Deck 10: Social Psychology

Question 1

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior,thoughts,and feelings are influenced by _________.

A)cognition
B)mental processes
C)the real,imagined,or implied presence of others
D)psychology

Answer 1

the real,imagined,or implied presence of others

Question 2

In Solomon Asch's study,which factor increased the rate of conformity?

A)the task difficulty was increased
B)the confederates were all adults
C)the number of confederates increased
D)the participants were given two chances at responding

Answer 2

the number of confederates increased

Question 3

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences.What they have in common is that they are all forms of ___________.

A)learning
B)intuition
C)reinforcement
D)conformity

Answer 3

learning

Question 4

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on _________.

A)people's susceptibility to clever advertising
B)the influences of the social world in which we exist
C)abnormal behavior
D)conformity

Question 5

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient?

A)hostility
B)submissiveness
C)aggressiveness
D)No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.

Question 6

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something ________.

A)in the environment
B)in the person's disposition
C)that is a biological trait
D)with an unconscious motivation

Question 7

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available.During a class discussion,he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor.When it is his turn to speak,he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers.Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

A)compliance
B)persuasion
C)conformity
D)obedience

Question 8

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird.It's a plane.It's Superman!" If you looked up,would you be conforming?

A)Yes.You would be looking up because you were told to do so.
B)No.Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing,not being told to do so.
C)Yes.Conformity means doing what you are told or else.
D)No.Looking up only means you are curious.

Question 9

Which aspect of culture tends to increase rates of conformity?

A)sex-role stereotypes
B)low socioeconomic status
C)high level of collectivism
D)high levels of societal dependence

Question 10

Dr.Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups.One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text but would get 2 extra points on the next test.The other group also read 20 pages,but were given 25 extra points om the next test.The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was.According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study,what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class?

A)Both groups would say the pages were boring.
B)The first group would say the pages were boring but the second group would not.
C)Both groups would say the pages were interesting.
D)The first group would say the pages were interesting but the second group would say the pages were boring.

Question 11

The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was _______________.

A)selecting paint colors
B)judging line sizes
C)rating new fashions
D)taste-testing new candies

Question 12

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by __________.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Singer

Question 13

It is 1951,and you are required to participate in a perception experiment.You join seven others seated in a room.You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is studying ___________.

A)bystander apathy
B)social loafing
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 14

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

A)Compliance is a response to a direct request,whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
B)Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.
C)Conformity involves direct group pressure for change,whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
D)Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members,whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

Question 15

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate,you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is."I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments.Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction,what are you most likely to think to yourself?

A)This relationship is doomed,because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby,not far away.
B)I'm going to have to listen to this all year,because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run.
C)I wish he'd realize that everything he is saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other,and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up.
D)This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships.

Question 16

Prejudice is to discrimination as _________.

A)attitude is to behavior
B)behavior is to attitude
C)neutral is to negative
D)stereotype is to feeling

Question 17

Changing one's own behavior to match that of other people is called _________.

A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance

Question 18

What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo's classic study at Stanford University?

A)The prison break at Attica prison in New York
B)The events in Waco,Texas,in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents
C)The events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq
D)The attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11,2001

Question 19

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

A)the task difficulty was increased
B)the confederates were all adults
C)one confederate gave a correct response
D)the participants were given two chances at responding

Question 20

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class,Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes.This example illustrates the _________technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)foot-in-the-door

Question 21

Which aspect of culture tends to increase rates of conformity?

A)sex-role stereotypes
B)low socioeconomic status
C)high level of collectivism
D)high levels of societal dependence

Question 22

Many people hang up on telemarketers,but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product.Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product,thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

A)risky shift
B)polarization
C)foot-in-the-door
D)door-in-the-face

Question 23

________ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 24

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about __________ of the time.

A)one-fifth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 25

Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong,Japan,and Zimbabwe.In fact,in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported.What might explain this increase in conformity?

A)These three countries are all located in warmer climates,which Asch found leads to more conformity.
B)These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.
C)These three countries have generally individualistic cultures.
D)These three countries did not have access to Asch's work so their findings were not influenced by the original study.

Question 26

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity,the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer.How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring?

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)twelve

Question 27

Carlos and his work associates form a close,friendly group,and they usually work well together.However,they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ___________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)generational identity
C)groupthink
D)self-serving bias

Question 28

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s.The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _________.

A)the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
B)people today are more obedient
C)people in the 1950s had less money
D)people today watch more television

Question 29

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident,several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death.Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional,the more the friends talked,the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary.What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?

A)social influence
B)prosocial behavior
C)altruism
D)groupthink

Question 30

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon

Question 31

A group of four friends,two men and two women,are out for an evening on the town."I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says."Nah,let's go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies.What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome?

A)The group will probably go to the club,as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.
B)The group will end up going in two separate ways - the women to the bookstore and the men to the club - as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments.
C)The group will probably go to the bookstore,as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men.
D)The group will probably do both tasks,as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome.

Question 32

In order to reduce groupthink,which of the following strategies would be employed?

A)making sure that group members do not "rock the boat"
B)finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires
C)seeking opinions of people inside the group
D)voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands

Question 33

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation,they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________.

A)groupthink
B)mass thought
C)consumerism
D)solidarity think

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of groupthink?

