Deck 11: Urbanization and Sustainable Communities Creating Green Cities

Question 1

_____________________ is the migration of people to large cities.

A)Rural migration
B)Sprawl zones
C)Urbanization
D)Exurbs

Answer 1

Urbanization

Question 2

Explain the patterns in the development of megacities from the mid-20th century to 2030.

Answer 2

In the 1950s,there were only two cities that would classify as megacities (those with populations greater than 10 million): New York City,which was the largest in the world with 12.3 million people,and Tokyo,a close second with 11.3 million people.By 2014,the number of megacities expanded to 28,and that number is expected to increase to 41 cities by 2030.There are also patterns in the rate of growth that differ across the globe.Cities such as Tokyo,New York,and Mexico City (megacities in 1980)will continue to grow,but their rate of growth will be greatly exceeded by many Asian cities,such as Mumbai,Shanghai,and Delhi,each of which is expected to approximately triple in size between 1980 and 2030.

Question 3

All the following statements are true about the movement of the world's population EXCEPT _________________.

A)more people live in urban areas than in rural areas
B)the rate of population growth has increased since the end of the 20th century
C)urbanization is occurring in developed,developing,and nondeveloped countries
D)All of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 3

the rate of population growth has increased since the end of the 20th century

Question 4

Urban areas are sometimes warmer than the surrounding countryside.This phenomenon is known as ___________________.

A)environmental justice
B)the urban heat island effect
C)global warming
D)the greenhouse effect

Question 5

All of the following are true about urban areas when compared with rural areas EXCEPT___________________.

A)they have higher population densities
B)there is less personal vehicle travel
C)the homes are smaller
D)they have a lower carbon footprint
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 6

The disadvantages of urbanization for a society include ___________________.

A)higher energy efficiency in stacked houses
B)more job opportunities
C)a higher rate of disease
D)more transportation options
E)more services for citizens

Question 7

What is the population size generally considered for classifying a city as a megacity?

A)1 million
B)5 million
C)10 million
D)50 million
E)100 million

Question 8

Which of the following factors requires urban areas to use more fossil fuel than rural areas?

A)dependence on food and resource inputs from outside the city
B)concentrated wastes that have to be transported away
C)traffic congestion and the lack of available parking
D)All of these answer choices are correct.
E)None of these answer choices are correct.

Question 9

Refer to Infographic 2B.Explain the causation of the urban heat island effect and the issues it leads to.

Question 10

Refer to Infographic 2B.Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of residing in an urban area?

A)more job opportunities
B)better quality of life
C)more educational opportunities
D)better health care options

Question 11

What has happened to the distribution of people (rural and urban)from the 1950s to 2013?

Question 12

Which of the following are reasons urban areas are environmentally unfriendly?

A)importation of food and exportation of waste
B)traffic congestion
C)sewage overflow
D)both traffic congestion and sewage overflow
E)importation of food and exportation of waste,traffic congestion,and sewage overflow

Question 13

Where are the majority of megacities predicted to be in 2030?

A)Asia
B)North America
C)South America
D)Europe
E)Africa

Question 14

Refer to Infographic 2A.Discuss at least two environmental benefits of urbanization.

Question 15

Refer to Infographic 2A.Which country has the lowest carbon footprint?

A)United States
B)Spain
C)China
D)Japan
E)Brazil

Question 16

Advantages of urbanization for a society include ___________________.

A)concentrated wastes that have to be transported away
B)lower energy impact per person due to smaller homes and less traveling
C)the urban heat island effect
D)dependence on food and resource inputs from outside the city
E)higher levels of air pollution

Question 17

Densely populated regions that include cities and the suburbs that surround them are known as _________________.

A)urban areas
B)sprawl zones
C)core areas
D)exurbs

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about the world's population?

A)Population growth has reached peak levels.
B)People are moving out of cities and into rural areas.
C)People are moving out of rural areas and into cities.
D)Equal amounts of people live in rural areas and cities.

Question 19

In the New York case study,the South Bronx handled ______ of the entire city's waste.

