Deck 3: The Social Self

Question 1

Charles Darwin's study of self-awareness began with naturalistic observation of which of the following

A) sparrows
B) turtles
C) his child
D) his wife

Answer 1

his child

Question 2

Which of the following proposes that we use social differentiation to construct our self-concept

A) social identity theory
B) social comparison theory
C) mirror self-recognition test
D) self-schema test

Answer 2

social comparison theory

Question 3

Helga is attending boarding school. When she stands up to introduce herself and share one "fun fact" about herself, she notes that she is a gardener. Which of the following has Helga described

A) personal characteristic
B) social role characteristic
C) self-schema
D) self-differentiation

Answer 3

social role characteristic

Question 4

Which of the following is a test of self-awareness

A) social identity test
B) mirror self-recognition test
C) self-schema test
D) social comparison test

Question 5

During the winter Olympics, Juanita feels a sense of pride when someone from the state she was born in wins the gold medal in curling. This sense of pride can be attributed to which of the following

A) self-differentiations
B) self-schemas
C) cultural self
D) regional self

Question 6

Which of the following is emphasized in Western cultures, including the United States

A) self-differentiations
B) self-schemas
C) independent self-construal
D) interdependent self-construal

Question 7

Which of the following refers to memory structures that summarize and organize our beliefs about self-relevant information

A) self-schemas
B) self-differentiations
C) social identity theory
D) social comparison theory

Question 8

Social identity theory postulates that self-concept is comprised of which of the following

A) comparisons of ourselves to others
B) self-awareness and self-differentiation
C) general memory structures that organize the world
D) personal characteristics and social roles

Question 9

Josiah was born in St. Louis, Missouri. After college, he moves to Los Angeles, California. Even after living in California for several years, Josiah still refers to himself as a Midwesterner. What does this exemplify

A) regional self
B) cultural self
C) independent self-construal
D) interdependent self-construal

Question 10

Which of the following turn raw material into building blocks of one's self-concept

A) self-differentiations
B) self-schemas
C) cultural self
D) regional self

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a social role characteristic

A) funny
B) attractive
C) tall
D) musician

Question 12

Which of the following is thought of as an early sign of self-awareness in humans

A) crying
B) cooing
C) laughing
D) imitating

Question 13

Which of the following describes your personal summary of who you think you are

A) self-concept
B) self-awareness
C) self-recognition
D) self-comparison

Question 14

Andrew went to college on a volleyball scholarship, but got very little playing time throughout his 4 years in college. He reasons with himself that although he got very little playing time, he is still a better volleyball player than those on his team who do not play and also did not receive a volleyball scholarship. Which of the following does this exemplify

A) upward social comparison
B) downward social comparison
C) social identity theory
D) self-schema theory

Question 15

JoonHee is an American citizen who was born in Korea and lived most of her life in Korea. After immigrating to the United States as an adult, she struggles in the workplace because she emphasizes reconciling disagreements with coworkers rather than emphasizing voicing her opinions in meetings. JoonHee is exemplifying which of the following

A) regional self
B) cultural self
C) independent self-construal
D) interdependent self-construal

Question 16

Which of the following notes the influence of culture on our expectations of ourselves

A) downward social comparison
B) self-schema theory
C) social identity theory
D) upward social comparison

Question 17

Which of the following terms describes the moment when we realize we are our own, separate entity from other people

A) self-concept
B) self-comparison
C) self-awareness
D) self-schema

Question 18

Sarah becomes frustrated because she cannot make cupcakes that look like the ones in Martha Stewart's cookbook. Which of the following does this exemplify

A) upward social comparison
B) downward social comparison
C) social identity theory
D) self-schema theory

Question 19

How we think about ourselves ______.

A) changes over time
B) remains the same over time
C) is heavily influenced by biology
D) is largely unpredictable

Question 20

Carl is a kindergartener. During a show-and-tell day at school, Carl shares that he is funny, smart, enjoys broccoli, and is a musician because he plays the recorder. He also shares that he is going to be a big brother because his mom is pregnant with a baby. Which of these would be considered a social role characteristic

A) Carl is funny.
B) Carl is smart.
C) Carl enjoys broccoli.
D) Carl will be a big brother.

