Deck 36: Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Question 1

In the 1920s,physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that

A) physiological reactions are very different for different emotions.
B) our emotional reaction to a stimulus often occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus.
C) when physiological changes are artificially induced,such as when a person is given a drug to speed up heart rate,the person almost immediately experiences the emotion of either fear or anger.
D) people who are paralyzed because of a spinal cord injury have a greatly reduced capacity to feel emotions.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating,they experience much less anxiety.This is best understood in terms of the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) polygraph principle.
D) two-factor theory.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text?

A) physiological arousal
B) pupil contraction
C) conscious experience
D) expressive behavior

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the experience of an emotion

A) depends on the intensity of physiological arousal.
B) can occur only after physiological arousal.
C) occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.
D) precedes physiological arousal.

Question 5

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend,"When you notice that your knees knock,your hands sweat,and your stomach is in knots,then you really get emotional." This statement best illustrates the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Schachter-Singer theory.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 6

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that

A) the experience of emotion grows from an awareness of our body's arousal.
B) distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions.
C) some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 7

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) the two-factor theory.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) spillover effect.

Question 8

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A) you experience fear because your heart begins pounding.
B) your heart begins pounding because you experience fear.
C) you experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding.
D) none of these statements are true.

Question 9

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate,shallow breathing,and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash.When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration,cabin pressure,and confined space,his fear of flying was greatly reduced.The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) two-factor theory.
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) Concealed Information Test.

Question 10

When Alex and Jason were confronted by a dangerous snake,Alex experienced a much greater level of autonomic nervous system arousal than Jason.Yet both reported being equally scared by the experience.If true,this fact would be most consistent with the

A) two-factor theory.
B) Schachter-Singer theory
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) James-Lange theory.

Question 11

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

A) James-Lange theory
B) LeDoux theory
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) two-factor theory

Question 12

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.

A) parasympathetic nervous system;thalamus
B) sympathetic nervous system;cortex
C) thalamus;hypothalamus
D) parasympathetic nervous system;sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

Which of the following would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?

A) two-factor theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) the Schachter-Singer theory
D) James-Lange theory

Question 14

Pon's younger brother used his new computer and somehow managed to permanently erase all of Pon's personal files,including one containing a 10-page term paper due tomorrow! According to the text,the anger Pon now feels involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) conscious experience.
B) a physiological response.
C) behavioral or expressive responses.
D) the spillover effect.

Question 15

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) two-factor theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Concealed Information Test

Question 16

Whenever she sees Malik,Bonita's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside.Bonita now believes that she must be in love with Malik.Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

A) two-factor theory
B) the spillover effect
C) James-Lange theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 17

Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Schachter-Singer theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 18

The spillover effect refers to the impact of lingering ________ on the intensity of any later emotional reactions.

A) subliminal stimulation
B) pupil contraction
C) physical arousal
D) facial expressions

Question 19

Stephan noticed that his heart pounded and his palms were sweaty when he encountered a bear in the woods and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time.He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation,but he felt excited with the kiss.Which theory of emotion best explains Stephan's emotions?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) two-factor theory
D) parasympathetic arousal theory

Question 20

Samantha was in a car accident and can no longer feel anything below her neck.She experienced a high spinal cord injury.Which of the following is she likely to experience?

A) She will experience a decrease in emotions felt above the neck,such as lumps in the throat.
B) She will experience an increase in emotions felt below the neck,such as the heat of anger.
C) She will experience an increase in emotions felt above the neck,such as getting chocked up when saying good-bye.
D) She will experience little change in her emotions' intensity.

Question 21

Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations?

A) sympathetic
B) central
C) somatic
D) parasympathetic

Question 22

Who suggested that a "low road" neural shortcut enables rapid emotional responses before our conscious intellect intervenes?

A) Stanley Schachter
B) William James
C) Walter Cannon
D) Joseph LeDoux

Question 23

We sometimes interpret our arousal before experiencing a complex emotional reaction such as hatred.These complex emotional reactions follow a neural pathway from

A) the thalamus to the amygdala to the cerebral cortex.
B) the amygdala to the cerebral cortex to the thalamus.
C) the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala.
D) the amygdala to the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

Question 24

During a state of emotional arousal,the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream.

A) insulin
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) glucose

Question 25

Which of the following can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) two-factor theory
C) James-Lange theory
D) Lazarus theory

Question 26

Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie.She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen.When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend,however,she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings.Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the

A) Cannon-Bard Theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Concealed Information Test.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 27

________ concluded that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from,or even before,our interpretation of a situation.

A) William James
B) Robert Zajonc
C) Jerome Singer
D) Walter Cannon

Question 28

Some emotions,especially complex feelings such as hatred and love,travel (by way of the thalamus)to the brain's cortex.There,they are analyzed and labeled before the response command is sent out,via the amygdala.This pathway is referred to as the

A) low road.
B) high road.
C) sympathetic road.
D) parasympathetic road.