A)5%
B)10%
C)15%
D)40%
E)80%

Question 20

How many megacities are there predicted to be by 2030?

A)5
B)34
C)20
D)41
E)100

Question 21

Urban flight today can be triggered by which of the following?

A)clean air in cities
B)low cost of city living
C)friendly neighbors
D)overcrowding
E)the need for more farmers

Question 22

Homes that are built father away from the urban centers of cities are normally _______________ and _____________ energy efficient than those found in urban centers.

A)smaller; less
B)smaller; more
C)larger; less
D)larger; more
E)They're about the same as homes built in cities.

Question 23

A major obstacle in environmental justice projects is often _____________________.

A)that waste sites in the neighborhood are harmful
B)the thought that parks and green space are seen as benefits
C)that green space would attract new investment
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

The more sparsely populated towns beyond the immediate suburbs whose residents commute into the city for work are called ________________.

A)exurbs
B)super suburbs
C)rural areas
D)urban areas
E)urban sprawl areas

Question 25

Why would some consider the Cross Bronx Expressway a contributor to environmental justice problems?

Question 26

Which of the following is normally a consequence of urban/suburban sprawl?

A)loss of farmland
B)wildlife loss
C)ecosystem disruption
D)large ecological footprint
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT normally found in the poorer districts of a city?

A)sewage plants
B)landfills
C)power plants
D)recycling facilities
E)top-notch health care facilities

Question 28

The Cross Bronx Expressway was built to accommodate urban flight,but it also brought a lot of issues.Which of the following is NOT one of those issues?

A)displacement of thousands of residents
B)unemployment due to factories
C)redlining
D)worsened commuting
E)asthma

Question 29

The phenomenon of the spread of low population-density development across the landscape is referred to as________________.

A)urban flight
B)suburban sprawl
C)zoning
D)infill development
E)new urbanism

Question 30

Majora Carter's South Bronx Greenway would provide many benefits,including _________________.

A)new waste sites as income generators
B)increased air quality
C)alternative transportation opportunities
D)both new waste sites as income generators and increased air quality
E)both increased air quality and alternative transportation opportunities

Question 31

Environmental justice is becoming more relevant as more people move to and live in cities.This migration has created imbalances among communities concerning environmental burdens and benefits.Globally,more than ________________ people live in slums near large cities.

A)500,000
B)3 million
C)85 million
D)1 billion
E)13 billion

Question 32

A consequence of urban flight was suburban sprawl.Suburban sprawl is the conversion of rural areas into suburbs and ________________,

A)towns
B)communities
C)villages
D)exurbs
E)townships

Question 33

The process of people leaving the inner-city area to live in surrounding areas is called ________.

A)suburban sprawl
B)exurb sprawl
C)urban flight
D)urban migration
E)urban flee

Question 34

What is suburban sprawl,and what environmental problems does it generate? Describe three potential problems and briefly discuss the implications of these problems for human society.

Question 35

Which of the following are impacts of sprawl?

A)Sprawl limits transportation options,forcing people to drive cars.
B)Sprawl reduces pollution,as pollutants get dispersed over a large area.
C)Sprawl promotes physical activity,as people have to walk long distances to get to their cars parked in huge parking lots.
D)The low-density development of sprawl enables more open space to be saved.
E)Sprawl has lower infrastructure costs and a smaller ecological footprint compared with downtown urban centers.

Question 36

Residents of which areas have the greatest environmental impact?

A)urban
B)suburban
C)exurban
D)rural
E)The impact for all the areas is the same.

Question 37

________________ is defined as a slow conversion of rural areas into suburban and exurban ones.

A)Suburban sprawl
B)Suburban flight
C)Urban sprawl
D)Exurban sprawl

Question 38

Which of the following can we do to help prevent suburban sprawl?

A)maintain open and agricultural land
B)establish urban growth boundaries
C)implement infill
D)build up rather than out
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 39

Urban flight was made possible by mass transit and the _________________.

A)automobile
B)Internet
C)telephone
D)cable
E)mail

Question 40

Why are minority communities traditionally burdened with more than their share of environmental risks in this country?

