Deck 12: Industrial States

Question 1

Anthropologist Alvin Wolfe has proposed that multinational corporations are beginning to evolve into supranational entities that are more powerful and influential than the nation-state.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

One of the principal cultural ideals in the United States is that any person can move up the social ladder through hard work and motivation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Kinship in industrial societies becomes less important as new structures and organizations take over the primary functions of kinship groupings.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In addition to social stratification based on occupation, many industrial states have a system of stratification based on ethnic or "racial" descent.

Question 5

The Industrial Revolution is a term that is used to describe the events that occurred when humans changed from foraging (hunting and gathering) to food production (domestication of plants and animals) about 10,000 years ago.

Question 6

Membership in the House of Commons in Great Britain is determined by popular vote, while membership in the House of Lords is inherited through families.

Question 7

Socialism evolved as a reaction to the considerable economic inequalities that existed in capitalist societies.

Question 8

A market economy is one in which the value of goods is determined by supply and demand.

Question 9

Unlike bands, tribes, or chiefdoms that are affected by the environment, industrial states have developed such complex, modern systems that they tend to be exempt from environmental influences and can operate free of environmental constraints.

Question 10

Divorce rates tend to be lower in industrial societies than in preindustrial societies.

Question 11

An oligopoly occurs when a few very large corporations control production in major industries.

Question 12

A major factor leading to the diminishing importance of the extended family in industrial societies was the high rate of geographic mobility.

Question 13

One of the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution was a dramatic decrease in population.

Question 14

Since statuses are fixed in industrial states, individuals in these societies are unable to move into different social classes from which they were born.

Question 15

Since social class in the United States is an achieved status, factors such as family background, the economy, and ethnic background do not have any influence on social mobility.

Question 16

Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx argued that market exchange and competition would lead to lower prices, higher profits, and increased prosperity for all segments of society.

Question 17

Capitalism is an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are privately owned and controlled.

Question 18

The former Soviet Union was a classless society because ownership of the means of production was in the hands of the Communist government.

Question 19

During the latter phase of the demographic transition, birthrates increased while mortality rates increased dramatically.

Question 20

Anthropologists have found that it is not possible to study industrial societies using techniques such as participant observation and key informants that worked well in preindustrial societies.

Question 21

A primary feature that separates an industrial society from a preindustrial society is:

A) All kinship networks, such as kindreds, extended families, lineages, and clans, have been replaced with corporations, businesses, and schools.
B) Most productive labor in industrial societies involves factory and office work rather than agricultural or foraging activities.
C) Social stratification decreases, causing a more egalitarian society to develop within industrial states.
D) A reduction in warfare, conflict, and feuding occurs in industrial states based on territory.

Question 22

Anthropologists have found that kinship in industrial states:

A) often becomes solidified and molded into large descent groups called oligoclans
B) becomes much more important and clearly defined than in preindustrial societies
C) becomes less important as new structures and organizations replace and begin to perform many of the functions associated with kinship in preindustrial societies
D) tends to remain about the same as is found in chiefdom societies
E) is inclined to emphasize the corporate nature of lineages and clans more than it did in preindustrial societies

Question 23

With industrialization, the functions of the family changed, and one of the major transformations was the:

A) increase in the frequency of polyandrous marriages, especially those in involving brothers
B) decrease in the mobility of members of the family since they were all tied to industrial production
C) increase in matrilocal residence and a reduction in patrilocal residence
D) diminishing importance of the extended family and the emergence of the nuclear family

Question 24

Karl Marx, in contrast to the views espoused by Adam Smith:

A) argued that a market exchange and competition would bring prosperity and high wages to all segments of society
B) offered a gloomier picture of industrial societies by suggesting that a market economy would bring about misery for millions of people
C) suggested that the best way to have a free, democratic, and prosperous society was for the government to take control of the land, resources, and production
D) felt that forager, horticulturalist, and pastoralist societies could all be transformed into modern market economy states within 10 to 15 years

Question 25

In all industrial states, the increase in secularization has caused religion to disappear and be replaced by humanism.
Multiple Choice Questions

Question 26

Nationalism is a strong sense of loyalty to nation-states based on shared language, values, and culture.

Question 27

It has been suggested that a major factor in the emergence of industrial states in Europe was due to:

A) an increase in contact and trade among different societies
B) the establishment of state controlled religions
C) the invention of the printing press and steam engine
D) the collapse of the traditional family and its values

Question 28

Since Japan is such a homogeneous society, there is less need for litigation than in the United States.

Question 29

A system in which the state government regulates the economy to insure growth, a positive trade balance, and the accumulation of wealth is called:

A) modernization
B) a circuitous strategy
C) mercantilism
D) a market economy
E) socialism

Question 30

The legal systems in Japan, Europe, and the United States are essentially the same because they arose from the common problems faced by all industrial states.

Question 31

Building on Leslie A. White's idea that sociocultural evolution progressed by the amount of energy it harnessed, John Bodley has suggested that there are -----cultures, and these categories have implications for the evolution of society. For example, no preindustrial society uses more than 26,000 kilocalories per capita per day.

A) stagnant and dynamic
B) devolved and evolved
C) low-energy and high-energy
D) good and bad
E) unproductive and productive

Question 32

The change from high fertility rates and high mortality rates to low fertility rates and low mortality rates is called the:

A) Flip-Flop Theory of Population
B) urbanization trend
C) demographic transition
D) socialization of vital rates
E) Population Stagnation Hypothesis

Question 33

The "father of modern economics" who wrote The Wealth of Nations was:

A) Raymond Scupin
B) Karl Marx
C) Clifford Geertz
D) Adam Smith

Question 34

is an economic system in which the state (ideally representative of the people) owns the basic means of production.

