Deck 6: Womens Bodies

Question 1

Adrienne was diagnosed by her physician as obese.Based on the research presented in your textbook,which of the following is NOT an accurate description of how others might respond to Adrienne?

A) She will be respected by others as long as she maintains good grooming and hygiene.
B) She may be mocked or ridiculed for her appearance.
C) She may be legally discriminated against based on her size in most areas of the United States.
D) She is less likely than a thin person to be hired or promoted in the workplace.

Answer 1

She will be respected by others as long as she maintains good grooming and hygiene.

Question 2

Which of the following is the best explanation of colorism?

A) Colorism is a preference for White people over people of color.
B) Colorism is a preference for lighter skin within communities of color only.
C) Colorism is a preference for lighter skin within communities of color as well as in society generally.
D) Colorism is a bias against people who appear to be multi-racial and whose race/ethnicity seems ambiguous.

Answer 2

Colorism is a preference for lighter skin within communities of color as well as in society generally.

Question 3

Which of the following individuals shows the most normative discontent?

A) Aiko,who feels uncomfortable when her boyfriend describes her as "gorgeous" or "sexy"
B) Sudha,who rips out the pads in her push up bra because she thinks they make her look fat
C) Nikki,who refuses to wear makeup because the makeup company tests their products on animals
D) Randi,who is determined to learn to do a headstand in yoga class because everyone else can

Answer 3

Aiko,who feels uncomfortable when her boyfriend describes her as "gorgeous" or "sexy"

Question 4

According to the text,what is a major limitation of research on beauty norms?

A) Researchers primarily focus on the thin ideal,a norm that is central to White women's concerns.
B) Researchers find beauty concerns to be less important to study than other concerns,like equal pay.
C) Research on beauty norms centers the role of the family over the role of the media.
D) Research on beauty norms centers the role of the media over the role of the family.

Question 5

Anais is celebrating her 21st birthday at the beach,where she and a large group of friends are playing volleyball and swimming.Who might be involved in objectifying Anais?

A) primarily men
B) primarily women
C) primarily Anais
D) men,women,and Anais herself

Question 6

Who is MOST likely to experience self-objectification?

A) Kelli,an artist,who paints nude models to create sensual art for her own gallery.
B) Kate,an accountant,who is training for an upcoming marathon in another state.
C) Kay,a nurse,who shops at expensive boutiques where she tries on new fashions.
D) Keisha,a teacher,who reads historical fiction extensively.

Question 7

Which of the following most accurately describes the link between poverty and fatness?

A) People who live in poverty spend most of their money on food,so they overeat to avoid wasting money.
B) People who live in poverty tend not to watch TV,so they do not internalize media messages about beauty standards.
C) Many people who live in poverty cannot afford nutritious foods and access to exercise equipment.
D) People who eat at restaurants spend a lot of money and are less healthy because restaurant food tends to be both costly and unhealthy

Question 8

When someone is objectified,that person is

A) being viewed more as a thing than as a person.
B) seen in terms of external rather than internal qualities.
C) the subject of visual scrutiny.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation made by the textbook about improving the existing research literature on beauty norms?

A) Norms that affect women of color could be more consistently investigated.
B) More research could be conducted by researchers who are themselves women of color.
C) More women of color could be recruited as participants in research.
D) The shared concerns of White women and women of color could be identified.

Question 10

When a person considers how others might evaluate her appearance,she is participating in

A) a shared male gaze.
B) self-objectification.
C) normative discontent.
D) cultivation.

Question 11

According to the text,beauty norms

A) vary across time and place.
B) vary within a given social group.
C) are primarily taught by fathers to daughters via explicit instruction.
D) affect adult women,but not adolescents or school-aged girls.

Question 12

According to the text,compared to less attractive women,attractive women may

A) have a hard time getting a job,because beautiful women are assumed not to be smart.
B) be assumed to have many positive internal qualities,because "what is beautiful is good."
C) be more interested in love and family relationships than career success.
D) be more interested in career success than love and family relationships.