Question 41

Which of the following is considered a component of green building?

A)low-VOC design features
B)the use of sustainable FSC lumber
C)strategically placed windows
D)the use of wind turbines and water-saving devices
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 42

In urban design,fossil fuel use can be reduced at many levels.So while implementing bike lanes and mass transit would be part of a _______________ strategy,installing energy-efficient skylights and rooftop solar panels would be part of a _______________ movement.

A)new urbanism; green roof
B)environmental justice; infill development
C)LEED; sustainable city
D)greenway; zoning
E)smart growth; green building

Question 43

Why does open space make a difference?

A)Trees and plants can trap pollutants from the air,reducing what infiltrates people's lungs.
B)Parks improve both the physical and psychological health of people who live near them.
C)More green space can mean less crime.
D)Open space provides people a connection to nature,and the built environment in which they live essentially increases community pride.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 44

LEED certifies green buildings based on which of the following?

A)cost efficiency
B)sustainable building material use
C)innovative design
D)both sustainable building material use and innovative design
E)cost efficiency,sustainable building material use,and innovative design

Question 45

What is zoning?

A)the classification of areas for different types of development and land use
B)the practice of promoting urbanization in rural areas
C)the professional pursuit of designing efficient cities
D)the establishment of public parks and gardens in urban centers
E)areas that allow animals to travel between islands of protected habitat

Question 46

What makes a city "green"?

A)having policies to improve air quality
B)using more renewable energy than nonrenewable energy
C)using programs that reduce vehicle traffic in the city
D)increasing green space around the city
E)All of these answers make a city "green."

Question 47

The movement to rejuvenate communities,improve the quality of life,and reduce ecological footprints using such strategies as establishing urban boundaries to preserve open space and directing development toward existing communities is referred to as _______________.

A)smart growth
B)urbanization
C)infill development
D)urban flight
E)suburban sprawl

Question 48

________________ is a strategy that creates walkable communities with lower ecological footprints.

A)Smart growth
B)Infill development
C)New urbanism
D)Sustainable growth
E)Carbon offset

Question 49

Refer to Infographic 4.What are some of the unwanted consequences of suburban sprawl?

Question 50

The City University of New York Institute for Research on the City Environment estimates if a city is designed and built sustainably,the impact of people living in that city will be about _____ of an average American.

A)1/3
B)1/4
C)1/2
D)3/4
E)the same

Question 51

What is the key way to persuade people to support smart growth?

A)show the government how much would be saved in health care costs
B)show the benefits of the triple bottom line
C)show the benefits to hiring a new green workforce
D)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 52

________________,which promotes the creation of compact,mixed-use communities,with all of the amenities for day-to-day living close by and accessible,can _______________ urban residents.

A)Infill development; improve environmental justice for
B)Green building; increase energy efficiency and thus reduce CO₂ emissions of
C)Environmental justice; ensure affordability,even in the face of increasing property values,for
D)New urbanism; reduce the ecological footprint of
E)Smart growth; reduce traffic congestion and thus improve air quality for

Question 53

Which of the following demonstrates how green spaces and community gardens in a city improve the physical and psychological health of people who live near them?

A)decreasing space for people to exercise
B)releasing pollutants from the air
C)increasing rainwater that could carry trash into the river
D)decreasing opportunities for relaxation
E)providing a healthy food option

Question 54

Which of the following would NOT be a way to assess whether a city is "green," according to the Green City Index?

A)measuring emissions of specific air pollutants
B)tracking energy consumption of each person
C)measuring the percentage of waste that is recycled
D)calculating the amount of green space
E)All of the methods can measure how "green" the city is.

Question 55

What is a sustainable city? Explain how strategies such as infill development,urban growth boundaries,and mixed land use enable a city to become sustainable.

Question 56

Why are parking garages considered part of the new urbanism?

A)They encourage single occupancy car use.
B)They are more compact than parking lots.
C)They are an important part of suburban and exurban development-the growth pattern of the future.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 57

Refer to Infographic 7.Explain at least three ways to create a sustainable city.

