Deck 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia

Question 1

The term for rural peasants in Egypt is fellaheen.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The colonization of China in the 19^th century was facilitated by the desire of the government to import Western goods and technology.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Traditionally, a Muslim woman has the same rights to divorce as a man.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Mao Zedong's "Great Leap Forward" was successful at improving both rural health care and literacy.

Question 5

The wearing of the veil and traditional dress is often a political statement for Muslim women.

Question 6

Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of an unsuccessful, violent rebellion against the Dutch colonial rule in Indochina.

Question 7

One country in Asia that escaped colonization was Thailand.

Question 8

Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Mao Zedong ruled China together peacefully as a "Gang of Three" from 1900 to 1980.

Question 9

The vast majority of people in the Middle East live in oil-rich countries.

Question 10

In spite of industrialization, farming communities in Egypt like Kafr el-Elow have rejected Western clothing, housing styles, and manufactured goods.

Question 11

In India, upper-caste families do not bother to raise a large dowry payment.

Question 12

Cultural anthropologists link the caste system to Hindu doctrines of karma and reincarnation.

Question 13

Polygyny is the most common form of marriage in Islamic societies.

Question 14

The population of the People's Republic of China contains approximately 30 percent minorities.

Question 15

According to caste ideology, all individuals are equal with respect to ritual purity.

Question 16

In Arab societies, the traditional family structure is matrilineal and matriarchal.

Question 17

Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the Vietnamese opposition to French rule.

Question 18

Mao Zedong and his peasant armies gained control of China in 1949, renaming it the People's Republic of China.

Question 19

Unless financially or physically impaired, every Muslim is required to marry.

Question 20

The Philippines were colonized by both Spain and the United States.

Question 21

The ultimate aim and spiritual goal for all Hindus is:

A) freedom from the cycle of reincarnation through spiritual enlightenment
B) following the code of law given to humans by God
C) emulating the life of the prophet Muhammad
D) achieving salvation and eternal life through a personal relationship with God

Question 22

Arabic is the exclusive language of the Middle East region.

Question 23

The first doctrine of Hinduism is samsara, which refers to:

A) animal sacrifice
B) personal salvation
C) the authority of the priesthood
D) reincarnation

Question 24

India, Burma, and Malaysia were conquered and colonized by the:

A) French
B) British
C) Dutch
D) Portuguese

Question 25

The Philippines were directly colonized, first by , then by the United States.

A) Iran
B) Nigeria
C) India
D) Spain

Question 26

The "Great Leap Forward" was a Chinese movement aimed at achieving a/an economy.

A) centralized
B) decentralized
C) capitalist
D) industrialized

Question 27

In the Arab world, the hamula is:

A) an idealized, patrilineal descent group
B) a traditional village
C) a group of nomads who travel together
D) an Islamic rite of passage

Question 28

Between the 1920s and the 1950s, Egyptian peasants found themselves:

A) producing cotton on a larger and larger scale
B) drawn into the industrial workforce
C) forced to abandon agricultural towns like Kafi el-Elow
D) having to deal with declining agricultural productivity

Question 29

"Zionism" refers to:

A) the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
B) the concept of a Sunni Muslim "holy war"
C) Islamic fundamentalism as practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia
D) the movement to liberate the Middle East from European control

Question 30

The monarchy of Thailand was successful in:

A) avoiding all Western influence
B) adopting some Western innovations and playing the British against the French
C) developing an exclusive trade relationship with the British Empire
D) protecting neighboring countries from colonization

Question 31

One of Gandhi's greatest achievements was:

A) orchestrating effective campaigns of armed resistance
B) convincing the rural peasant class to participate in nationalistic movements
C) persuading the British to strengthen colonial rule
D) increasing Indian consumption of Western consumer goods

Question 32

The "Cultural Revolution" in Communist China was an attempt to:

A) eliminate political "deviance"
B) embrace Western values
C) initiate capitalist enterprise
D) return to traditional Confucianist values

Question 33

Historically, Afghanistan was a buffer zone between the Russian and British empires.
Multiple Choice Questions

Question 34

In the 19^th century, the British gained access to China through the introduction of:

A) railroads
B) horses
C) democracy
D) opium

Question 35

Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam, was born in A.D. 570 in the city of:

A) Jerusalem
A.D. 570 in the city of:
B) Babylon
C) Cairo
D) Mecca

Question 36

Ruling families of countries like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait increased the standard of living for most of their populations through:

A) oil production
B) agriculture
C) investing in real estate
D) initiating oil embargoes

Question 37

The Suez Canal, built in 1869, resulted in:

A) greater independence for Middle Eastern countries
B) the economic isolation of Egypt from European commerce
C) greater contact between the Middle East and Europe
D) the Napoleonic Wars

Question 38

The principal religious text of Islam is called the:

A) Torah
B) Qur'an
C) Bible
D) Upanishad

Question 39

One major religion of the Middle East and Asia is:

A) Christianity
B) Islam
C) Judaism
D) Animism

Question 40

Ho Chi Minh led a successful defeat of the , preventing them from reestablishing a colonial regime in .