Question 13

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of research on selfies?

A) Women who are satisfied with their bodies rarely post selfies on social media.
B) Women who are dissatisfied with their bodies avoid taking or posting selfies on social media.
C) Women who post more selfies on social media show greater acceptance of the thin ideal.
D) Women who post more selfies on social media need extensive compliments and "likes" in order to avoid body dissatisfaction.

Question 14

Compared to women who are judged as not meeting societal standards for attractiveness,women who are judged as attractive

A) are treated more positively by women but not men during social interactions.
B) are judged favorably by men but treated similarly by both women and men during social interactions.
C) may be judged negatively for being either too attractive or too appearance-focused.
D) benefit in terms of finding a romantic partner but are usually penalized in the workplace.

Question 15

According to the text,normative discontent occurs because

A) societal standards for beauty are impossible to attain for most women.
B) ads designed to encourage women to purchase beauty products tend to elicit dissatisfaction with the natural body.
C) many women feel their appearance is constantly evaluated by others.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 16

Who developed objectification theory?

A) Rodin and Bakerson
B) Roeper and Ebert
C) Fredrickson and Roberts
D) Frye and Randazzo

Question 17

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which a person's internal qualities are ignored in favor of focus on a person's external appearance and presentation?

A) the male gaze
B) objectification
C) normative discontent
D) cultivation

Question 18

Self-objectification may be both expected and beneficial while doing which of the following?

A) waiting tables at a bar
B) posing for a portrait
C) jogging in the rain
D) breastfeeding an infant

Question 19

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to objectify the women with whom they work?

A) a swim coach
B) a yoga instructor
C) a physical therapist
D) an orthodontist

Question 20

Self-objectification may be considered the LEAST harmful when it occurs during

A) specific,time-limited activities,such as trying on clothes or being photographed.
B) specific,time-limited activities,such as jogging,hiking,or lifting weights.
C) sexual interactions,by focusing more on how one's body looks rather than how it feels.
D) general public interactions,by focusing on how potential strangers might view the self.

Question 21

Which of the following general belief systems are NOT directly linked to colorism?

A) racism
B) classism
C) Euro-centrism
D) heterosexism

Question 22

Barbie,a doll that depicts an idealized 19-year-old body,differs from the typical 19-year-old in which of the following ways?

A) Barbie is taller and has longer legs.
B) Barbie has a longer neck and a larger bust.
C) Barbie has a smaller waist.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 23

According to classic research,three years after TV was introduced to the Fiji Islands,Fijian girls had an increased desire for thinness and higher rates of disordered eating.These study results are MOST consistent with which of the following?

A) objectification theory
B) fat talk
C) cultivation theory
D) body esteem

Question 24

How does colorism affect women in the United States?

A) White women are seen as more beautiful than women of color.
B) Lighter skinned women of color are more valued than women with darker skin.
C) Women of color who are less happy with their skin color are less happy with their bodies.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 25

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the tripartite model of social influence?

A) It describes the social forces that influence how we learn about acceptable bodies and societal beauty standards.
B) It outlines specific recommendations for how parents combat harmful peer and media influences.
C) It suggests that the degree to which individuals evaluate themselves in relation to beauty standards depends primarily on the quality of their three closest peer relationships.
D) It suggests that the degree to which individuals evaluate themselves in relation to beauty standards depends primarily on their use of social media,with secondary effects of TV and film.

Question 26

Which of the following teenagers is most likely to have positive body esteem?

A) Nadia,who constantly fights with her single mother.
B) Nicola,who constantly fights with her mother but who enjoys open communication with her father.
C) Natalia,who sometimes fights with her single mother despite their overall warm and open relationship.
D) Naomi,who remains distant from and avoids fights with both her mother and father.

