Deck 9: Reproduction and Mothering

Question 1

Someone who isn't able to become pregnant after a year of vaginal intercourse without using any birth control is experiencing

A) fertility.
B) infertility.
C) conception.
D) contraception.

Answer 1

infertility.

Question 2

Which of the following attitudes is consistent with the motherhood mandate,as described in the text?

A) Many people equate being a woman with being a mother.
B) The ability to menstruate is often equated with womanhood.
C) Women without children are often stigmatized as selfish.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Answer 2

All of the answer options are correct.

Question 3

Which attribute has been most consistently linked to experiencing infertility?

A) race
B) ethnicity
C) age
D) marital status

Answer 3

age

Question 4

Which is NOT a common reason described in the text for deciding to have an abortion?

A) fear of childbirth
B) not being able to afford a baby
C) having relationship problems with one's partner
D) wanting to continue with one's education

Question 5

Given what is known about people who seek to have an abortion in the United States,who is most likely to decide to have an abortion after an unintended pregnancy?

A) Larissa,a depressed woman who is unhappy in her marriage
B) Samantha,who is an impoverished single mother
C) Amanda,a recent college graduate whose income is supplemented by her parents
D) Malia,who is a highly successful professional tennis coach

Question 6

Who is MOST likely to have positive attitudes about a woman who chooses not to have a child?

A) well-educated men and women
B) well-educated women
C) well-educated men
D) men with less education and women with more education

Question 7

A woman's personal choice to become a mother is affected by her

A) relationship with her sexual partner.
B) access to financial resources.
C) access to contraceptive methods.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is the clearest sign that ovulation has just occurred,rendering a woman fertile within the next 24 or so hours?

A) an increase in body temperature
B) a decrease in body temperature
C) an increase in the amount of cervical mucous excreted
D) a decrease in the quality of cervical mucous excreted

Question 9

In the United States,some patients seeking to have an abortion are subject to mandates requiring

A) that they wait a certain amount of time before they have the procedure.
B) parental notification and/or consent.
C) invasive vaginal ultrasounds.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 10

Who would be most accurately described as showing voluntary childlessness?

A) Paula,who does not have children although she is of child bearing age
B) Pam,who is unsure whether she could afford to parent one or more children
C) Kayla,who adopted an infant who had been a ward of the state
D) Karli,who froze her eggs so that she can decide whether to get pregnant later in life

Question 11

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for anxiety,lower self-esteem,and lower life satisfaction after no longer being pregnant?

A) Jill,who was granted access to abortion in her first trimester
B) Kim,who was granted access to abortion in her second trimester
C) Lia,who continued her pregnancy after being denied access to abortion
D) Mei,who continued her pregnancy after deciding that she was ready to become a mother

Question 12

Transmen who did not have gender confirming surgery and who want to be pregnant may do which of the following?

A) view the experience of pregnancy and childbirth as a path to fatherhood
B) menstruate 3-6 months after they stop taking testosterone
C) plan to become pregnant but also many have unintended pregnancies
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how pregnancy resolution is related to mental health?

A) Abortion almost always leads to mental health problems.
B) People who are seeking or have had an abortion may experience stress related to unintended pregnancy,and stress may have a negative impact on mental health.
C) After experiencing an unintended pregnancy,women who give birth have better mental health outcomes than women who have an abortion.
D) Feelings of depression are common after abortion but very rare after giving birth.

Question 14

In a "pronatalist" country,where most people perceive it is necessary for women to bear and raise children,

A) women without children are stigmatized and less satisfied with their lives.
B) there are few socially accepted roles for women beyond the role of mother.
C) women may not have access to birth control.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 15

The term __________________ refers to the tendency for women who have more resources to have greater autonomy in their decisions about whether to have and parent children.

A) reproductive justice
B) voluntary childlessness
C) stratified reproduction
D) motherhood mandate

Question 16

From a reproductive justice standpoint,which of the following would NOT be considered a basic right?

A) to parent children only if one has enough money and other resources
B) to not parent children
C) to parent children in safe and healthy environments
D) to express one's sexual and gender identity without fear

Question 17

Ariadne,a lesbian woman,wants to be pregnant.According to the text,what is she most likely to do?

