Deck 16: Psychological Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

Externalizing problems that begin ________ are more likely to persist into adult life.

A)during adolescence
B)in the late 20s and early 30s
C)before adolescence
D)in early adulthood

Answer 1

before adolescence

Question 2

Six-year-old Nick's parents have been called to school repeatedly during the past two years for a variety of problems ranging from disobeying teachers to bullying classmates.Their position is that,like any other boy his age,Nick is testing the limits.Which of the following correlates to how school officials should respond if they take a developmental psychopathology perspective?

A)All children test the limits,but the only way they become adults is to stop that testing.
B)Although it is normal for children to test the limits,your son's limit testing is not appropriate for his age.
C)We just want to make you aware of your son's behavior; we do expect that he will outgrow this stage soon.
D)Testing the limits is a sign of a deeply rooted psychological disturbance that needs to be treated.

Answer 2

Although it is normal for children to test the limits,your son's limit testing is not appropriate for his age.

Question 3

Evidence for a syndrome of externalizing behavior problems has been demonstrated by statistical analysis of

A)arrest reports.
B)clinicians' diagnoses of children.
C)children's descriptions of their own behavior.
D)checklists on which adults rate children's psychological symptoms.

Answer 3

checklists on which adults rate children's psychological symptoms.

Question 4

Adolescents often engage in rule violations,so it is essential to distinguish between _________ and _________ antisocial behavior.

A)externalized / internalized
B)biologically-based / psychologically-based
C)adolescent-limited / life-course-persistent
D)intentional / unintentional

Question 5

Compared to boys,girls are more likely to engage in ________,actions designed to hurt others in subtle ways,such as put downs,gossip,and social exclusion.

A)relational aggression
B)passive aggression
C)intentional hostility
D)caring hostility

Question 6

Which of the following is one of DSM-5's criteria for hyperactivity and impulsivity in a child with ADHD?

A)often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork,at work,or during other activities
B)often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate
C)often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork,chores,or duties in the workplace
D)often loses things necessary for tasks or activities

Question 7

What is the major contribution of a developmental psychopathology perspective on children's problems?

A)Developmental psychopathology offers greater focus on genetic factors.
B)Developmental psychopathology suggests ways that biological processes account for these types of problems.
C)Developmental psychopathology provides norms across the lifespan that can be used to determine whether a behavior is abnormal.
D)Developmental psychopathology highlights the importance of environmental differences across different socioeconomic groups.

Question 8

General "spaciness," frequent shifts from one uncompleted activity to another,careless mistakes,and poor organization are descriptors for

A)impulsivity.
B)attention deficits.
C)conduct disorders.
D)hyperactivity.

Question 9

Chris begins to show externalizing and antisocial behaviors at age 6.Doug begins to show these behaviors at age 16.What would a clinical psychologist conclude concerning the differences in the problems these two individuals present?

A)Chris's problems are less disruptive to other people.
B)Chris's problems are likely to persist throughout life.
C)Chris's problems will probably have a shorter duration.
D)Chris's problems will be more related to physical health issues.

Question 10

Externalizing behavior is more problematic when it is part of a ________,or cluster of problems,than when it occurs in isolation.

A)system
B)symptom
C)syndrome
D)synod

Question 11

Many externalizing disorders are characterized by

A)overcontrolled behavior.
B)symptoms of sadness and anxiety.
C)violations of age-appropriate social rules.
D)expression of worry through physical symptoms.

Question 12

A child with which of the following would likely be diagnosed as having an internalizing disorder?

A)excessive anxiety
B)depressed mood
C)somatic complaints
D)serious misconduct

Question 13

Jeremy is an eight-year-old boy whose case is described in your textbook.Based on a recommendation from his teacher,he was evaluated by a psychologist.Which of the following findings would be significant in planning a treatment program for Jeremy?

A)Jeremy has a sibling who was mentally retarded and autistic.
B)He had an older sister who expressed herself better verbally than did Jeremy.
C)Although Jeremy had an IQ of 108,his achievement test scores were a grade behind his current grade.
D)Jeremy's mother took him to the psychologist only reluctantly because she did not believe he had a problem.

Question 14

DSM-5 reorganized its classification of psychological problems usually diagnosed first among children in an effort to

A)make a clear distinction between childhood disorders and adult disorders.
B)make developmental considerations a part of all disorders.
C)provide a consistent means of diagnosis for the best health insurance coverage.
D)replicate the system used in earlier editions of the DSM.

Question 15

Based on recent research,to predict antisocial personality disorder,you would focus on the variable of ________ in the child.