Question 21

Salazar is a student of Taekwondo who has earned his yellow belt. When practicing, he notes to himself, "I think I'm the best yellow belt in this class." This is an example of which of the following

A) self-schema
B) self-comparison
C) social role characteristic
D) personal characteristic

Question 22

In which research context is the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale most commonly used

A) study of friendships
B) study of siblings
C) study of romantic partners
D) study of parents

Question 23

Godric experiences high levels of fear when faced with challenges, such as performing a singing solo in front of the whole school. He experiences agitation because he feels that others expect him to be courageous and enjoy his time in the spotlight. Godric is experiencing discrepancy between his actual self and his______.

A) self-concept
B) ideal self
C) ought self
D) self-awareness

Question 24

During a game of soccer, Rowena notes to herself that she "is not as good as the other players on her team." Which of the following does this exemplify

A) downward social comparison
B) self-schema theory
C) social identity theory
D) upward social comparison

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of one's ideal self

A) I know that I am not a detail-oriented person.
B) I really enjoy playing the piano.
C) I wish I was better at the piano.
D) I feel like I should be more of a detail-oriented person.

Question 26

What occurs when our three versions of self to not align

A) self-differentiation
B) self-comparison
C) self-discrepancy
D) self-awareness

Question 27

Which of the following refers to the self that we think we should become due to other peoples' perceptions of us

A) actual self
B) ideal self
C) ought self
D) conceptual self

Question 28

Abigail is a counselor who believes that one's self-concept is improved only through close social relationships with others. With which theory are Abigail's beliefs most closely aligned

A) self-expansion theory
B) self-awareness theory
C) social comparison theory
D) social identity theory

Question 29

During a research study, Melinda is asked to circle one of seven Venn diagrams to describe her relationship with her spouse. Which of the following is Melinda using

A) self-differentiation test
B) Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale
C) mirror self-recognition test
D) self-perception scale

Question 30

Which of the following proposed that we receive help from others when determining our self-concept

A) self-schema theory
B) social identity theory
C) social comparison theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 31

Lindsey is an avid traveller. No matter where she travels, she always finds stray cats and photographs them. A friend describes her as a "cat fanatic." Although she has never thought of herself that way, she decides that perhaps she is a fan of cats. Which of the following theories does this exemplify

A) self-schema theory
B) social identity theory
C) social comparison theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 32

Frederick is a high school student. He currently knows that he has trouble staying organized, which causes him to constantly be running late for class and meetings. As a New Year resolution, Frederick determines that he will become more organized and be more prompt. When he tells his mother this, she also notes that he currently eats an unhealthy diet. In addition to his other resolutions, Frederick starts to eat healthier, even though he didn't personally have a problem with the food ate. Which of the following refers to Frederick's ideal self

A) Frederick eating a healthier diet
B) Frederick being unorganized
C) Frederick running late
D) Frederick becoming more organized

Question 33

Santo is having lunch with a friend and his brother. During lunch, Santo's brother says "Santo is a tinkerer. He loves to figure out how things work by taking items apart and studying them." This surprises Santo at first, but his brother continues to list three of Santo's most recent "projects" in which he took apart a toaster, a boat engine, and a lawn mower and learned how to repair each one. Which action taken by Santo would illustrate self-perception theory

A) Santo decides he should avoid taking things apart.
B) Santo begins to call himself a "tinkerer" when introducing himself to others.
C) Santo begins to experience dejection-related emotions.
D) Santo decides to ask others for their help in learning how objects work.

Question 34

Which of the following refers to the self we would like to become

A) actual self
B) ideal self
C) ought self
D) conceptual self

Question 35

Which of the following proposes that we all have a basic motivation to grow and improve our self-concept

A) self-expansion theory
B) self-awareness theory
C) social comparison theory
D) social identity theory

Question 36

Which of the following postulates that we are constantly juggling three versions of ourselves

A) self-schema theory
B) self-discrepancy theory
C) social comparison theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 37

The question "Who am I?" refers to which of the following

A) self-awareness
B) self-differentiation
C) self-schema
D) self-concept

Question 38

Neville is a pragmatic individual. Although he knows he should have better follow-through on many tasks, he knows that he struggles in this area and that he should be better organized. He wants to improve, so Neville asks his friend to help him become more organized. Which element exhibits Neville's actual self

A) Neville knows he should be more organized.
B) Neville seeks out help from a friend.
C) Neville knows he does not follow through on tasks.
D) Neville wants to improve himself.

