act of ending someone's life without their consent, even if they have expressed the desire not to be killed. This is different from voluntary euthanasia, which involves a person with a terminal illness consenting to end their own life, and nonvoluntary euthanasia, which occurs when the patient is unable to express their wishes and a surrogate decision-maker must make the decision for them. An advance directive is a legal document that outlines a person's wishes for medical treatment in the event that they become incapacitated and unable to make decisions for themselves.

Question 3

&#34;Active euthanasia&#34; can be classified as which of the following?&#10;A) a passive act of not taking steps to prolong life&#10;B) withdrawing the feeding tube of a person in a persistent vegetative state&#10;C) a deliberate act via a definite action that results in killing someone (including oneself)&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

Active euthanasia involves a deliberate act that ends someone's life, rather than simply not taking steps to prolong it (passive euthanasia) or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from someone in a persistent vegetative state. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 4

Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all brain functions under which of the following notions of &#34;death&#34;?&#10;A) higher-brain&#10;B) traditional&#10;C) whole-brain&#10;D) personhood

Accepted Answer

The notion of whole-brain death defines death as the complete and irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem. This is the most widely accepted definition of death in medical and legal contexts. The higher-brain and personhood notions of death focus on the loss of consciousness or self-awareness, while the traditional notion of death is more vague and culturally dependent.

Question 5

&#34;Passive euthanasia&#34; can be classified as which of the following?&#10;A) a passive act of not taking steps to prolong life&#10;B) a deliberate act via a definite action that results in killing someone (including oneself)&#10;C) injecting a patient with a lethal overdose of narcotics to end his/her suffering&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

Passive euthanasia is defined as the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment or medical intervention, and is often referred to as "letting die." It is different from active euthanasia which involves a deliberate act to end someone's life. Injecting a patient with a lethal overdose of narcotics (choice C) would be an example of active euthanasia, not passive. Choice B is a definition of active euthanasia. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Question 6

Death is defined as the point when an individual ceases to be a person under which of the following notions of &#34;death&#34;?&#10;A) whole-brain&#10;B) traditional&#10;C) higher-brain&#10;D) personhood

Accepted Answer

The personhood notion of death defines death as the point when an individual ceases to be a person, focusing on the loss of characteristics that define personhood, such as consciousness and self-awareness.

Question 7

Which of the following terms refers to cases in which someone ends the life of another contrary to that person's wish (i.e., the individual not only fails to give consent but expresses the desire not to be killed)?

A) involuntary euthanasia
B) voluntary euthanasia
C) nonvoluntary euthanasia
D) advance directive

Accepted Answer

Voluntary euthanasia refers to cases in which a person requests that their life be ended, either directly or by refusing treatment. In contrast, involuntary euthanasia refers to cases in which a person's life is ended without their consent, and nonvoluntary euthanasia refers to cases in which a person is unable to make a decision about their end-of-life care. An advance directive is a legal document in which a person specifies their wishes for medical treatment in the event that they become unable to make decisions for themselves.

Question 8

What makes it wrong, according to Singer, to kill any being?&#10;A) Killing ends the possibility that the being can experience whatever further good life holds.&#10;B) Killing evinces a lack of respect for the being's autonomy.&#10;C) Killing is against the Biblical injunction not to kill.&#10;D) Killing violates the Hippocratic Oath.

Accepted Answer

According to Singer, what makes it wrong to kill any being is that killing ends the possibility that the being can experience whatever further good life holds.

Question 9

Which of the following terms refers to cases in which the decision about death is not made by the person who is to die because she/he has failed to give consent or instructions and the decision is then left to family, friends, or physicians?

A) involuntary euthanasia
B) nonvoluntary euthanasia
C) voluntary euthanasia
D) advance directive

Accepted Answer

Nonvoluntary euthanasia refers to cases where the decision about death is not made by the person who is to die because she/he has failed to give consent or instructions and the decision is then left to family, friends, or physicians. Involuntary euthanasia refers to cases where the person has explicitly expressed their wish to live, but the decision is made to end their life against their wishes. Voluntary euthanasia is when the person who is to die gives explicit consent to their own death. An advance directive is a legal document that outlines a person's wishes regarding their medical treatment if they become unable to make decisions for themselves in the future.

Question 10

Death is defined as the permanent loss of consciousness under which of the following notions of &#34;death&#34;?&#10;A) higher-brain&#10;B) whole-brain&#10;C) traditional&#10;D) personhood

Accepted Answer

The higher-brain notion of death defines death as the permanent loss of consciousness, focusing on the irreversible cessation of cognitive functions.

Question 11

Rachels argues that&#10;A) killing and letting die are morally distinct.&#10;B) killing is always morally worse than letting die.&#10;C) letting die is always morally worse than killing.&#10;D) the moral significance of the distinction between killing and letting die should be challenged.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rachels argues that&#10;A) killing and letting die...

Question 12

Living wills&#10;A) only apply to patients with terminal illnesses.&#10;B) only apply to patients who are permanently unconscious.&#10;C) only apply to patients with terminal illnesses, or who are unconscious.&#10;D) only apply to patients who have identified proxy decision-makers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Living wills&#10;A) only apply to patients with...

Question 13

The term &#34;euthanasia&#34; comes from the Greek term for a&#10;A) painless death.&#10;B) good death.&#10;C) unnatural death.&#10;D) immoral death.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term &#34;euthanasia&#34; comes from the Greek...

Question 14

Which of the following characterizes a person in a persistent vegetative state?&#10;A) the cerebral hemispheres are damaged or dysfunctional&#10;B) she/he is able to breathe and excrete on their own&#10;C) her/his eyelids may blink and the eyes may move but only reflexively&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following characterizes a person...

Question 15

Death is defined as the permanent cessation of breathing and heart beat under which of the following notions of &#34;death&#34;?&#10;A) traditional&#10;B) whole-brain&#10;C) higher-brain&#10;D) personhood

Accepted Answer

The answer of Death is defined as the permanent cessation...

Deck 7: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Death Suicide-PART A