A)callousness
B)anxiety
C)persistence
D)intelligence

Question 16

The PTA invited a speaker to address the topic of crime among adolescents.What information might the speaker cite in this talk to parents of young people?

A)The rate of crime committed by young people is increasing in spite of intervention efforts.
B)The worst five percent of juvenile offenders account for about half of all juvenile arrests.
C)Most of the crimes committed by young people are committed against schools and are generally taken as signs of rebellion.
D)Young people under the age of 18 frequently engage in serious,violent crimes.

Question 17

A child with which of the following would likely be diagnosed as having an externalizing disorder?

A)excessive anxiety
B)depressed mood
C)somatic complaints
D)serious misconduct

Question 18

Hyperactivity is most notable in

A)unfamiliar places.
B)a physician's office.
C)structured settings,such as classrooms.
D)unstructured situations,such as on playgrounds.

Question 19

DSM-5 classifies attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as ________ disorder,a diagnostic grouping that includes intellectual disability,autism spectrum disorder,and specific learning disorder.

A)neurological
B)intellectual deficit
C)neurodevelopmental
D)behavioral

Question 20

The continuous performance test is used to measure

A)sustained attention.
B)hyperactivity.
C)neurological abnormalities.
D)academic achievement.

Question 21

Which of the following is a criterion for diagnosing oppositional defiant disorder,according to DSM-5?

A)often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed
B)scores above the mean on the verbal portion of the IQ test but below the mean in reading
C)often argues with authority figures or,for children and adolescents,argues with adults
D)has committed at least two index offenses

Question 22

Tim has been diagnosed as having oppositional defiant disorder; Vince has been diagnosed as having conduct disorder.What is the major difference between these two boys?

A)Tim is older than Vince.
B)Compared to Tim,Vince has a much better prognosis.
C)Vince has engaged in more serious forms of rule violations than has Tim.
D)They demonstrate the same symptoms,but Tim is more likely to be mentally retarded.

Question 23

What is the general conclusion of researchers who have investigated the influence of genetic factors on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A)Genetic factors strongly contribute to this disorder.
B)The concordance rate for MZ twins is high,but symptoms appear to be reactions to other mental disorders.
C)Genetic factors seem to play no role in the development of this disorder.
D)The concordance rate among dizygotic twins is higher than it is for monozygotic twins.

Question 24

Which part of the brain controls executive functions,including attention,inhibition,and emotion regulation,and is being studied as a possible biological factor in ADHD?

A)corona radiata
B)paraventricular nucleus
C)prefrontal cortical-striatal network
D)ventral posterior lateral nucleus

Question 25

A researcher who wanted to determine the effects of a particular treatment on children with ADHD could use which kind of research tool?

A)a small convenience sample
B)a large representative sample
C)data on the whole population of interest
D)information from interviews and other global measures

Question 26

Which of the following describes the temperaments classified by Chess and Thomas as slow-to-warm-up?

A)distant and unfriendly
B)unpredictable and challenging
C)friendly and obey rules
D)shy and withdrawn

Question 27

Your friend is looking over your shoulder while you are reading in your abnormal psychology textbook about conduct disorders.Your friend says,"Conduct disorder just sounds like another term for juvenile delinquency." Is your friend correct or incorrect?

A)Correct: these two terms describe the same condition.
B)Incorrect: people with conduct disorders do not usually break the law.
C)Incorrect: conduct disorder is diagnosed in children,not adolescents.
D)Incorrect: juvenile delinquency is a legal classification,not a psychological diagnosis.

Question 28

Jack lives in a small apartment with his mother,father,and four brothers and sister.The family struggles to pay the rent and put food on the table.His mother has been quite depressed.Which of the following speaks to Jack's future?

A)Jack is at high risk for developing Down syndrome.
B)Jack is at high risk for an externalizing problem.
C)Jack is at high risk for an internalizing problem.
D)Jack is at high risk for developing an eating disorder.

Question 29

How would a psychologist describe the relationship of the symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A)They are independent symptoms.
B)Hyperactivity causes attention problems.
C)The attention problems cause hyperactivity.
D)They are two ways of identifying the same set of symptoms.

Question 30

Research psychologists typically use convenience samples-groups of people who are easily recruited and studied.A ________ sample would be most accurate because it consists of a larger group of the population of interest.

A)representative
B)specific
C)cross-sectional
D)easily measured

Question 31

What is the current consensus regarding the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)and oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)?

A)The two disorders are essentially the same.
B)ODD tends to resolve itself with time,while ADHD is more often a lifelong problem.
C)The two disorders are fundamentally different.
D)The two are separate but frequently comorbid.