A) track her ovulation and then insert semen into the vaginal canal via syringe
B) track her ovulation and then engage in vaginal sex with a man who will co-parent the child
C) measure her cervical mucous quality and then choose a compatible donor sperm
D) adopt or foster a child

Question 18

When researchers compared adults with and without children,they found that

A) in most countries,parents report greater levels of life satisfaction than adults without children.
B) couples without children report less marital satisfaction than couples with children.
C) older adults without children report less stress than those with children.
D) older adults without children report lacking social support in their lives.

Question 19

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate description of typical attitudes about abortion in the United States?

A) Most people hold either an extremely pro-life or an extremely pro-choice view.
B) Some pro-life advocates are also advocates for maternal and child health care.
C) Some people argue that legal access to abortion should be banned in all cases,regardless of health risks.
D) Some people argue that legal access to abortion should be granted in all cases,regardless of why the abortion decision was made.

Question 20

Which of the following women living in the United States is most likely to be able to make a truly autonomous decision about what to do in response to an unexpected pregnancy?

A) Andi,who is in a secret committed relationship with her professor
B) Candy,who works as a hotel maid while her spouse is deployed overseas
C) Sandee,who is parenting three children and one stepchild at home
D) Mandy,who works as an administrator for a global media company

Question 21

Which of the following factors have been related to the distress and stigma associated with infertility?

A) living in a pronatalist country
B) the belief that pregnancy legitimizes one's womanhood
C) the belief that motherhood legitimizes one's womanhood
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 22

Most prospective adoptive parents,during the process of adopting,

A) are evaluated as to whether they are financially prepared to raise a child.
B) need to have enough money to pay for legal and other expenses.
C) have their medical records reviewed to ensure they are physically fit enough to parent.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following women is most likely to embrace adoption as a pathway to motherhood?

A) Celeste,a White heterosexual woman who identifies as atheist and who has struggled with infertility for 2 years
B) Alexis,a Black lesbian woman who has a strong Christian faith
C) Aimee,a single White heterosexual woman who has no particular religious affiliation
D) Chloe,a Black heterosexual woman without any religious affiliation who is unsure about her fertility status

Question 24

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about public adoption?

A) About 85% of the children needing to be placed with a home are newborns.
B) Because public adoption is often very expensive,only wealthier individuals pursue this route.
C) Public adoptions tend to move quickly.
D) Public adoptions can involve unexpected delays and barriers.

Question 25

Experts have determined that it is ethical for pregnancy surrogates to receive money as long as the surrogate

A) maintains a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy.
B) relinquishes the baby after birth.
C) is paid only for her expenses and time.
D) is paid the same amount of money regardless of how healthy the baby is after birth.

Question 26

Clea is 12 weeks pregnant when she begins to experience heavy vaginal bleeding.Clea is most likely experiencing

A) a miscarriage.
B) a stillbirth.
C) menstruation.
D) false labor.

Question 27

A stillbirth occurs when a pregnancy is lost after the _________ gestational week.

A) 9th
B) 15th
C) 20th
D) 30th

Question 28

The fact that Latinx and Black women are less likely than White women to receive treatment for infertility provides a clear example of

A) stratified reproduction.
B) traditional surrogacy.
C) social motherhood.
D) reproductive tourism.

Question 29

Which of the following types of adoptions occur when prospective parents work with a state agency and a child is placed in their home?

A) public
B) private
C) open
D) closed

Question 30

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of in vitro fertilization (IVF)treatment success?

A) smoking marijuana to reduce stress
B) being married
C) male factor infertility
D) female factor infertility

Question 31

Angelique and Alexander want to pursue adoption to become parents.Which of the following will they NOT have to do in the process of adopting?

A) complete a background check
B) have their home inspected
C) be evaluated as to their financial stability
D) prove that they have struggled with infertility for at least two years

Question 32

Which of the following assertions about in vitro fertilization (IVF)is MOST accurate?

A) Most often,those who undergo IVF become pregnant using their own genetic material.
B) Women who donate eggs for use in IVF are generally older women who are no longer seeking to become pregnant themselves.
C) It is illegal to pay women for donating their eggs for use in IVF.
D) IVF is a form of intrauterine insemination.

Question 33

Which of the following women living in the United States would be considered a social mother?

A) Jenny,who adopted a 9-month-old infant from China
B) Silvia,who adopted a newborn baby from Florida
C) Sudha,who became Daniel's stepparent when she married Daniel's dad,Steve
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following women is MOST likely to experience successful treatment for infertility?