Question 39

Which of the following would be considered a dejection-related emotion

A) guilt
B) self-contempt
C) anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 40

Which of the following exemplifies the "I" in the W.I.d.e. guide to social comparisons

A) the people to whom you compare yourself
B) the interpretation we make from our comparison
C) the feeling we derive from the comparison
D) how we protect our self-esteem during the comparison

Question 41

During an interview, Justin speaks about his entry-level job in a way that leads the interviewer to believe that it was actually a managerial position that required him to supervise and manage many subordinate employees. What is this an example of

A) opinion conformity
B) self-enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) entitlement

Question 42

According to self-expansion theory, which of the following expands our self-concept

A) contemplating our ought selves
B) working toward our ideal selves
C) engaging in close social relationships
D) identifying our flaws

Question 43

At the beginning of a job interview, Mauri tells the interviewer that she likes the interviewer's scarf. What is this an example of

A) opinion conformity
B) other-enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) self-promotion

Question 44

Drew is an outspoken individual who is known for saying exactly what he thinks, no matter the social situation. Drew is most likely to be considered which of the following

A) low self-monitor
B) high self-monitor
C) self-aware
D) self-comparer

Question 45

When he is with his friends, Ron regularly uses slang. However, during a job interview, Ron is sure to use proper English and does not use slang. What does this exemplify

A) self-expansion theory
B) impression management
C) other-enhancement
D) conspicuous consumption

Question 46

Why do we use impression management tactics

A) to expand our self-concept
B) to gain social power
C) to eliminate the ought self
D) to improve the actual self

Question 47

During an interview, an interviewer shares his view of what makes a good employee. Suzanne notes that she agrees with him and that she feels the same way. What does this exemplify

A) opinion conformity
B) other-enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) self-promotion

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of one's ought self

A) I know that I am a funny person.
B) I want to exercise more often.
C) I wish I ate a healthier diet.
D) I should improve my ability to engage in small talk.

Question 49

Which of the following refers to how one may change their behavior based on the social situation

A) self-expansion theory
B) self-schema theory
C) self-presentation theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 50

In order to impress her peers, Janet buys and wears only expensive, name-brand clothing. What does this exemplify

A) opinion conformity
B) other enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) self-promotion

Question 51

Which of the following involves taking credit for an event that you had nothing to do with

A) opinion conformity
B) self-enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) entitlement

Question 52

What does the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale measure

A) the number of people with whom you have close relationships
B) the discrepancy between your actual self and your ideal self
C) the level of overlap between our self and others
D) the distance between your independent and interdependent self-construal

Question 53

Who you are right now would be considered which of the following

A) ought self
B) actual self
C) ideal self
D) conceptual self

Question 54

The case of Phineas Gage was one of the first to show that self-insight is tied to which of the following

A) one's emotional experiences
B) one's self-analysis
C) certain regions of the brain
D) certain traumatic events

Question 55

Which of the following refers to one's ability to self-observe or evaluate one's own behavior

A) entitlement
B) ingratiation
C) self-insight
D) self-comparison

Question 56

Which of the following proposes that our self-concept actually includes other people

A) self-expansion theory
B) social identity theory
C) social comparison theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 57

Which of the following is a form of self-promotion

A) entitlement
B) conspicuous consumption
C) ingratiation
D) opinion conformity

Question 58

Which of the following refers to one's ability to change how one acts in different social situations

A) self-awareness
B) self-comparison
C) self-insight
D) self-monitor

Question 59

Coraline is a public relations professional. As such, she is known for being a "social chameleon" that constantly changes her behaviors to fit the social situation in which she is participating. Coraline would be known as which of the following

A) low self-monitor
B) high self-monitor
C) self-aware
D) self-comparer

Question 60

Self-perception theory proposes that we form our self-concept through which action