Question 32

What is the purpose of Michael Rutter's Family Adversity Index?

A)identifies six family predictors of behavior problems among children
B)counts the number of arguments within a family during a specified period of time
C)records the number of family members who have ever experienced any mental disorder in the past
D)indicates the likelihood that family members are genetically predisposed to develop mental disorders

Question 33

Inborn behavioral characteristics such as activity level,emotionality,and sociability are known as

A)genotype.
B)personality.
C)temperament.
D)abilities.

Question 34

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that almost ___ percent of children in the United States had a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD.

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)15

Question 35

The symptoms of _________ are frequently index offenses,which are crimes against people or property.

A)oppositional defiant disorder
B)conduct disorder
C)relational aggression
D)adult-onset ADHD

Question 36

A psychologist is evaluating a child by first trying to determine if the child loses his temper,if he argues with adults,and if he is often spiteful and vindictive.To which disorder does the focus of the psychologist's evaluations lead?

A)conduct disorder
B)Tourette's syndrome
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 37

Genetic factors explain ________ percent of the variance in ADHD symptoms,a much higher proportion than for most behavior disorders.

A)5
B)25
C)50
D)90

Question 38

What did Michael Rutter find in the study of the association between family adversity and externalizing disorders?

A)There were no externalizing problems if there were no family problems.
B)There was no association between family problems and externalizing disorders.
C)The presence of one adversity factor was associated with a much higher rate of externalizing disorders.
D)The presence of two adversity factors was associated with a much higher rate of externalizing disorders.

Question 39

Everyone in the sixth grade and throughout the entire school knows Carl is a bully.He likes his reputation and calls himself "the enforcer." He gets a kick out of being cruel to small animals and has used a baseball bat as a weapon.He was referred to the mental health center for an evaluation.When the report is returned to the school,what diagnosis is likely to have been made?

A)conduct disorder
B)juvenile delinquency
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 40

What is the key difference between ADHD and ODD?

A)ADHD is a psychological problem,while ODD is biological.
B)ADHD is a biological problem,while ODD is psychological.
C)ADHD is an internalized problem,while ODD is externalized.
D)ADHD behavior is unintentional,while ODD behavior is intentional.

Question 41

Ted's pediatrician has prescribed Ritalin for the fourth-grader.Which of the following is the most likely prescribed dosage regime?

A)Ted will take a single dose every morning before school.
B)Ted will take one dose each day when he feels the need to concentrate.
C)Ted will take one dose per week throughout the year and into his adolescent years.
D)Ted will take one dose in the morning and another at lunchtime,with a possible third dose after school.

Question 42

In a large sample of males followed from birth into adulthood,child maltreatment predicted significantly more adolescent conduct problems if the boys were genetically predisposed to__________ activity.

A)high MAOA
B)low MAOA
C)low dopamine
D)high dopamine

Question 43

The people next door emphasize obedience through the enforcement of their guidelines and the use of punishment.For example,when their 14-year-old was five minutes late returning from a basketball game last weekend,they immediately grounded the youngster for two weeks.What style of parenting has been described?

A)indulgent
B)neglectful
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 44

Which of the following most clearly captures how Gerald Patterson uses the term coercion?

A)An interaction in which parents negatively reinforce a child's misbehavior by ignoring it.
B)An interaction in which parents negatively reinforce a child's misbehavior by overreacting to it.
C)An interaction in which parents negatively reinforce a child's misbehavior,and the child responds by positively reinforcing the parent's neglect.
D)An interaction in which parents and children reciprocally reinforce child misbehavior and parent capitulation.

Question 45

In a hospital corridor,you overhear physicians discussing a patient's soft signs.You ask your own physician what they meant and find that they were referring to

A)neurological symptoms,such as delays in fine motor coordination.
B)symptoms that only appear in evidence from low-tech types of testing equipment.
C)indications that suggest a low level of a certain neurotransmitter is present.
D)an area of the brain that experienced a direct blow that causes seizure-like symptoms.

Question 46

Which of the following is likely to characterize children with externalizing disorders?

A)detachment
B)hallucinations
C)anaclitic depression
D)inability to delay gratification

Question 47

One reason why a child might turn out well-behaved despite growing up in difficult family circumstances involves what temperament theorists call

A)goodness of fit.
B)age-appropriate accommodation.
C)life-course persistence.
D)the internalization of an externalized disorder.

Question 48

Psychostimulant medication shows improvement in behavior for about ________ percent of children treated for ADHD.

A)5
B)30
C)75
D)90

Question 49

Developmental psychologists classify parenting into four styles based on warmth and discipline.Which is most likely to produce well-adjusted children?