A) Capitalism
B) Idealism
C) Socialism
D) Futurism

Question 35

A pattern of economic exchange based on the supply and demand of goods and services is called:

A) market economy
B) barter system
C) socialist economy
D) reciprocal economy
E) faltering economy

Question 36

Division of labor in industrial societies is often divided into three sectors: the primary sector, involved in the extraction of energy and raw materials; the secondary sector, consisting of the factories which process the raw materials; and the tertiary sector, which includes services. At present, the most industrially advanced societies have the vast majority of people employed in the:

A) primary sector
B) secondary sector
C) tertiary sector
D) The workers are split evenly among these three sectors in order to maintain a balance in production and consumption.

Question 37

Chiefdoms and agricultural states are classified as because they provide little opportunity for social mobility. Industrial states, on the other hand, are considered because social status can be achieved through individual effort.

A) oppressive / free
B) hierarchical / egalitarian
C) closed societies / open societies
D) caste cultures / kindred cultures
E) sedentary societies / nomadic societies

Question 38

As nuclear families replace extended families in industrial societies, older people no longer reside with their adult children. The role of the elderly in retaining and disseminating information has diminished in industrial societies. The elderly have lost much of their economic power. Sociologist Donald O. Cowgill has hypothesized that:

A) The status and role of the elderly in the future will increase because the birthrate has dropped to an all-time low.
B) There will be an elderly revolution, termed the "Silver-Haired Rebellion," which will place much of the lost power and status back into the hands of the older segment of society.
C) As the rate of technological change accelerates, knowledge quickly becomes obsolete, and this decreases the status and role of the elderly (they are no longer the storage houses of technological knowledge; libraries and databanks have taken over this role).
D) In the future, there will be a major reorganization of kinship and the family, which will restore power to the elderly.

Question 39

Japan is the least homogeneous society in the world, with at least 50 distinct social classes and even more ethnic stratification than exists in the United States.

Question 40

Capitalist societies share three basic ideals. Which of the following is NOT one of these ideals?

A) The elements of production are privately owned.
B) Companies are free to maximize profits and accumulate wealth.
C) Land and resources should be owned and controlled by the state government, while production and services are in the hands of free enterprise.
D) Free competition and consumer independence are basic to all economic activities.

Question 41

The primary mode of social mobility in Japanese society is:

A) education
B) luck
C) inheritance
D) what is called burakumin and eta

Question 42

As Europe and America began to industrialize, the political organizations were transformed. Members of the middle class became economically powerful and were drawn to ideas of popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty means that:

A) Kings and queens should retain ultimate political power.
B) People, rather than rulers, were the ultimate source of political authority.
C) What is trendy at the moment is the best way to run the economy.
D) Political power should be vested in the elite and upper classes, rather than the lower classes.
E) The only good dictator is a dead one.

Question 43

One of the most distinctive features of law in industrial societies is the proliferation of public and procedural law, referred to as:

A) tort law
B) administrative law
C) habeas corpus
D) litigation law
E) "sue anyone for anything" law

Question 44

The decline in the influence of religion in society is called:

A) de-evolution
B) secularization
C) atheism
D) conservatism
E) evangelism Essay Questions

Question 45

What are some of the unique characteristics of Japanese industrial corporations?

Question 46

Define the term "feminism." What are the goals of feminists in industrialized states? Do you agree with these goals? Why or why not?

Question 47

What form does the division of labor take in industrial states? Where do you think the United States falls in this scheme?

Question 48

How does industrialization affect the family, kinship, marriage, and divorce?

Question 49

What are the processes whereby industrialization affects the status of elderly individuals? How can we explain the high status of the aged in societies like Japan and Russia?

Question 50

Compare and contrast principal tenets of capitalism and socialism. Would it be possible to create a functional economy that would combine these two systems into one?

Question 51

Why do you think ethnographers have spent most of their time studying preindustrial societies? Why have they just recently begun to examine industrial societies in greater depth?

Question 52

What is meant by the terms "market economy" and "capitalism?" What are the principal advantages and disadvantages of these systems for the individuals who participate in them?

Question 53

How does socialism differ from capitalism? What are the main goals of socialist governments? What are the principal problems faced by socialism in accomplishing its ideals?

Question 54

There are about three million native-born Japanese who are descendants of people who worked in the leather-tanning business. These individuals, even though they are physically indistinguishable from other Japanese, have the lowest status in Japan and are confined to ghetto areas. They are known as:

A) burakumin or eta
B) samurai
C) ninja
D) degradus
E) nihondo

Question 55

Is graduation from college a rite of passage in the United States? Using Van Gennep's stages, listed in Chapter 7, discuss graduation.

Question 56

The House of Lords in Great Britain differs from the House of Commons because membership in the House of Lords is:

A) based on intellect
B) inherited through families
C) limited to those individuals who have already served in the House of Commons
D) based on religious affiliation and achieved status
E) determined by popular vote

Question 57

A sense of loyalty to the nation-state based on shared language, values, and culture is called:

A) perestroika
B) ethnocentrism
C) nationalism
D) statehood
E) popular sovereignty

Question 58

Using a specific example, describe what is meant by a multinational corporation. What are the processes by which this multinational corporation can affect the workings of both individual countries and the global economy?

Question 59

What is the difference between a closed society and an open society? Is the United States a closed or open society? What about Japan, the former Soviet Union, and Great Britain?