A) Hana,a 38-year-old woman,who has a 39-year-old husband
B) Elaine,a 44-year-old woman,who has a 41-year-old boyfriend
C) Wanda,a 34-year-old woman,who has a 45-year-old husband
D) Lanna,a 52-year-old woman,who has a 45-year-old boyfriend

Question 35

After undergoing ________________ surrogacy,the woman who carried and delivered the baby is most likely to be recognized by a court of law as a legitimate mother with parental rights.

A) gestational
B) traditional
C) artificial
D) altruistic

Question 36

Which of the following refers to the implantation of an egg that was fertilized outside of the body into the uterus?

A) intrauterine insemination
B) in vitro fertilization
C) assisted technology
D) reception of oocytes from partners

Question 37

Based on the research on coping after stillbirth,which would NOT be recommended as helpful?

A) avoiding seeing or touching the baby
B) holding and rocking the baby
C) telling others,such as friends and colleagues,that the baby died
D) receiving social support

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a reason for distress following a miscarriage described in the text?

A) Women often feel isolated because they may not have told anyone they were pregnant.
B) Women may feel emotionally distant from their romantic partners.
C) Women may experience relationship problems because sex reminds them of their loss.
D) Women may need to see a physician to ensure the products of conception are cleared from the uterus.

Question 39

Women who experience stillbirth MOST commonly describe feeling

A) fearful.
B) empty.
C) lonely.
D) ill.

Question 40

Which of the following refers to the injection of washed sperm into the uterus at the time of ovulation?

A) intrauterine insemination
B) in vitro fertilization
C) assisted technology
D) reception of oocytes from partners

Question 41

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate regarding morning sickness?

A) The more ill a woman feels,the more at risk she is for a miscarriage.
B) Morning sickness only occurs early in pregnancy.
C) About 85% of women experience morning sickness early in pregnancy.
D) Morning sickness is triggered by time,not by tastes or smells.

Question 42

Why might cesarean births be preferred over vaginal births?

A) They are more convenient.
B) They require less time to recover.
C) They are less expensive.
D) They are underutilized despite their effectiveness.

Question 43

Taceana had a cesarean section.She is feeling overwhelmed and anxious about bonding with her new baby,and they both are awake most of the nights.When her mother in law made recommendations about improving their sleep,Taceana burst into tears.Which term BEST describes Taceana's current state?

A) postpartum depression
B) postpartum anxiety
C) the baby blues
D) insomnia

Question 44

Postpartum mood is often affected by hormonal changes after birth,which typically include

A) an increase in progesterone and estrogen levels.
B) a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels.
C) an increase in progesterone levels and a decrease in estrogen levels.
D) a decrease in progesterone levels and an increase in estrogen levels.

Question 45

Which statement about adoption is MOST consistent with the concept of stratified reproduction?

A) More Black women than White women have taken steps toward the adoption a child.
B) Adoption is one way that couples become parents after fertility treatments do not succeed.
C) Wealthier couples can pursue more possible routes to adoption than less wealthy couples.
D) Children of adopted by families of a different race may receive unwelcome public attention.

Question 46

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about how the transition to parenthood affects parental well-being?

A) After a child is born,mothers show increased romantic relationship quality that persists for at least six months.
B) After a child is born,mothers show increased self-esteem that persists for at least six months.
C) After a child is born,mothers have less of a sense of life meaning.
D) After a child is born,mothers have fewer benefits related to parenthood than fathers.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of pregnancy-related death?

A) Maternal mortality is decreasing in the United States.
B) Black women are more likely than White women to die during labor and delivery.
C) Black infants are more likely than White infants to die while being born.
D) Stress due to racism experienced by women of color adversely affects childbirth outcomes.

Question 48

When a woman is visibly pregnant,she is LEAST likely to experience people

A) touching her belly while on the street.
B) giving her advice without being asked.
C) offering their seats on public transportation.
D) showing kindness as she applies for a new job.

Question 49

The most common type of mood disruption that women experience after birth is known as

A) postpartum depression.
B) postpartum anxiety.
C) the baby blues.
D) insomnia.

Question 50

The medical intervention that most directly involves pain management during childbirth is an

A) episiotomy.
B) epidural.
C) epidermis.
D) epicurious.