A)neglectful
B)indulgent
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 50

One way to break a pattern of misbehavior without capitulating to it is to institute a brief period of isolation after the misbehavior called a

A)coercion.
B)time-out.
C)detachment.
D)negative attention.

Question 51

Researchers have given children either psychostimulant drugs or placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.They are interested in how the mothers will react to their children.What do they find?

A)Parent behavior seems to be the primary cause of much of a child's hyperactivity.
B)When their children are on medication,mothers are less negative and less controlling.
C)Based on the response of parents,the effects of psychostimulants can be attributed to a placebo effect.
D)Parents do not seem to respond any differently to children when they are on or off psychostimulant medication.

Question 52

The process of shaping children's behavior and attitudes to conform to the expectations of parents,teachers,and society as a whole is known as

A)shaping.
B)behavior modification.
C)parenting style.
D)socialization.

Question 53

Which of the following situations illustrates the concept of negative attention and its potential consequences?

A)When a child misbehaves,he is sent out of the class for a specified period of time known as a time-out.
B)The parents of a two-year-old pay no attention to the child until she is quiet for least two minutes.
C)The second-grade teacher says the entire class must be quiet before the students can leave for recess.Any sounds from the class delay or reduce recess time,so the class remains quiet on cue from the teacher.
D)The parents of an 8-year-old boy tend to punish his misbehaviors in front of his siblings,who find his antics during the punishment hilarious.

Question 54

A family with a young son decides to move from a poor,inner-city neighborhood to a small town because their first-grade son is wanting to dress like the "gangstas" he sees on his street and at school.Is this an effective strategy?

A)No,because moving creates instability,which leads to a greater risk of externalizing problems.
B)No,because a tendency to externalizing problems is completely genetic.
C)Yes,because kids in these kinds of neighborhoods are at greater risk of developing externalizing problems.
D)Yes,because kids in these kinds of neighborhoods are at greater risk of developing internalizing problems.

Question 55

Eight-year-old Julio attends an elementary school where a lot of children are taking Ritalin.After his teacher suggested that his parents take him to a pediatrician for an evaluation,Julio was put on Ritalin.If Julio has a typical response to the drug,what is likely to happen?

A)Julio has a minor improvement in his hyperactivity.
B)Julio responds positively to the medication,and his hyperactivity decreases.
C)Julio has strong side effects and must be taken off the drug immediately.
D)Julio experiences the paradoxical effect,and his behavior actually gets worse.

Question 56

Ricky's mother tends to scold him when he fights with other children,while Ricky's father encourages him to fight.This type of inconsistent discipline has been linked to

A)internalizing disorders.
B)externalizing disorders.
C)higher levels of anxiety.
D)higher levels of depression.

Question 57

Children with serious conduct problems often have parents who are

A)indulgent.
B)neglectful.
C)authoritarian.
D)authoritative.

Question 58

How do psychostimulant drugs affect normal children?

A)induce a period of depression
B)increase energy but decrease alertness
C)have no observable effects on normal children
D)improve attention and decrease motor activity

Question 59

Which of the following appears to play a role in the continuity between early-onset ODD and adult antisocial behavior?

A)genes
B)authoritative parenting style
C)high fever during infancy
D)socialization

Question 60

A group of children previously identified as aggressive were put in a social situation and observed.Based on Dodge's research,observers are likely to see these children

A)ignore the behavior of other children.
B)overinterpret the aggressive intentions of their peers.
C)contribute a high level of positive energy to the group.
D)tend to be preoccupied with their own behavior and its effects on others.

Question 61

An expert on problem behaviors in adolescents tells a gathering of professionals the following: "The primary goal of treating these young people should be diversion." If the group then goes out and follows this suggestion,what will they try to accomplish?

A)They will develop more after-hours programs for young people.
B)They will develop more family-based treatment programs.
C)They will work to keep youngsters out of the juvenile justice system.
D)They will develop occupational programs for young people in the juvenile justice system.

Question 62

If a child diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder does not respond to psychostimulant drugs,which of the following categories of drugs would most likely be prescribed?

A)antimanic
B)antianxiety
C)antipsychotic
D)antidepressant

Question 63

All of the following children are eight years old.Which of them is likely to be free of the major symptoms of their disorders by late adolescence?

A)Dean,who has a fear of water
B)Jill,who has severe depression
C)Juan,who has an obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)Jack,who has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 64

What is the long-term prognosis for children who have oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder into adulthood?