Question 27

Who is MOST at risk for developing disordered eating behaviors?

A) Wilhemina,whose romantic partner is unhappy with her post-pregnancy belly.
B) Whitney,whose romantic partner is an accomplished baker who often tests new desserts out at home.
C) Wei Han,whose friends are encouraging her to join a flag football team because she is a fast runner.
D) Winnie,whose friends love to shop for new clothes,accessories,and shoes.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about transwomen and beauty practices is the LEAST accurate?

A) The use of beauty products can help transwomen feel greater congruence between their inner sense of self and external appearance.
B) Transwomen,like many other women,may feel the need to invest significant money in products and procedures to help them attain their beauty goals.
C) Transwomen tend to be highly respected by others for their skills in using beauty products effectively.
D) Impoverished transwomen who lack the resources to invest in beauty products and procedures may be at increased risk for physical violence.

Question 29

According to the text,who is MOST likely to conform to the expectation for being hairless from the neck down?

A) Yvette,a White teenager from France
B) Yvonne,a Latinx middle-aged woman from Cuba
C) Yara,a White college student in the United States
D) Yolanda,a Black college student in the United States

Question 30

Which of the following women living in the United States is LEAST likely to be affected by colorism?

A) Tina,a multi-racial woman from Kenya with straight brown hair,who works in an office.
B) Valentina,an Afro-Brazilian woman with tight curly hair,who works in a school.
C) Hui Yin,born in China,who has straight black hair and works as a crossing guard.
D) Chenoa,a Native American woman with wavy black hair,who works as a gardener.

Question 31

Which of the following college students is MOST likely to be satisfied with her body?

A) Larissa,a multi-racial woman who invests in skin lightening cream to look more like her White mom.
B) Eleni,a Mexican-American woman who enjoys not having to tan to look "sun-kissed."
C) Ashanthi,a Sri Lankan native who can't find a modeling agency to sign her because she looks "too ethnic."
D) Chimi,a short White woman with red hair and freckles who dreams of looking like Barbie.

Question 32

The three parts of the tripartite model of social influence on body image are

A) the face,chest,and thighs.
B) girlhood,adolescence,and adulthood.
C) parents,peers,and the media.
D) the home,the school,and the neighborhood.

Question 33

He Bai feels lucky to have very light skin because people assume her skin reflects

A) purity.
B) wealth.
C) femininity.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 34

Research on facial symmetry suggest that people with symmetrical faces are seen as

A) robotic.
B) genetically aberrant.
C) intellectually snobbish.
D) healthy.

Question 35

Which of the following situations involving teens and the media BEST exemplifies cultivation theory?

A) Mei wonders about the "small holes" on her face that she doesn't see on girls in her magazines.Mei's mother explains that these are called "pores," and that all people have them.
B) Lisa is distraught because her mother refuses to buy designer fashions,and Lisa believes she won't be popular without the trendy jeggings she sees popular girls wearing on Instagram.
C) Sunni believes she could win Master Chef Junior because she is a talented cook;Sunni's father discourages this goal as unrealistic and suggests Sunni spend more time studying.
D) Alexi and her mother watch a TV show in which women compete to become the protagonists' future wife;they use the show as inspiration for planning Alexi's future wedding.

Question 36

Which of the following research result best supports cultivation theory?

A) Those who watch more TV are more likely to snack on unhealthy foods.
B) Those who watch more TV are more likely to perceive themselves as overweight.
C) Those who watch more TV develop more superficial relationships with friends.
D) Those who watch more TV also spend more time on social media.

Question 37

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about face-ism?

A) Images showing individuals with greater facial prominence elicit assumptions that the individual is vain and overly concerned with physical appearance.
B) Although female models are depicted with less facial prominence than male models in print ads,headshots for male and female politicians show similar levels of facial prominence.
C) Variations in depictions of facial prominence primarily vary based on gender,not race/ethnicity.
D) Black women are shown with less facial prominence than Black men,White men,and White women.