Question 51

Which of the following has NOT been identified in research summarized in the text as related to a positive childbirth experience?

A) feeling confident in one's ability to labor and deliver
B) shared decision making with the clinician and the laboring pregnant patient
C) feeling a sense of control
D) having one's partner and mother present the labor and delivery room

Question 52

Which of the following is the most accurate description of typical childbirth in the United States?

A) Childbirth generally takes 2-3 hours and rarely involves any type of medical intervention.
B) An epidural,which provides pain relief,helps childbirth to move more quickly.
C) A baby in the breech position (feet facing the vaginal canal)is likely to be delivered surgically.
D) Contractions begin only after the cervix is open 10 centimeters wide.

Question 53

Which of the following responses to a pregnant women's expression of body dissatisfaction is most likely to help her feel better?

A) "Your body is amazing in how it can create and sustain life."
B) "You should join a gym so you can feel more fit and more confident about losing weight after birth."
C) "You should read celebrity blogs to get tips on how to 'get your body back.'"
D) "It's normal for men to lose sexual interest during the second trimester,so you have nothing to worry about."

Question 54

Who is MOST at risk for developing depressive symptoms following an adoption process?

A) Ling,who placed her infant for adoption and maintained periodic contact with the adoptive family
B) Mary,who placed her infant for adoption but did not receive any information about her infant's new home
C) Sally,who adopted an infant who didn't regularly sleep through the night
D) Loretta,who adopted a two-year-old who frequently has temper tantrums

Question 55

Based on maternal mortality statistics,which of the following pregnant women is at GREATEST risk for experiencing a pregnancy-related death?

A) Zoe,who is a Latinx woman with a high school diploma
B) Chloe,who is a Black woman with a master's degree in accounting
C) Alison,who is a White college student completing a bachelor's degree in art history
D) Kirsten,who is a White woman who never completed her associate degree

Question 56

How does the transition to motherhood affect a woman's sense of identity?

A) They may feel a loss of self when they subordinate their own needs for the needs of a child.
B) They may feel anxious about their competency in meeting all of their child's many needs.
C) They may feel they have a new definition,as a person and as the mother of another person.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 57

Who is MOST likely to be treated with kindness and compassion by strangers while visibly pregnant?

A) Octavia,a Black teenager,who dropped her keys and can't bend over to pick them up
B) Nicolas,a Middle Eastern transman,who is carrying heavy packages
C) Denice,a White adult,who is sitting at a restaurant bar while waiting to be seated for dinner
D) Lolly,a White teenager,who is smoking a cigarette

Question 58

Based on research on pregnancy and body dissatisfaction,which of the following pregnant women is MOST likely to enjoy positive feelings about her body?

A) Rosario,who has begun to gain weight but doesn't yet appear obviously pregnant
B) Solange,who is reading celebrity pregnancy blogs about how to "get your body back"
C) Kim,who is in her third trimester and whose partner initiates sex multiple times a week
D) Keke,who is worried about how her pregnancy is making her clothes appear too tight

Question 59

The benefits of an open adoption include

A) improved well-being for the birth mother and the child who had been adopted.
B) more people to make important parenting decisions on behalf of the child.
C) a less lengthy adoption process.
D) a less expensive adoption process.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of postpartum depression?

A) hearing voices
B) suicidal thoughts
C) feelings of worthlessness
D) exhaustion

Question 61

Which of the following women is MOST likely to breastfeed?

A) Samantha,age 19,a depressed woman who got married after she found she was pregnant
B) Larissa,age 21,an impoverished homeless single mother who is living in her car
C) Amanda,age 23,a single college graduate who does not need to work because she is supported by her parents
D) Maddy,age 29,a married and financially successful professional tennis coach

Question 62

Which of the following is a challenge to feminist mothering faced by heterosexual couples?

A) gendered expectations affect which parent does most of the child care
B) traditions involving last names privilege the male partner
C) women often internalize expectations about the benefits of intensive parenting
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to exclusive breastfeeding?

A) Breastfeeding is difficult to learn.
B) Breastfeeding can be painful.
C) Breastfeeding places virtually all responsibility for feeding on the birth mother.
D) Breastfeeding is often strongly encouraged by health-care staff.

Question 64

Which of the following mothers living in the United States is LEAST likely to be blamed for her child's problems?