A)About half will have problems with antisocial behavior in adulthood.
B)There is a high probability of full recovery of normal functioning in the majority of cases.
C)Some of their symptoms will decrease unless they also have ADHD.
D)There is a high rate of development of a wide range of pathologies from anxiety disorders to psychotic disorders.

Question 65

What is a central process for many behavioral family therapists in treating adolescents with conduct disorder?

A)getting the parents to be less authoritative
B)promoting adolescent's involvement in deciding the rules
C)helping the parents gain more control over the adolescent
D)fostering empathic understanding rather than behavior management

Question 66

Which fear is prevalent between ages 5 to 8?

A)darkness
B)school-related fears
C)separation from parents
D)enclosed spaces

Question 67

The parents of a child who has just been put on Ritalin are given a pamphlet describing some of the benefits and side effects of the drug.What types of side effects might the parents expect to see?

A)itching and rashes
B)nausea and vomiting
C)depression and anxiety
D)decreased appetite and sleeping difficulties

Question 68

A psychologist is reluctant to use parents' observations of their children in determining levels of their children's depression.However,parents often insist on being consulted.What is the psychologist likely to find when parents are asked to evaluate their children's levels of depression?

A)Parents tend to underestimate the extent of depression reported by their children.
B)Parents frequently mistake the symptoms of depression as signs of a developing psychotic process.
C)Parents tend to overreact to minor symptoms and overestimate the severity of the depression.
D)Whenever parents are involved in such data collection,they immediately put themselves in the role of the therapist and begin treatment,often with disastrous results.

Question 69

What did a 13-year follow-up study find about the effect of multisystemic therapy (MST)on recidivism rates among seriously troubled youth?

A)MST increased rates when compared to those not receiving the treatment.
B)MST decreased rates,but overall rates were still quite high.
C)MST decreased rates significantly.
D)MST had no effect on recidivism rates.

Question 70

Behavioral family therapy seems to be promising as a treatment for

A)conduct disorder.
B)oppositional defiant disorder.
C)antisocial personality disorder.
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 71

What has research shown concerning residential programs,such as Achievement Place?

A)long-term reductions in aggression
B)few results while teens are still in the group home
C)lower rates of recidivism once teens leave the program
D)effective results only while teens are living in the group home

Question 72

Studies of the long-term benefits of psychostimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show

A)significant improvement in both learning and behavior.
B)no significant improvement in learning or behavior.
C)improved learning but no improvement in behavior.
D)improved behavior but no improvement in learning.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of the way that DSM-5 identifies internalizing disorders in children?

A)DSM-5 includes the separate category of internalizing disorders of childhood because depressive and anxiety disorders in children are significantly different than in adults.
B)DSM-5 includes no separate category of internalizing disorders of childhood,but it indicates that children may qualify for "adult" diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders.
C)DSM-5 includes separate categories for children with depression but not with anxiety disorders.
D)DSM-5 includes separate categories for children with anxiety disorders,but children with depression are included as a subsection of the adult depression diagnostic criteria.

Question 74

Which of the following is a key element of behavioral family therapy?

A)teaching parents to systematically reward positive behavior and ignore or mildly punish misbehavior
B)teaching both parents and their children to use the techniques of progressive relaxation training
C)contacting a negotiator immediately when there is any hint that a serious situation is about to erupt
D)encouraging both parents and their children to go to "neutral corners" for at least 30 minutes following any confrontation

Question 75

Which of the following would be considered a symptom of an internalizing disorder?

A)irritable mood
B)antisocial behavior
C)aggression
D)somatic complaints

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of an internalizing symptom?

A)sadness
B)fighting
C)talking back
D)hyperactivity

Question 77

Compared to use in Europe,Canada,and Australia,psychostimulant use in the United States is

A)about equal.
B)about half the rate.
C)3 to 10 times higher.
D)almost 100 times higher.

Question 78

The main difference between children's fears and anxiety is that

A)fear is a reaction to a real and immediate danger.
B)anxiety is a reaction to a real and immediate danger.
C)fear involves the brain's limbic system.
D)anxiety involves the brain's limbic system.

Question 79

The parents of an eight-year-old boy are talking to the pediatrician who has just prescribed Ritalin for their son.The pediatrician wants to make sure that the parents are aware of the possible side effects and will report them if and when they occur.Which of the following side effects might occur?

A)hallucinations and nervousness
B)heart palpitations and enuresis
C)suicidal thoughts and agitation
D)slowed physical growth and motor tics

Question 80

What has research shown concerning the association between diet and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A)Sugar increases hyperactivity.
B)Preservatives increase hyperactivity.
C)Food additives increase hyperactivity.
D)There is no relationship between diet and hyperactivity.