Deck 10: Life Cycle Nutrition

Question 1

The nutrient required to support proper neural tube development is

A) calcium.
B) iron.
C) folate.
D)
D) vitamin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Pregnancy-related weight gain

A) is recommended to be the same as the pregnant woman's mother gained during her pregnancy.
B) is mainly due to growth of the developing baby.
C) is attributable to the mother's growing breast and adipose tissue, increases in blood and amniotic fluid volume, and uterine and placental growth, along with the growth of the baby.
D) is not a concern if the mother is overweight prior to pregnancy.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Physical complaints during pregnancy, like morning sickness, heartburn, and constipation, are related to hormonal changes in the pregnant woman.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Bone mass increases rapidly during adolescence.

Question 5

Cow's milk is recommended for infants starting at six months of age.

Question 6

Menopause is associated with increased bone loss.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of pre-eclampsia?

A) Swelling and weight gain
B) Fluid retention
C) Reduced blood pressure
D) Protein in the urine

Question 8

Beginning immediately after conception, a pregnant woman needs to consume an additional 500 calories per day to support the baby's growth until her baby is born.

Question 9

The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis states that

A) optimal development during pregnancy leads to increased risk of chronic diseases later in life.
B) diseases that develop in the fetus will persist for the remainder of the baby's life.
C) diseases that develop in the fetus predispose the mother to developing chronic diseases later in life.
D) low-birth-weight infants may be predisposed to developing chronic diseases later in life.

Question 10

Gestational length refers to

A) the time from conception to birth.
B) the number of weeks between the mother's last menstrual cycle and birth.
C) the duration of the second and third trimesters.
D) the length of the child at birth.

Question 11

During pregnancy, the placenta is the organ that exchanges oxygen between the mother and baby.

Question 12

The mineral required in higher amounts to support hemoglobin synthesis in the mother and baby, as well as the baby's overall growth and development, is

A) iron.
B) calcium.
C) magnesium.
D) copper.

Question 13

Growth refers to cell hypertrophy, while development refers to cell hyperplasia.

Question 14

The highly vascular organ that transfers oxygen and nutrients between the fetus and the mother is called

A) the placenta.
B) the umbilical cord.
C) the neural tube.
D) the uterus.

Question 15

The recommendation for pregnancy-related weight gain in a woman with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² is

A) 11-20 pounds.
B) 15-25 pounds.
C) 25-35 pounds.
D) 35-40 pounds.

Question 16

During adulthood, age-related changes in body composition can include a reduction in lean body mass and an increase in fat.

Question 17

All of the following statements about gestational diabetes are true except:

A) It usually develops after the second trimester.
B) It is associated with insulin resistance rather than reduced insulin secretion.
C) It is caused by fetal demands for glucose.
D) It increases the mother's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 18

Children should always be required to eat all the food that they place on the plate.

Question 19

Breastfeeding is not recommended after an infant starts eating complementary foods at six months of age.

Question 20

The processes of growth and development

A) are most rapid during adulthood.
B) occur in a predictable and orderly fashion during infancy and childhood.
C) become random and unpredictable during adolescence.
D) are completed by birth in a full-term infant.

Question 21

The first milk produced by a lactating mother is called

A) mature milk.
B) fore-milk.
C) hind-milk.
D) colostrum.

Question 22

Milk production in a lactating mother requires an additional _____ calories per day.

A) 0-50
B) 50-100
C) 150-250
D) 400-500

Question 23

In order to support infant needs, it is recommended that infant formulas consumed prior to 1 year of age contain

A) cow milk.
B) human milk.
C) iron and DHA.
D) cow milk treated with antibiotics.

Question 24

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations are separated according to life stage because

A) children eat less than adults, so their nutritional needs are lower than those of adults.
B) older adults consume less food than younger adults, justifying a reduction in all of their nutritional recommendations.
C) growth and developmental stages affect a person's body size and composition, justifying changes in nutritional recommendations.
D) nutritional needs are highest during times of growth and senescence.

