Deck 5: Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part B

Question 1

The researcher most closely associated with operant conditioning as a form of learning is:

A) Albert Bandura
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) B.F.Skinner
D) S.R.Maddi

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A relatively permanent change in the frequency of occurrence of a specific individual behavior is referred to as:

A) learning
B) vicarious learning
C) classical conditioning
D) self-efficacy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Learning from Experience: Working at United Parcel Service,UPS is the world's largest package-delivery company.UPS transports 16 million packages and documents per business day throughout the United States and to more than ____ countries and territories.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A ____,which can be either positive or negative,is the result of a behavior.

A) kaizen
B) consequence
C) behavioral modification
D) contingency of reinforcement

Question 5

Voluntary behavior can be learned through:

A) classical conditioning
B) social learning theory
C) operant conditioning
D) both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are incorrect

Question 6

A response is learned in operant conditioning because it:

A) is an unconscious process
B) is mentally processed
C) gets weaker each time it is reinforced
D) leads to a particular consequence

Question 7

A(n)____ response may not be under the conscious control of the individual.

A) secondary
B) vicariously learned
C) classically conditioned
D) operant

Question 8

To effectively manage employee performance,managers should try to:

A) control employees' attitudes
B) influence employees' basic beliefs
C) control external events
D) develop employees' personalities

Question 9

A(n)____ precedes and is a stimulus to a behavior.

A) kaizen
B) reward
C) antecedent
D) consequence

Question 10

____ is the relationship between a behavior and the preceding and following environmental events that influence that behavior.

A) Contingency of reinforcement
B) Consequence
C) Behavioral modification
D) Antecedent

Question 11

According to Learning from Experience: Working at United Parcel Service,the Five Seeing Habits include all of the following except:

A) never use your horn
B) maintain proper following distance
C) look down the road to uncover traffic patterns
D) make sure that the truck has an escape route

Question 12

When Jill's mother was gravely ill,each time the phone rang she expected it to be bad news.Eventually,she got the phone call that she had died.Afterward,Jill became very anxious whenever the phone would ring.Her anxiety was likely the result of:

A) social learning theory
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) extinction

Question 13

A relatively permanent change in knowledge or observable behavior that results from practice or experience is:

A) Continuous reinforcement
B) Learning
C) Cognition
D) Intermittent reinforcement

Question 14

Labeling behavior as ____ or ____ may be somewhat subjective and depend on the value system being applied.

A) objective;subjective
B) desirable;undesirable
C) conscious;unconscious
D) classically conditioned;operantly conditioned

Question 15

An objective base for determining whether a behavior is desirable or undesirable is:

A) the work setting
B) the feeling of the manager
C) both of these would be considered objective bases
D) neither of these would be considered objective bases

Question 16

Which of the following responses may not be under the conscious control of the individual?

A) operantly conditioned
B) vicariously learned
C) classically conditioned
D) social cognitive

Question 17

Individuals learn voluntary behavior through a process known as:

A) contingency of reinforcement
B) classical conditioning
C) self-efficacy conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of an operant behavior and its consequences? A student:

A) enters a restaurant and sits down
B) enters a football stadium and looks at the scoreboard
C) studies and gets good grades
D) is late to work and is ignored by everyone

Question 19

As a manager,Carl encourages employees to question his directives because innovation and professional judgment are crucial to the organization's success.This is an example of how ____ affect the labeling behaviors as desirable or undesirable.

A) attitudes
B) organizational norms
C) classical conditioning
D) social learning theory

Question 20

Operant behaviors can be influenced by:

A) changing the consequences of those behaviors
B) measuring the consequences of those behaviors
C) charting the occurrence of those behaviors
D) pairing them with reflexive behaviors

Question 21

Drinking water would be an example of a(n)____ to most people.

A) aversive event
B) primary reinforcer
C) secondary reinforcer
D) none of these is a correct answer

Question 22

For most people,receiving special recognition of hard work would be an example of:

A) a positive event
B) self-efficacy
C) an aversive event
D) a contingency of reinforcement

Question 23

The purpose of reinforcement is to ____ increase the frequency of employee behavior.

A) sometimes
B) always
C) usually
D) rarely

Question 24

The purpose of positive reinforcement is to ____ the frequency of desired employee behavior and the purpose of negative reinforcement is to ____ the frequency of desired employee behavior.

A) decrease;increase
B) increase;increase
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;decrease

Question 25

An event that once had neutral value but has taken on some value (positive or negative)for an individual because of past experience is called a(n):

A) secondary reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer
C) aversive event
D) positive event

Question 26

An event that is desirable,or pleasing,to the employee is called a(n):

A) aversive event
B) positive reinforcer
C) positive event
D) self-fulfilling

Question 27

Food would be example of a(n)____ to most people.

A) primary reinforcer
B) aversive event
C) secondary reinforcer
D) none of these is a correct answer

Question 28

Most behaviors in organizations are influenced by:

A) primary reinforcers
B) positive events
C) aversive events
D) secondary reinforcers

Question 29

An event that a person finds desirable or pleasing is:

A) positive reinforcement
B) a primary reinforcer
C) a reward
D) a learned reward

Question 30

When a pleasant event is added,the contingency of reinforcement is:

A) extinction
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 31

A(n)____ is an event that is undesirable or displeasing to the employee.