A)the crash of the Hindenburg
B)the Titanic
C)the Boston Red Sox
D)World War II

Question 35

Close,friendly groups usually work well together,but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ___________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)groupthink
C)generational identity
D)self-serving bias

Question 36

An example of ________ was NASA's decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite widespread concerns about its booster rockets.

A)group polarization
B)groupthink
C)social loafing
D)social facilitation

Question 37

Of the following,a(n)________ would probably not be viewed as a "compliance professional."

A)advertiser
B)door-to-door salesperson
C)teacher
D)fundraiser

Question 38

The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues,such as arms control.She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in _________.

A)latent obedience
B)intrinsic reinforcement
C)latent learning
D)groupthink

Question 39

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until _________ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 40

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______.

A)obedience
B)compliance
C)conformity
D)persuasion

Question 41

Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique,which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 42

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of _________.

A)the September 11,2001 attacks
B)President Clinton's impeachment
C)President Kennedy's assassination
D)the Holocaust during World War II

Question 43

At the supermarket,a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza.He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill.This manufacturer is depending on the social process of _________ to increase sales.

A)the norm of reciprocity
B)deindividuation
C)group polarization
D)social facilitation

Question 44

You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail.The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it.What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?

A)norm of reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)augmented return
D)social facilitation

Question 45

The tendency of people to comply with a second,lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ________ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 46

Hannah asks Jin to babysit her daughter for five hours each on Saturday and then Sunday.Once Jin declines,Hannah asks Jin to babysit for four hours on Saturday only and Jin agrees to do it.This example demonstrates the ________ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 47

The tendency of people to comply with a second,larger request after complying with a small request is called the ________ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)response cue

Question 48

You are in the market for a new car.You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive.Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive?

A)that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door
B)norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door
C)social facilitation and norm of reciprocity
D)groupthink and social facilitation

Question 49

"Jeremy,can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday?" your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal,you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh,that's great! Thanks so much.By the way,I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.

A)lowball
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience

Question 50

"Mommy,mommy,mommy," your young son asks frantically."Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply,"We can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection,your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay,I guess so," you answer,not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the ___________ technique to get what he wanted.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)that's-not-all
D)lowball

Question 51

In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment,the teachers were given a "sample shock" of ________ volts.

A)10
B)25
C)30
D)45

Question 52

When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you'd be willing to pay,but immediately after telling you the price he yells,"Plus,if you act now,we'll double your order absolutely free!" This is a classic example of the _____________ technique.

A)lowballing
B)that's-not-all
C)order-now
D)door-in-the-face

Question 53

Which of the strategies for gaining compliance discussed by your textbook is least likely to influence an individual from a collectivist culture,such as Japan?

A)that's-not-all technique
B)lowballing technique
C)norm of reciprocity
D)foot-in-the-door technique

Question 54

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales.At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation.Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology,you recognize the concept as _____________.

A)the norm of reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)foot-in-the-door effect
D)returning a favor

Question 55

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class,Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes.This example illustrates the _________technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)foot-in-the-door

Question 56

While walking through an airport,a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt,saying "I'd like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends.Would you like to make a donation to our cause?" This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money.

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)that's-not-all technique
C)norm of reciprocity
D)lowball technique

Question 57

What is a difference between obedience and conformity?

A)In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
B)Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.
C)Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request.
D)In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.

Question 58

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-door
C)primacy
D)bait-and-switch

Question 59

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for.This is called the ___________ technique.

A)that's-all-folks
B)one-mo'-time
C)that's-not-all
D)there's-still-more

Question 60

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years.When you refuse,she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo.She is using the ________

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 61

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience.How are these 100 people likely to respond?

A)The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
B)The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.
C)Most of the women would refuse to obey,whereas almost all of the men would obey.
D)Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.

Question 62

Attitudes are ____________.

A)innate
B)generally positive
C)learned
D)unchangeable

Question 63

What do we call judgments about people,situations,objects,or thoughts?

A)cognitions
B)stereotypes
C)attitudes
D)attributions

Question 64

You want to visit Argentina,but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there.Which component of attitude is being affected?

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 65

If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic,then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.

A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational

Question 66

A response,either positive or negative,toward a certain person,idea,object,or situation is called ____________.

A)bystander apathy
B)an attitude
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 67

A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research.He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles.Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

A)"Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn"
B)"Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
C)"Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"
D)"Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"

Question 68

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A)cognitive
B)feeling
C)intuition
D)behavioral

Question 69

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.

A)reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)foot-in-the-door
D)returning-a-favor

Question 70

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her trust of the candidate represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 71

Which of the following is one of the three major components of attitudes?

A)thoughts
B)personality
C)goals
D)dispositional

Question 72

Your attitudes are most likely to influence specific behaviors when the attitudes are:

A)only moderately important
B)very specific
C)not relevant to the behavior
D)difficult to access from memory

Question 73

Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims.What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock?

A)100 volts
B)450 volts
C)625 volts
D)999

Question 74

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

A)Individuals easily conform to group norms.
B)The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
C)People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
D)Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.

Question 75

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient?

A)hostility
B)submissiveness
C)aggressiveness
D)No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.

Question 76

An attitude has ________ major components.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 77

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 78

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

A)Bea feels recycling is a great concept.
B)Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home.
C)Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.
D)Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Question 79

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?

A)Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.
B)Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners.
C)Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs.
D)A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.

Question 80

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

A)thinking about others
B)action
C)obedience
D)objective