A) Lolly,a White woman whose triplets,conceived from IVF,were born underweight
B) Lotte,an immigrant from Sweden who needs a translator to communicate with her child's teacher
C) Lauren,a Black woman who could not afford to pay for prenatal health care appointments
D) Lori,a Cuban woman whose child was diagnosed with autism

Question 65

Alice co-sleeps with her baby and feeds her baby whenever the baby seems hungry.She carries the baby in a sling,so that they are in constant physical contact,and she frequently plays videos to stimulate her baby's cognitive development.Alice seems to be engaged in

A) maternal gatekeeping.
B) intensive parenting
C) feminist mothering.
D) attachment parenting.

Question 66

Mothers who are ___________ are especially likely to be blamed for their children's problems.

A) single
B) lesbian
C) poor
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 67

How does the birth of a child affect how heterosexual couples navigate child care at home?

A) Most women and men plan to divide child care equally,a 50-50 split.
B) Many women plan to do somewhat more child care than their husbands but end up doing less than expected.
C) Many women plan to do somewhat more child care than their husbands but end up doing even more than expected.
D) Many women plan to do somewhat more child care than their husbands but end up doing all of it.

Question 68

In some heterosexual couples with children,mothers limit the degree to which fathers are involved in child care.This is known as

A) relative resources theory.
B) mother blaming.
C) maternal gatekeeping.
D) social exchange.

Question 69

In one study,almost ________ percent of mothers reported having unwanted intrusive thoughts about intentionally harming their child.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 50

Question 70

Which concept BEST explains the criticism faced by the single mothers who interviewed for a job while their children played in a mall food court?

A) maternal gatekeeping
B) mother blaming
C) intensive parenting
D) feminist mothering

Question 71

Which of the following affects the tendency for many women to feel incompetent as new mothers?

A) Women may feel incompetent when they find child care difficult because the challenges of mothering are rarely openly discussed.
B) Women may blame themselves for their parenting difficulties because mothering is culturally seen as a "natural" part of being a woman.
C) Social media depictions of family life are curated to show happy,well-behaved children.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 72

Breastfeeding has been shown in research studies to benefit the physical health of

A) the child but not the mother.
B) the mother but not the child.
C) both the mother and the child.
D) the child and the intelligence of the mother.

Question 73

Which of the following concepts is MOST likely to be used to criticize women with children who are dedicated to their careers?

A) maternal gatekeeping
B) mother blaming
C) intensive parenting
D) feminist mothering

Question 74

Which kind of feminism most directly relates to the idea that women are uniquely suited to care for children?

A) cultural
B) liberal
C) radical
D) second wave

Question 75

Research suggests that,compared to children raised by lesbian parents,children of heterosexual parents

A) score higher on measures of emotional and social outcomes.
B) score higher on measures of academic outcomes.
C) experience more physical forms of discipline by their mothers.
D) experience closer relationships with their mothers.

Question 76

Tanisha delivered her first baby vaginally two months ago.She's exhausted and overwhelmed-she won't let anyone else hold the baby,and she can't sleep at night because she checks that her baby is still breathing every twenty minutes.Which term seems to BEST describe Tanisha's current state?

A) postpartum depression
B) postpartum anxiety
C) the baby blues
D) insomnia

Question 77

Which of the following is true of mother blaming,which is the idea that women should be held responsible for their children's behaviors and health?

A) It is a myth that most women reject as unreasonable.
B) It affects how social sciences researchers understand how clinical problems develop.
C) It leads all mothers to be equally likely to be blamed for adverse outcomes such as delivering a low birth weight baby.
D) It has given way to a widely shared belief that fathers are just as responsible as mothers for children's well-being.

Question 78

Barriers to breastfeeding include

A) being perceived as less competent at work.
B) concerns about how breastfeeding will affect breast size or shape.
C) strangers' disapproval while in public places.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 79

Which of the following has been shown to contribute to contemporary norms for intensive parenting?

A) fears about the world being a dangerous place
B) the belief that children need adult assistance to spend their time in beneficial ways
C) expectations that parents will provide enrichment opportunities to cultivate the child's brain growth
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 80

Pediatric specialists recommend that infants be breastfed for 6 months.In research conducted in the United States,_______ percent of 6-month-old babies were breastfed.

A) 27
B) 37
C) 52
D) 81