Question 38

Which types of women tend to be underrepresented in the media?

A) women with disabilities
B) women who are old
C) women who are racial/ethnic minorities
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 39

Objectification in the media occurs when women's bodies are displayed

A) as objects,such as when perfume bottles are shaped like a woman's torso.
B) with the face as more prominent than the body.
C) from the side but not from the front.
D) dressed in expensive fashions that most girls and women cannot afford.

Question 40

What have researchers concluded about how "fat talk" influences girls and women?

A) It is commonly used to elicit compliments,which helps girls and women feel better about their bodies.
B) Talking about being fat is merely a consequence of already feeling dissatisfied with one's body.
C) Hearing others participate in fat talk can have a negative impact on a bystander's own feelings about her body.
D) Fat talk helps girls and women bond together against the shared challenges of living in a culture that fat shames them for not attaining unrealistic standards for thinness.

Question 41

Women who internalize societal beauty norms are prone to compare themselves to

A) the thin ideal as represented in the media.
B) women that they know.
C) images of women on social media
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 42

How does objectification harm women as individuals and also as a social group?

A) Many individual women spend time,money,and energy on their appearance that could be spent on pursuits such as the political empowerment of women.
B) Many individual women struggle to accept their bodies,which distracts their focus on economic and political systems that create struggles for large numbers of women.
C) Many individual women undergo cosmetic surgeries that involve physical risks,in part because beauty offers women a source of power in a society in which women are often disempowered.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 43

Because of the ways in which objectification is linked to anxiety about death,women who are reminded of their own eventual death tend to

A) avoid objectification altogether.
B) objectify themselves but not other women.
C) objectify other women but not themselves.
D) objectify themselves as well as other women.

Question 44

Cassie has had a biopsy after finding a lump in her breast.While waiting to find out whether she has breast cancer,she treats herself to new clothes,a haircut,and a manicure.Which psychological theory best explains her behavior?

A) cultivation theory
B) terror management theory
C) objectification theory
D) the tripartite model of social influence

Question 45

Which of the following is the BEST explanation as to why wearing a leotard,which is a skin-tight one-piece garment,might interfere with a woman's ability to complete cognitive or behavioral tasks,such as taking a math test or giving an oral presentation?

A) Wearing a leotard elicits thoughts about one's body and appearance,which reduces the ability to focus.
B) Wearing a leotard elicits daydreams about vacation,which reduces the ability to focus.
C) Women typically learn to complete these tasks when they are wearing clothing other than a leotard.
D) To most effectively complete cognitive or behavioral tasks,women need to wear skirts,not leotards.

Question 46

The HAES approach promotes all of the following EXCEPT

A) body acceptance.
B) focusing on internal cues for being hungry and being full.
C) avoidance of dietary restrictions.
D) lack of personal responsibility for health behaviors.

Question 47

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why women might objectify themselves when reminded of their eventual death?

A) to be an object is to be immortal and not to die
B) to be an object is to not feel pain
C) to be a woman is to embrace pain
D) Women already self-objectify because of pervasive standards for beauty.

Question 48

Doug is repulsed by the idea of having sexual relations with a woman who is visibly pregnant.This repulsion best matches the text's description of the ___________________ feminine.

A) cultivated
B) monstrous
C) objectified
D) self-objectified

Question 49

Which of the following is the most accurate description of a biological sequence involved in the menstrual cycle?

A) High estrogen levels signal to the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormones (FSH);FSH then stimulates the release of an egg or ovum from the follicle.
B) As estrogen is released,luteinizing hormone (LH)signals the release of an egg,or ovum,which moves into the fallopian tubes.
C) When an ovum is not fertilized,estrogen and progesterone levels both rise sharply,causing the lining of the uterus to shed and move from the uterus to the cervix.
D) When an ovum is fertilized,menstruation begins.