A) British, Burma
B) Dutch, Thailand
C) Japanese, the Philippines
D) French, Vietnam

Question 41

The more materialist interpretation of the caste system attributes its origin to:

A) heredity
B) widespread social consensus
C) religious mythology
D) economic and political conditions

Question 42

Most of the problems experienced in the Middle East and Asia today are the result of:

A) traditional village economic systems
B) the legacy of ancient agricultural states
C) the incompatibility of different Eastern religions
D) global industrialization and exploitation by core societies

Question 43

The contemporary cultures of North Africa and the Middle East represent a mix of both Eastern and Western traditions. What are the principal ways in which European culture has influenced the societies of this region?

Question 44

The term jati refers to:

A) a social rank based on marital, economic, and ritual relations
B) the traditional village or homeland of an Indian peasant
C) a category within a system of "scheduled tribes"
D) the practice of burning a wife at the funeral of a prominent man

Question 45

Discuss the effects that independent control of petroleum production has had on the demography and culture of the Middle East. Have all countries in the region been affected equally? How have oil revenues influenced the politics of the re?gion?

Question 46

The collapse of the jajmani system is related to:

A) Western conveniences that eliminated the need for certain services
B) the adoption of a single monetary system by a centralized government
C) the return of skilled artisans to their traditional villages
D) Indian independence and self-determination

Question 47

What changes did ethnologist Hani Fakhouri observe in the village of Kafr el-Elow as a result of increased industrialization? What effects did industrialization have on the lives of the fellaheen of this community? Do you think that these changes were good or bad? Why?

Question 48

Name two of the European countries that participated in the colonization of Asia. For each, name one former colony and describe the nature of its agricultural exports under European rule. What are the effects of colonization that can still be seen in these countries today?

Question 49

Polygynous marriage in Muslim countries is most likely to be practiced by:

A) wealthy individuals
B) poor individuals
C) Christians
D) urban residents

Question 50

The term purdah refers to:

A) the idea of physical attractiveness and sensuality
B) the wearing of the veil and forced seclusion of Muslim women
C) the concept of the traditional extended family
D) bridewealth paid in traditional Islamic families

Question 51

Studies of everyday life in an experimental commune known as Half Moon Village revealed that:

A) there was little difference between the lives of farmers and factory workers
B) the administration of the commune by Communist Party officials was organized and efficient
C) most workers were able to participate in economic decisions made by the commune
D) Half Moon village was not working effectively in accordance with socialist ideals

Question 52

The current status of the caste system is that it has become:

A) obsolete in traditional communities
B) extinct in all but large urban communities
C) a factor in India's national politics
D) a source of national pride

Question 53

Norman Chance, the first anthropologist to do fieldwork in China in the 1970s after a long period during which ethnography was prohibited, concentrated on the economic life of:

A) a bicycle factory in Shanghai
B) a mining cooperative in southern China
C) nomadic herdsmen near the border with Nepal
D) an agricultural commune near Beijing

Question 54

What is meant by the term hamula? How important is the hamula for modern Arabs? What role does the hamula play in familial and economic relationships?

Question 55

The term Arab refers to:

A) Iranian revolutionaries
B) all peoples of the Middle East region
C) people who speak Arabic
D) North African nomads Essay Questions

Question 56

The cognitive anthropologist ________________ recently studied the phenomenon of suicide bombing.

A) Leslie White
B) Margaret Meade
C) Scott Atran

Question 57

Anthropologist Louis Dumont argued that the caste system is maintained through:

A) the power of the Brahmans
B) use of caste-changing rituals
C) racial segregation within villages
D) widespread social consensus

Question 58

The caste system is a:

A) hierarchical organization of social groups based on birth group
B) system of rural economic transactions based on reciprocity
C) political organization run by educated peasants
D) method of processing wheat in rural India

Question 59

What is meant by jatis and the jajmani system in India? How does a jajmani economy work? Describe two of the anthropological explanations for the origin and maintenance of jajmani?

Question 60

The status of women in rural China has as a result of Communist policies.

A) improved
B) declined
C) not been changed

Question 61

Islam, like all religious traditions, has different interpretations based on context. What are some of the ways in which Islam has been used to justify actions by political and religious leaders?

Question 62

In the 1970s, Norman Chance was the first American ethnologist to be allowed to conduct fieldwork in China after a long period during which such work was prohibited. Discuss his observations of Half Moon Village and comment on what his research revealed about state-run programs.