Question 25

Body composition changes that commonly occur in adults as they age include

A) increases in lean mass and reductions in fat mass.
B) increases in fat mass and reductions in lean mass.
C) reductions in both fat and lean mass.
D) increases in both fat and lean mass.

Question 26

The hormone required for the production of breast milk is

A) prolactin.
B) oxytocin.
C) lactation-stimulating hormone.
D) estrogen.

Question 27

The nutrients found in breast milk include lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and

A) glucose.
B) lactose.
C) maltose.
D) sucrose.

Question 28

Exclusively breastfed infants may require nutrient supplementation. Which of the following is not one of the supplemental nutrients recommended for these children?

A) Vitamin D
B) Iron
C) Fluoride
D) Water

Question 29

Some contributors to the increases in childhood obesity include

A) easy access to high-fat, energy-dense foods.
B) low activity levels
C) the amount of time spent watching television.
D) All of the above

Question 30

The diet of a woman who is breastfeeding

A) should provide adequate calories to support milk production.
B) should provide 4 times more vitamins and minerals than the woman consumed during pregnancy.
C) should provide fewer calories during the second six months than during the first 6 months of the baby's life.
D) must include milk and milk products in order to support milk production.

Question 31

Which of the following is most characteristic of common body composition changes in adolescent males?

A) An increase in fat mass and a relative decrease in lean mass
B) An increase in lean mass and a relative decrease in fat mass
C) An increase in both fat mass and lean mass
D) A decrease in both fat mass and lean mass

Question 32

The growth and development of toddlers and young children are monitored and assessed using growth charts. What is charted on the growth charts to assess weight in 3 year olds?

A) Waist-to-hip ratio
B) Weight, length, and head circumference
C) Body mass index
D) Weight and height

Question 33

When the body achieves physical maturity,

A) growth ceases and cells immediately begin to die.
B) growth continues but at a much slower rate.
C) growth accelerates due to rapid cell turnover.
D) growth ceases and the body enters a maintenance phase.

Question 34

Alcohol or drug abuse can have devastating effects during pregnancy. The damage is more severe if the alcohol or drugs are used

A) prior to pregnancy.
B) during the embryonic period.
C) during the fetal period.
D) just prior to birth.

Question 35

Why should dehydration always be considered when assessing older adults?

A) Because of a blunted thirst response that develops during aging
B) Because certain medications may increase fluid losses
C) Because some older adults may limit fluid intake due to poor bladder control
D) All of the above

Question 36

Age-related changes in GI function that can result in diminished nutritional status include all of the following except:

A) changes in swallowing.
B) reduced peristalsis.
C) changes in
D) increased production of gastric juices.
G)I. motility leading to constipation.

Question 37

In order to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, the RDA levels for two important nutrients increase in aging men and women. These two nutrients are

A) iron and calcium.
B) vitamin D and calcium.
C) folate and vitamin B₁₂.
D)
D) iron and vitamin

Question 38

Which of the following foods is not considered to be potentially allergy producing?

A) Shellfish
B) Nuts
C) Beef
D) Cow milk

Question 39

The placenta is required for all of the following functions except:

A) delivery of oxygen from the mother to the fetus.
B) delivery of nutrients from the mother to the fetus.
C) delivery of nutrients from the fetus to the mother
D) delivery of waste from the fetus to the mother.

Question 40

The embryonic phase differs from the pre-embryonic phase because

A) the embryonic phase occurs during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, while the pre-embryonic phase describes the period from 2 to 8 weeks of pregnancy.
B) the embryonic phase is initiated by zygote formation, whereas the pre-embryonic phase is initiated by blastocyst formation.
C) the embryonic phase begins at week 9 of pregnancy, while the pre-embryonic phase begins at week 2.
D) organ formation and development begin during the embryonic phase, whereas blastocyst formation occurs in the pre-embryonic phase.

Question 41

The increase in iron intake recommendations for girls during adolescence is directly related to

A) increased linear growth.
B) menstrual blood losses.
C) bone growth.
D) pregnancy-related concerns.

Question 42

The major concern about early consumption of cow, goat, or soy milk or fruit juices during infancy is that

A) these fluids may displace the intake of iron-containing foods or formula.
B) these fluids are too iron rich.
C) the baby may refuse breast milk or formula.
D) these fluids may inhibit the growth of teeth.