Question 50

Which of the following is the most accurate description about how self-objectification affects girls and women of different ages?

A) Girls don't start to experience self-objectification until after puberty.
B) Self-objectification peaks at about age 15.
C) Self-objectification ends by age 50.
D) Self-objectification is related to body shame at all ages.

Question 51

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to experience self-objectification?

A) Xiomera,who is wearing a tight shirt
B) Yazmin,who is wearing a hijab
C) Zamira,who is wearing a cocktail dress
D) Jane,who is wearing a bikini

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of how broader social systems are related to the objectification of women?

A) Many businesses benefit from women's dissatisfaction with their bodies because dissatisfaction leads them to purchase cosmetic products and procedures.
B) To the degree women are focused on their appearance,they are distracted from a political focus on the elimination of sexism and other oppressive forces.
C) The most influential factor maintaining the contemporary U.S.economy is women's purchase of products and procedures related to beauty and body size/shape.
D) Many feminists hope to raise awareness of factors that promote objectification,in part,to help reduce the effects of these systems on individual girls and women.

Question 53

In classic research on the consequences of self-objectification,women and men wore either a swimsuit (a one piece for women;swim trunks for men)or a V-neck sweater before taking a math test.Results showed ___________ performed worse than _______________.

A) both women and men in swimsuits;women and men in sweaters
B) both women and men in sweaters;women and men in swimsuits
C) women in swimsuits;women in sweaters
D) women;men,regardless of what they were wearing

Question 54

Marisol reads several women's magazines that feature advertisements with models promoting various beauty products.Marisol is at risk for body dissatisfaction and depression to the degree that she

A) makes social comparisons between herself and the models.
B) feels regret about puberty and her maturing body.
C) buys beauty products featured in ads that are designed to promote weight loss.
D) buys beauty products featured in ads that are designed to promote the appearance of larger breasts.

Question 55

HAES stands for

A) Health and Exercise Standards.
B) Health at Every Size.
C) Health Always Engenders Smallness.
D) Hunger Always Ends Sometime.

Question 56

People with greater exposure to typical media depictions of fat women tend to show greater

A) personal body acceptance because they see fat bodies as more normative.
B) personal body acceptance because they compare themselves favorably to the fat women depicted.
C) anti-fat attitudes and the desire to avoid fat people.
D) anti-fat attitudes and the desire to avoid fat people,but only for audience members with limited education.

Question 57

Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the existing research on self-objectification among women of color?

A) White women are less likely than women of color to self-objectify.
B) Women of color are less likely than White women to self-objectify.
C) Women of color are less likely than White women to self-objectify,although this difference disappears when women of color also engage in surveillance related to skin tone.
D) Because most of this research is conducted by and with White women,the existing research base about how women of color experience self-objectification is limited.

Question 58

Which of the following is the process by which a person accepts societal standards as a reference point for how one should look,be,and/or act?

A) resistance
B) externalization
C) internalization
D) social comparison

Question 59

Body ____________________ is a behavioral manifestation of self-objectification in which one views one's body from an observer's perspective,focusing on how it looks over what it can do.

A) shame
B) surveillance
C) esteem
D) work

Question 60

While in a study group,Memeko is staying on task,but other group members are discussing whether they'll fit into their prom dresses next week.What is the most likely effect of this conversation on Memeko?

A) It will have no effect because Memeko is not part of this conversation and she's distracted by her studying.
B) It will be harmful but only if Memeko is already also worried about fitting into her own prom dress.
C) It will be harmful but only if Memeko is close friends with one or more of these group members.
D) It will be harmful for Memeko.

Question 61

Define objectification theory and explain why self-objectification occurs according to this theory.List at least two specific negative consequences of the tendency to self-objectify.