Question 58

Characteristics of a sustainable city include _______________.

A)maximized sprawl
B)minimized walkability
C)increased local self-sufficiency
D)decreased urban growth boundaries
E)zoning laws' prohibition of mixed-use development

Question 59

As more people migrate to the suburbs and exurbs,many cities have passed ______________ to create buffer zones between commercial and residential areas.

A)zoning laws
B)suburbs laws
C)exurbs laws
D)migration laws
E)development rules

Question 60

Which urban planning term is correctly matched to what it represents?

A)green buildings - a strategy that helps create walkable communities with lower ecological footprints
B)infill development - construction and operation designs that promote resource and energy efficiency
C)urban growth boundaries - the development of empty lots within a city
D)Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - a certification program awarding a rating to buildings that include environmentally friendly sound design features
E)green roofs - rooftop-installed energy production using such technologies as solar panels or wind turbines to reduce fossil fuel use

Question 61

What is a green building? Describe three design features that help make a building green,and explain the benefits of such choices.

Question 62

You want to find a city with an abundance of green spaces.Green spaces have benefits:

A)physically,as people can jog,bike,and play.
B)environmentally,as unpaved areas can reduce flooding and provide habitat for wildlife.
C)socially,through community pride and higher property values.
D)All of these are benefits of green spaces.

Question 63

Science Literacy Use Infographic 2A below to answer the following questions:
The smallest amount of carbon dioxide emissions for a city shown is:

A)3.4
B)2.3
C)4.8
D)8.2

Question 64

However,you have noticed while living in urban areas the city is usually warmer than the areas around it.This is due to a combination of:

A)too little vegetation,too much pavement,and high energy use.
B)too much vegetation,pavement,and energy use.
C)too little vegetation,pavement,and energy use.
D)too little vegetation,too much pavement,and lowered energy use.

Question 65

You like living in an urban environment.One benefit of living in a city is:

A)resources like food and energy are constantly imported.
B)the dense population can cause higher traffic congestion.
C)recycling and mass transit programs are easier to implement.
D)the development of outlying agricultural land.

Question 66

Match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that it best exemplifies.

Question 67

What of the following is NOT a LEED rating for sustainable buildings?

A)silver
B)gold
C)platinum
D)bronze
E)standard

Question 68

Science Literacy Use Infographic 2A below to answer the following questions:
The country with the largest difference between their city average and the national average is:

A)The United Kingdom
B)Spain
C)Japan
D)The United States

Question 69

Your company asks if you would like to live in an urban area or a suburban area.You ask to move to a sustainable city with smart growth.In a city with smart growth,you expect there to be:

A)separate residential and commercial areas.
B)buildings outside the city instead to using existing communities.
C)reliable public transportation,bike lanes,and walkable passageways.
D)resources located out away from the city and transported in daily.

Question 70

Science Literacy Use Infographic 2A below to answer the following questions:
How much more carbon dioxide does the country of Spain emit than the city of Barcelona?

A)3.4
B)10
C)6.6
D)2.3

Question 71

Science Literacy Use Infographic 2A below to answer the following questions:
The statement that best describes this infographic is:

A)Most cities have greater carbon dioxide emissions than their national average.
B)People living in urban environments have smaller carbon footprints than people living in suburban or rural areas.
C)Cities require too much energy and are warmer than the surrounding countryside.
D)Air pollution in cities is higher than their national average due to traffic congestion.

Question 72

Science Literacy Use Infographic 2A below to answer the following questions:
Which city has the largest average carbon footprint?

A)New York City
B)Barcelona
C)Shanghai
D)Glasgow

Question 73

Your company wants your input on their new building.They would like it to be LEED certified.Which of the following would be a good recommendation to help your company?

A)Using any kind of interior material,and focusing only on green spaces outside.
B)Implementing a standard roof to prevent runoff.
C)Building a new building instead of retrofitting an older building.
D)Focusing on green spaces outside,and using sustainable materials and products throughout the building.