A) identifying our flaws
B) contemplating our ought selves
C) engaging in close social relationships
D) observing our own behaviors

Question 61

Which of the following self-deceptions developed by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues refers to unrealistic positive thinking about the future

A) control
B) optimism
C) meaning
D) subjectivity

Question 62

Endorsing someone else's values to gain their favor describes which term

A) opinion conformity
B) other-enhancement
C) conspicuous consumption
D) entitlement

Question 63

Which of the following describes subjective age

A) how we discover new meaning after critical events
B) how old we are compared to how old we feel
C) how we carry biased views of our own traits
D) how we carry biased views of our own behaviors

Question 64

A small amount of self-deception may be considered______.

A) narcissism
B) healthy
C) harmful
D) untruthful

Question 65

Which of the following proposes that a slight distortion of reality can be healthy

A) self-presentation theory
B) optimal margin theory
C) social identity theory
D) social comparison test

Question 66

Which theory proposes that a certain level of illusions can be helpful

A) optimal margin theory
B) social comparison theory
C) social identity theory
D) self-schema theory

Question 67

What are beliefs that depart from reality in ways that make us remain optimistic

A) positive illusions
B) self-differentiation
C) self-discrepancy
D) cognitive distortion

Question 68

When sharing his age with an acquaintance, Bob notes that he is 70 years old, but notes that it "is a young 70," and notes that he plays tennis everyday and travels extensively. This is an example of which of the following self-deception

A) biased view of own behavior
B) biased view of own traits
C) self-discrepancy
D) subjective age

Question 69

______ cognitive bias is a term that describes cognitive distortions that enhance our self-concept by making us perceive ourselves a slightly better than we actually are

A) Self-awareness
B) Self-serving
C) Self-discrepancy
D) Self-schema

Question 70

Sandra believes that she will not get into an accident because she is a good driver. This is an example of which self-deception

A) control
B) optimism
C) meaning
D) distortion

Question 71

A politician who is trying to project an idea that he is wholesome candidate who values diversity. As such, the politician carefully schedules several, very public dinner dates with friends with different ethnic backgrounds. What does this exemplify

A) self-enhancement
B) entitlement
C) ingratiation
D) conspicuous consumption

Question 72

Presenting different parts of our self-concept in different social situations is an example of______.

A) self-presentation theory
B) self-awareness
C) social identity theory
D) self-comparison

Question 73

Wanda takes a personality quiz she fins on social media. At the end of the quiz, her feedback notes that she is pushy, bossy, and sometimes overbearing. Wanda shrugs and notes that even though she is a good delegator, the quiz probably isn't actually that valid. What does this exemplify

A) self-schema theory
B) social identity theory
C) biased views of feedback about the self
D) biased views of your own traits

Question 74

Someone who discovers new life meaning after a loved one dies is experiencing which of the following

A) self-compassion
B) self-comparison
C) self-deception
D) self-awareness

Question 75

Which of the following describes explicitly attempts to present a version of yourself that you think someone else will like in order to gain something that you want

A) self-enhancement
B) entitlement
C) ingratiation
D) conspicuous consumption

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of biased views of our own behavior

A) A person of average athletic ability believes they are the best basketball player in the country.
B) A person who performs poorly in a quiz says the questions were biased.
C) A person who notes that a personality quiz is not valid because they do not like the results.
D) A person who estimates that most people cannot complete the job they do.

Question 77

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving cognitive bias

A) viewing ourselves as more skilled than others
B) including others in our self-concept
C) emphasizing the ought self
D) reconciling our three selves

Question 78

Monica believes that very few people share her extraordinary talent for writing poetry, even though there are many people who do write poetry well. What does this exemplify

A) biased view of own traits
B) biased view of own behaviors
C) self-discrepancy
D) self-awareness

Question 79

Alexus has a near-death experience in which she almost drowns. After she recovers, she tells her friends that the event has changed her perspective on life and given her a renewed sense of purpose. Which type of self-deception would this be considered

A) control
B) optimism
C) meaning
D) subjectivity

Question 80

When you overestimate the uniqueness of your own abilities, you demonstrate______.

A) social comparison theory
B) self-schema theory
C) biased views of your own behaviors
D) biased views of your own traits