A) kaizen
B) negative reinforcer
C) aversive event
D) escape response

Question 32

The Hogan's,a family restaurant,uses a system of points to manage the behavior of the wait staff.Each member of the wait staff has a running total of points that can be added to or subtracted from based on their behaviors.When an employee reaches 200 points,a bonus is received.If points ever become negative,employees are reprimanded or even fired.For the employees at The Hogan's,points would be best characterized as:

A) aversive events
B) a type of vicarious learning
C) primary reinforcers
D) secondary reinforcers

Question 33

Your textbook gives an example of a financial firm called Calvert which includes all of the following in its secondary reinforcers except:

A) life insurance
B) dental coverage
C) food
D) tuition reimbursement

Question 34

Positive reinforcement refers to a(n)____ event that is ____ contingent upon the proper behavior.

A) unpleasant;removed
B) unpleasant;added
C) pleasant;removed
D) pleasant;added

Question 35

An event for which the individual already knows the value is:

A) a reward
B) a primary reinforcer
C) positive reinforcement
D) a secondary reinforcer

Question 36

A pleasant consequence presented after the occurrence of a desired behavior is a:

A) a primary reinforcer
B) positive reinforcement
C) a reward
D) variable reinforcement

Question 37

For most people,getting demoted at work would be an example of:

A) extinction
B) a positive event
C) negative reinforcement
D) an aversive event

Question 38

The purpose of punishment is to ____ the frequency of employee behavior.

A) reinforce
B) decrease
C) minimize
D) increase

Question 39

A ____ is the result of a behavior,which can be either positive or negative in terms of goal or task accomplishment.

A) contingency of reinforcement
B) consequence
C) behavioral modification
D) kaizen

Question 40

To qualify as a reinforcer,a reward must:

A) involve money
B) involve money and/or praise
C) increase the frequency of the behavior it follows
D) cause extinction

Question 41

If leaders fail to reinforce desirable behaviors,they may be using ______ without recognizing it.

A) Punishment
B) Extinction
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 42

Mike would like to stop employees from leaving work early on Fridays.He decides the best way to do so is to punish anyone who is not in the office at 5 p.m.on Fridays.Which of the following is not a potential negative effect of Mike's plan?

A) employee fear of Mike
B) high turnover
C) creative performance
D) recurrence of undesirable employee behavior

Question 43

Escape learning:

A) is a part of social learning theory
B) increases the probability of correct behavior
C) decreases the probability of correct behavior
D) is analogous to punishment

Question 44

According to the Ethics Competency: Time off for bad behavior,the prison rehab program for substance abusers is so popular that ____.

A) one lawyer advised his clients to show up drunk on the day of their sentencing so they get interviewed right away about their substance abuse problem.
B) inmates arrange for doctors to testify,for a consulting fee,that they purportedly treated the individual for alcohol abuse.
C) inmates try to bribe the probation officer and judge to get in the program
D) both one lawyer advised his clients to show up drunk on the day of their sentencing so they get interviewed right away about their substance abuse problem and inmates arrange for doctors to testify,for a consulting fee,that they purportedly treated the individual for alcohol abuse.

Question 45

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the more a person is deprived of the reinforcer,the greater effect it will have on the future occurrence of the desired behavior.

A) immediate reinforcement
B) contingent reinforcement
C) reinforcement size
D) reinforcement deprivation

Question 46

When punishment fails,long-term suppression of an undesirable behavior often requires:

A) continued and,perhaps,increasingly severe punishment
B) the manager's presence to suppress the behavior
C) both of these could be required
D) neither of these would be required

Question 47

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the larger the amount of reinforcer delivered after the desired behavior,the more effect the reinforcer will have on the frequency of the desired behavior.

A) immediate reinforcement
B) contingent reinforcement
C) reinforcement deprivation
D) reinforcement size

Question 48

Susan would like to stop employees from taking long lunches.She decides the best way to do so is to punish those who come back from lunch late.Which of the following is not a potential negative effect of Susan's plan?

A) undesirable emotional reactions
B) recurrence of undesirable behavior
C) aggressive,disruptive behavior
D) employee indifference toward Susan

Question 49

Escape learning is an example of:

A) omission
B) negative reinforcement
C) social learning theory
D) secondary reinforcement

Question 50

Punishment refers to a(n)____ event that is ____ contingent upon the appropriate behavior.

A) pleasant;removed
B) unpleasant;added
C) unpleasant;removed
D) pleasant;added

Question 51

At Toyota's Camry assembly plant in Georgetown,Kentucky,a(an)____ is a suggestion that results in safety,cost or quality improvements.

A) kaizen
B) interpersonal reward
C) physical reward
D) primary reward

Question 52

According to the Ethics Competency: Time off for bad behavior,Samuel Waksal,former CEO of the biotech firm ImClone,was serving time in a federal prison for ____.