Question 29

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted,their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused.This best illustrates

A) the James-Lange Theory.
B) the Cannon-Bard theory.
C) the spillover effect.
D) parasympathetic arousal.

Question 30

While walking through a darkened parking garage after class,Amber suddenly felt a tap on her shoulder,producing an intense feeling of fear.Before she turned around to see that it was her boyfriend,the unexpected sensory input had already been routed through her thalamus directly to her

A) hippocampus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cortex.
D) amygdala.

Question 31

When 10-year-old Sophie sees her neighbor's large dog,she becomes very excited about the opportunity to pet the dog.On the other hand,when her cousin Marcie sees the same dog,she becomes scared and runs back inside the house.Which theorist would explain that their different responses are based on differences in their cognitive appraisal of the situation?

A) Robert Zajonc
B) William James
C) Richard Lazarus
D) Joseph LeDoux

Question 32

When we experience an unexpected event,such as hearing a sudden loud sound,our sympathetic nervous system causes the adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline)and norepinephrine (noradrenaline),which prepare us

A) for the spillover effect.
B) to fight or flee.
C) for appraisal.
D) for reappraisal.

Question 33

Walking home from work late one night,Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her.Her heart pounds,her muscles tense,and her mouth goes dry.These bodily responses are activated by her ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) somatic

Question 34

Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that

A) the amygdala sends more neural projections up to the cortex than it receives back.
B) emotion tends to distort our perceptions of the world.
C) a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus.
D) some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking.

Question 35

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?

A) hatred
B) love
C) fear
D) depression

Question 36

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence.This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by

A) physical arousal.
B) stress hormones.
C) cognitive appraisals.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 37

Jenny just met Katherine in line at the food court and immediately liked her.Which theorist would explain this phenomenon by saying that we have many emotional reactions before we are able to interpret what is going on?

A) William James
B) Robert Zajonc
C) Jerome Singer
D) Walter Cannon

Question 38

The "low road" from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to ________ emotional responses.

A) conscious
B) automatic
C) self-controlled
D) slowly developed

Question 39

In anger-provoking situations,sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused.This best illustrates the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) spillover effect.
C) James-Lange Theory.
D) Concealed Information Test.

Question 40

College men given injections of epinephrine felt happiest if they were told the injection would produce ________ and if they were in the company of a person who was acting ________.

A) arousal;euphoric
B) arousal;irritated
C) no effects;euphoric
D) no effects;irritated

Question 41

One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that

A) polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans.
B) anxiety,irritation,and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity.
C) emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) innocent people are presumed to be guilty at the very beginning of any lie detector test.

Question 42

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A) accelerates heart rate and slows digestion.
B) slows heart rate and accelerates digestion.
C) slows heart rate and slows digestion.
D) accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion.

Question 43

Emotions are a mix of all of the following EXCEPT

A) bodily arousal.
B) expressive behaviors.
C) conscious experiences.
D) incentives.

Question 44

If polygraphs are used as the only judge of guilt or innocence,

A) less than 5 percent of the guilty would have been declared innocent.
B) less than 5 percent of the innocent would have been declared guilty.
C) more than one-third of the innocent would have been declared guilty.
D) more than two-thirds of the guilty would have been declared innocent.

Question 45

After Albert recovered from a stroke,his wife noticed that he was now very easy-going and much more affectionate.Alberto's stroke most likely occurred in his brain's

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right temporal lobe.
D) left temporal lobe.

Question 46

The emotions of anger and fear involve similar

A) subjective thoughts and experiences.
B) patterns of autonomic arousal.
C) facial expressions.
D) patterns of brain activity.

Question 47

Which of the following suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

A) the Concealed Information Test
B) the James-Lange theory
C) the two-factory theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 48

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion.This best illustrates

A) the Cannon-Bard theory.
B) the spillover effect.
C) the low road of emotional processing.
D) parasympathetic activation.

Question 49

Increased left frontal lobe activity is most characteristic of people with

A) high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal.
B) emotionally expressive faces.
C) low levels of autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) emotionally positive personalities.

Question 50

Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.

A) blood sugar decrease;blood sugar increase
B) right prefrontal cortex activation;left prefrontal cortex activation
C) sympathetic nervous system;parasympathetic nervous system
D) epinephrine;norepinephrine

Question 51

The insula is activated when people experience emotions such as

A) pride.
B) lust.
C) disgust.
D) any of these emotions.

Question 52

As people experience positive emotions,an increase in brain activity is most evident in the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right temporal lobe.
D) left temporal lobe.

Question 53

Turning in at her street,Dominique saw six fire trucks in front of her apartment building.Her heart beat wildly until someone yelled,"Just a false alarm." Her pulse then began to return to normal,due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

Question 54

Although newspapers reported that a murder victim had been stabbed with a knife,two police investigators knew that the actual murder weapon was a letter opener.While carefully monitoring the changes in heart rate and perspiration level of a prime suspect,the investigators asked him if he typically used a letter opener on his mail.The investigators were making use of the

A) two-factor theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Concealed Information Test.
D) spillover effect.