Question 43

In addition to calcium to support bone growth during adolescence, two other nutrients required to support growth and to ensure healthy pregnancies in teenage girls who might become pregnant are

A) iron and vitamin B₁₂.
B) folate and vitamin B₁₂.
C) iron and magnesium.
D) iron and folate.

Question 44

A positive nutritional impact of menopause is

A) improved iron status.
B) improved calcium status.
C) improved digestion of nutrients.
D) improved cognitive function.

Question 45

Low-birth-weight babies

A) are always born prematurely.
B) are defined as weighing less than 8 pounds at birth.
C) are at increased risk for early death (within the first year of life).
D) are at reduced risk for developing chronic diseases later in life.

Question 46

Breast milk production is largely driven by the demands of the baby. Therefore, the reason that women generally produce less milk after the baby is 6 months old is that

A) babies are typically also consuming complementary foods at 6 months of age and require less milk to meet nutrient needs.
B) cells in the alveolus become less responsive to prolactin after 6 months of lactation.
C) oxytocin levels become high after 4 months, which results in greater milk losses than the production can keep up with.
D) according to recommendations, babies are no longer breastfeeding at 6 months of age so milk production stops because the baby is now eating only complementary foods.

Question 47

Breastfeeding shortly after birth is beneficial for the mother because it

A) initiates menstruation quickly after birth.
B) stimulates the uterus to contract and return to its pre-pregnancy size.
C) maintains the weight gain experienced during pregnancy to support milk production.
D) results in 100% protection against getting pregnant until the termination of breastfeeding.

Question 48

To encourage healthy eating in a child, parents should

A) reward good behaviors with food.
B) create separate meal times for adults and children in the household.
C) encourage snacking on nutrient-dense foods.
D) force a child to try a new food each week.

Question 49

Fish consumption is encouraged during pregnancy because of the importance of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA in _____ development; however, the FDA and EPA advise against consumption of fish likely to contain high levels of _____.

A) fetal brain development; lead
B) fetal bone development; arsenic
C) fetal brain development; mercury
D) fetal bone development; mercury

Question 50

Imagine that you are 25 years old. Most people of your gender live to be 80 years old, and the oldest person of your gender lived to be 110 years old. Lifespan and life expectancy in this scenario would be _____ and _____, respectively.

A) 25, 110
B) 110, 85
C) 80, 55
D) 110, 55

Question 51

The reason(s) that recommendations for calcium intake do not change for the mother during pregnancy is (are)

A) that although the mother excretes more calcium than usual, she also absorbs more than usual.
B) that calcium absorption is increased and calcium excretion is reduced in a pregnant woman.
C) that calcification of bone in the fetus occurs mainly after birth.
D) that fetal requirements for calcium are actually quite small.

Question 52

If a child is in the 25th percentile for weight according to the growth chart, that means that the baby

A) weighs more than 75% of the reference population of infants.
B) weighs more than 25% of the reference population of infants.
C) weighs less than 25% of the reference population of infants.

Question 53

Because iron stores begin to decline at 4 to 6 months of age, it is recommended that

A) infants be fed complementary foods mixed with cow milk.
B) infants continue to be exclusively breastfed until their iron stores are adequate.
C) infants being breastfed switch to formula feeding.
D) infants consume iron-rich complementary foods.

Question 54

An elderly individual experiencing memory loss and personality changes may be exhibiting signs of

A) vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.
B) iron deficiency.
C) calcium deficiency.
D) zinc deficiency.

Question 55

Although both calcium and iron needs increase during childhood, there is also a recommendation that children consume no more than about 3 cups of calcium-rich cow milk each day. The explanation for this recommendation is that

A) the calcium found in 3 cups of milk is the maximum that can be absorbed each day.
B) overconsumption of cow milk can displace iron-rich foods from the diet.
C) consumption of more than 3 cups of nutrient-dense cow milk per day might lead to calcium and iron toxicity.
D) more than the recommended intake could trigger a cow milk allergy, leading to calcium and iron malabsorption.