A) creative accounting
B) fudging the numbers on the income statement
C) insider trading
D) corporate theft

Question 53

All of the following are steps in the extinction procedure except:

A) identifying behavior to be reinforced
B) identifying the reinforcer that maintains the behavior
C) identifying behavior to be reduced or eliminated
D) stopping the reinforcer

Question 54

____ is the removal of all reinforcing events.

A) Punishment
B) Extinction
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 55

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the reinforcer must be administered only if the desired behavior is performed.

A) reinforcement size
B) contingent reinforcement
C) immediate reinforcement
D) reinforcement deprivation

Question 56

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the reinforcer will be most effective if administered immediately after the desired behavior has occurred.

A) contingent reinforcement
B) reinforcement size
C) immediate reinforcement
D) reinforcement deprivation

Question 57

When an unpleasant event is added,the contingency of reinforcement is:

A) omission
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 58

For maximum effectiveness,all of the following is true about punishment except:

A) a punisher should be directly linked to the undesirable behavior
B) punishment should be administered immediately
C) the greater the size of the punisher,the stronger will be the effect on the undesirable behavior
D) the size of the punisher should be related to how long the employee has worked for the company

Question 59

Negative reinforcement refers to a(n)____ event that is ____ contingent upon the proper behavior.

A) unpleasant;removed
B) pleasant;removed
C) pleasant;added
D) unpleasant;added

Question 60

When an unpleasant event is removed,the contingency of reinforcement is:

A) omission
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 61

A ____ schedule of reinforcement is being applied when a desired behavior must occur a specified number of times before it is reinforced.

A) variable interval
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) fixed ratio

Question 62

A(n)____ schedule of reinforcement is applied when reinforcement is delivered each time a particular behavior occurs.

A) intermittent
B) continuous
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio

Question 63

At BMW's Assembly Line,employees are paid when the plant is idle.In return for this benefit,they are expected to work overtime if necessary when the plant is busy.Instead of overtime pay when they work overtime,____.

A) they build up an account of extra time off.
B) they are paid from their overtime accounts
C) they get bonuses
D) they get their regular pay and nothing else

Question 64

A ____ schedule of reinforcement is being applied when reinforcement is delivered only after a constant amount of time has passed,regardless of the number of desired behaviors that have occurred.

A) variable ratio
B) fixed interval
C) fixed ratio
D) continuous

Question 65

____ is the simplest schedule of reinforcement.

A) Continuous reinforcement
B) Intermittent reinforcement
C) Interval schedules
D) Ratio schedules

Question 66

A(n)____ schedule of reinforcement is applied when reinforcement is delivered after some,but not every,occurrence of a behavior.

A) staggered
B) continuous
C) variable ratio
D) intermittent

Question 67

A fixed interval schedule to administer rewards tends to produce ____ behavior?

A) high energy
B) consistent
C) uneven
D) fixed

Question 68

____ is more effective than punishment over the long run.

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Escape learning
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Avoidance learning

Question 69

For a ____ to cause an employee to repeat a desired behavior,it must have value to that employee.

A) social learning application
B) positive reinforcer
C) progressive discipliner
D) negative reinforcer

Question 70

The recommended guidelines for using contingencies of reinforcement in the work setting include all of the following except:

A) do not punish employees in front of others
B) let employees know what they are doing wrong
C) reward all employees the same
D) make the response equal to the behavior by not cheating workers out of their just
Rewards

Question 71

Reinforcement is always delivered according to a:

A) chart
B) kaizen
C) plan
D) schedule

Question 72

When trying to maintain high levels of volunteerism among the staff for meetings with a difficult but important client,a manager would probably be most successful if she financially rewards this behavior on a ____ schedule.

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable interval
D) continuous

Question 73

Dropping coins in a soft-drink vending machine and receiving a drink is a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

A) intermittent
B) fixed interval
C) continuous
D) variable ratio

Question 74

Toy painters on Mattel's assembly line in China are paid by the hour,regardless of the number of toys they have painted.These workers are being reinforced according to a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

A) continuous interval
B) variable interval
C) fixed ratio
D) fixed interval

Question 75

____ is the most common form of punishment in organizations.

A) Public humiliation
B) Written reprimand
C) Oral reprimand
D) Docking of pay

Question 76

The ____ reinforcement schedule leads to average and irregular performance.

A) variable interval
B) fixed interval
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio

Question 77

In ____ schedule of reinforcement,the amount of time between reinforcements varies.

A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval

Question 78

Oral reprimands are appropriate to correct:

A) general behavior
B) specific behaviors
C) bad attitudes
D) threats to self-image

Question 79

At BMW's Assembly Line,to motivate employees to come up with ideas to cut costs and boost output,the organization:

A) started a bonus system that was paid to employees who submitted ideas
B) started an employee of the month distinction
C) made all suggestions public along with the employee names
D) gave employees who did not participate hard tasks

Question 80

An assembly line manager changes the times she observes behavior to determine rewards for workers.One day,she observed employees between 10 and 11 a.m. ,and the next day she stopped by to watch the last 15 minutes of the shift.The manager is using what kind of reinforcement schedule?

A) variable ratio
B) fixed ratio
C) variable interval
D) fixed interval