Question 55

Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching angry faces.

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 56

The sympathetic nervous system is to the parasympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.

A) inhibition of digestion;acceleration of digestion
B) decreasing heart rate;increasing heart rate
C) decreasing blood sugar;increasing blood sugar
D) contraction of pupils;dilation of pupils

Question 57

Mr.Hanson is strongly suspected of embezzling money from his employer.He has denied the allegation.To determine whether he is lying,investigators are most likely to ask Mr.Hanson to take a(n)________ test.

A) electrocardiograph
B) polygraph
C) myograph
D) tomograph

Question 58

Kitty,an inexperienced pilot,prepares for an emergency landing after her single-engine plane loses power.Kitty's emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

A) decreased respiration.
B) pupil constriction.
C) increased blood sugar levels.
D) increased salivation.

Question 59

When Concealed Information Tests are used with enough specific probes

A) innocent suspects are typically judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
B) guilty suspects are always judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
C) guilty suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
D) innocent suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners.

Question 60

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

A) blood sugar level
B) hormone secretions
C) pupil dilation
D) heart rate

Question 61

An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the

A) polygraph.
B) two-factor theory.
C) physiological assessment test.
D) Concealed Information Test.

Question 62

The ________ theory of emotion states that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes.

A) James-Lange
B) two-factor
C) Cannon-Bard
D) arousal

Question 63

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A) increases salivation and increases blood pressure.
B) decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
C) increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
D) decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Question 64

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry ...afraid because we tremble"?

A) Stanley Schachter
B) William James
C) Walter Cannon
D) Richard Lazarus

Question 65

Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking.These emotional responses are said to follow a low road that bypasses the

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) optic nerve.

Question 66

Professor Meltzer believes that emotions arise when we effortlessly appraise an event as harmless or dangerous,whether we truly know it is or not.Professor Meltzer's views most closely illustrate

A) the James-Lange theory.
B) Richard Lazarus' views.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory.
D) the Schachter-Singer theory.

Question 67

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching.His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

A) a decreased blood sugar level.
B) a decreased respiration rate.
C) contraction of the arteries.
D) dilation of his pupils.

Question 68

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

A) to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
B) the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
C) an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
D) to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 69

While walking to her car in a dimly lit parking garage,Mei Lin hears a loud sound behind her,which causes her to experience intense fear.According to the text,the fear Mei Lin now feels involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) parasympathetic activity.
B) a physiological response.
C) a behavioral or expressive response.
D) conscious experience.

Question 70

Marilyn had strong negative feelings about Marcus as soon as she met him but could not explain why.When she asked her psychology professor for an explanation,he told her that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from,or even before,our interpretation of a situation.The professor's explanation most closely illustrates

A) the James-Lange theory.
B) Richard Lazarus' views.
C) Robert Zajonc's views.
D) the Schachter-Singer theory.

Question 71

Psychologists define ________ as a complex psychological state that involves conscious experience,a physiological (bodily)response,and a behavioral or expressive response.

A) arousal
B) emotion
C) behaviors
D) conscious experiences

Question 72

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

A) blood sugar level
B) hormone secretions
C) pupil dilation
D) perspiration

Question 73

When Amir took his first ride on the big Ferris wheel,he looked down at the fairground 100 feet below and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal.Suddenly he felt frightened.The sequence of events in Amir's emotional experience reflects

A) the Cannon-Bard theory.
B) the two-factor theory.
C) cognitive appraisal.
D) the James-Lange theory.

Question 74

The basic components of emotion are

A) sympathetic arousal,parasympathetic inhibition,and cognitive labeling.
B) physical gestures,facial expressions,and psychological drives.
C) expressive behaviors,physiological arousal,and conscious experience.
D) cognition,affect,and behavior.

Question 75

Which of the following is one of those criticisms?

A) The James-Lange theory overemphasized the importance of physiological reactions.
B) Cannon argued that the James-Lange theory failed to consider the importance of thoughts in emotional reactions.
C) Cannon pointed out that bodily reactions are similar for many emotions,yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different.
D) The James-Lange theory described the nature of emotions but failed to explain how they occur.

Question 76

Cassandra's mother told her,"You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the

A) LeDoux theory.
B) two-factor theory.
C) Cannon-Bard Theory.
D) James-Lange theory.

Question 77

When Mr.Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack,he suffered an unusually intense level of fear.His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

A) low road of emotional processing.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 78

Jolly infants and alert,energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the

A) amygdala.
B) somatosensory cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 79

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) hippocampus.

Question 80

Which of the following is activated when we experience negative social emotions,such as disgust?

A) sympathetic division of the ANS
B) insula
C) amygdala
D) left frontal lobe