Question 62

At the age of 45,Teresa,a White cisgender woman and former model,had her breasts surgically removed following a breast cancer diagnosis.After a full round of chemotherapy,she is very thin,and she has lost all of the hair on her head and body.Teresa's partner reassures her that she is still beautiful and supports Teresa's decision to put off breast reconstructive surgery until Teresa feels ready.Based on what you know from the chapter,provide at least three specific predictions about how Teresa may feel about her current physical appearance and explain these predictions.

Question 63

Summarize the HAES approach and evaluate the research evidence provided that supports HAES as promoting physical and mental health.

Question 64

Outline at least three different ways in which beauty norms may create contradictory expectations,pressures,or consequences for girls and women.

Question 65

Margaret,who is 12-years-old,is very excited for menarche.Based on research reviewed in the textbook,this is MOST likely because

A) Margaret has a good deal of education and feels adequately prepared for menarche.
B) Margaret doesn't have a lot of information about it,and ignorance is bliss.
C) Margaret has been misinformed about the possibility of menstrual joy.
D) most of Margaret's friends started their periods at age 8.

Question 66

Describe what a hijab is and make the argument that wearing a hijab is empowering to women.At the same time,be sure to acknowledge at least one counterargument challenging the idea of the hijab as a source of empowerment.

Question 67

Which of the following is the most accurate explanation as to why many girls are not adequately informed about menstruation?

A) Many mothers focus on the meaning of menstruation rather than how to manage it by using hygiene products.
B) Many fathers want to talk with daughters about menstruation but lack personal knowledge to share.
C) Many girls get their questions answered through comprehensive sexual education courses that include all genders.
D) Negative attitudes about menstruation promote secrecy over open discussion.

Question 68

Which hormone is correctly paired with its function in the menstrual cycle?

A) FSH promotes the production of estrogen.
B) LH promotes ovulation.
C) Progesterone promotes the thickening of the uterine lining.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 69

Consider the Dove Real Beauty advertisements that were described in the chapter opening.Justify the claim that these advertisements had primarily positive effects in terms of their societal impact while acknowledging at least two criticisms levied against this ad campaign.

Question 70

A popular health textbook suggests that "menstruation should not be stigmatized because all women menstruate." Evaluate the merits of this message by identifying both a positive and a negative implication being communicated.

Question 71

A mother who is parenting a young preteen daughter asks you,a college student,for advice.She wants to help her daughter combat unhealthy messages about beauty that might decrease her sense of self-worth.Based on what you know about the tripartite model of social influence,offer at least three specific pieces of parenting advice and a rationale for each.

Question 72

Negin joins a health club after New Year's Eve because she wants to lose weight to be attractive and find a partner.Based on her specific motivation for exercise,assuming she exercises often and regularly,Negin is most likely to experience which of the following?

A) weight loss and also decreased self-esteem because she is more focused on how exercise affects her appearance than her health
B) weight loss and also increased self-esteem because she is working toward her goal
C) weight loss,but only if she is strongly motivated to become more attractive for at least 3 weeks
D) enjoyment from learning what her body is capable of doing

Question 73

Describe the "monstrous feminine" and identify at least three specific bodily qualities,functions,or states that may be considered monstrous.

Question 74

Selena,a feminist,is secretly dieting.Although she feels guilty about dieting,she believes being thinner will help her be more successful at work and in love relationships.Compare Selena's thoughts,feelings,and behaviors with the ways in which feminist women generally tend to respond to societal beauty standards as individuals living in a culture that often rewards attractiveness.

Question 75

Define the terms body dissatisfaction and normative discontent and describe the relationship between these concepts.

Question 76

Rebekah,who is very worried about her body size and shape,has a hard time determining when she is hungry.Based on the text,what is the MOST likely reason for Rebekah's lack of body awareness?

A) She always cleans her plate because she doesn't want to hurt her mother's feelings.
B) She worries about wasting food because there are starving children in the world.
C) She is focused on what she looks like from the outside more than how she feels on the inside.
D) She wants to have enough energy to exercise but not extra energy that won't be used at the gym.