Deck 3: Understanding Individual Differences: Part B

Question 1

Which of the following is not a generally accepted statement about personality?

A) No single definition of personality is accepted universally.
B) Personality theory is a specific theory of behavior.
C) Personality is a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine commonalities and differences in behavior.
D) Personality represents personal characteristics that lead to consistent patterns of behavior.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements related to the cultural value of individualism is false?

A) The social framework tends to be tight,with in-groups distinguished from out-groups.
B) Personal achievement,pleasure,and competition are all highly valued.
C) Everybody is believed to have the right to privacy and personal freedom of expression.
D) Individuals look after themselves and their immediate families.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following are environmental sources of personality differences except:

A) family
B) friends
C) life experiences
D) genetics

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All of the following are considered to be among the major categories of sources of personality differences except:

A) gender
B) heredity
C) culture
D) environment

Question 5

In Learning from Experience: Steve Jobs,CEO,Apple,which of the following is not true:

A) Jobs was thrown out of Apple in 1985
B) Jobs founded Apple in 1976
C) Jobs instituted numerous philanthropic programs
D) Jobs has been called the most successful CEO today

Question 6

Which of the following statements about culture as a source of personality differences is false?

A) There is no evidence to indicate that culture plays a significant role in personality development.
B) Culture helps determine broad patterns of behavioral similarity among people.
C) Most cultures are not homogeneous.
D) One of the most serious errors that managers can make is to assume that their subordinates are just like themselves in terms of societal values,personality,or any other individual difference.

Question 7

Definitions of personality describe:

A) how healthy a person is
B) what sets people apart
C) how likely someone is to be popular
D) all of these

Question 8

Which of the following statements relating to the cultural value of collectivism is true?

A) It implies a loosely integrated society.
B) Personal achievement,pleasure,and competition are all highly valued.
C) There is a tendency for people to emphasize their belonging to groups and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty.
D) Everybody is believed to have the right to privacy and personal freedom of expression.

Question 9

Some studies of twins suggest that as much as ____ of personality traits may be inherited.

A) 10-15%
B) 20-25%
C) 90-95%
D) 50-55%

Question 10

Recent research has shown that for many personality characteristics,identical twins who are raised in different families are more similar to each other than are twins who are raised in the same family.This evidence would seem to support which of the following statements?

A) Genetics may play a larger role in the development of personality than once thought.
B) The environment and culture dictate the development of personality.
C) Both the nature and nurture sides are equally supported by this evidence.
D) Heredity may play a smaller role than many experts had believed.

Question 11

The term ____ represents the overall profile or combination of stable characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person.

A) Big Five
B) personality
C) likibility
D) individual differences

Question 12

In Learning from Experience: Steve Jobs,CEO,Apple. ,Jobs's personal trademark is:

A) outlandish publicity stunts
B) philanthropy
C) making his own rules
D) focusing on the employee relations

Question 13

Personality theory is a general theory of:

A) individual differences
B) feelings
C) individuality
D) behavior

Question 14

Which of the following is not a generally accepted statement about personality:

A) Personality theory is a general theory of behavior.
B) Personality represents personal characteristics that lead to consistent patterns of behavior.
C) Personality combines a set of physical and mental characters that reflect how a person looks,thinks,acts,and feels.
D) The definition of personality is accepted universally.

Question 15

Aspects of the environment that influence personality formation include all of the following except:

A) group membership
B) family
C) gender
D) culture

Question 16

Which of the following statements is not true concerning personality?

A) Personality attributes are influenced by environment.
B) Personality attributes are influenced by heredity.
C) Personality is primarily determined by gender.
D) All of these represent the current thinking.

Question 17

Aspects of the environment that influence personality formation include all of the following except:

A) culture
B) family
C) heredity
D) life experiences

Question 18

Which of the following statements relating to the cultural value of individualism is true?

A) It implies a tightly integrated society.
B) Harmony and face-saving are highly valued.
C) The culture emphasizes individual initiative,decision-making,and achievement.
D) Individuals believe they share a common fate with others.

Question 19

Many personality theorists would argue that ____ sets limits on the range of development of characteristics and that within this range environmental forces determine characteristics.

A) group membership
B) culture
C) gender
D) heredity

Question 20

With regard to personality development,the greatest changes tend to occur:

A) in early to mid-adulthood
B) during the teenage years
C) in early childhood
D) after the age of 50

Question 21

____ is the extent to which a society reinforces,or does not reinforce,traditional notions of masculinity versus femininity.

A) Gender role orientation
B) Uncertainly avoidance
C) Tolerance
D) Power distance

Question 22

Which of the following statements related to the cultural value of high power distance is not true?

A) employees avoid disagreements with managers
B) employees behave submissively to managers
C) employees are expected to bypass a manager in order to get work done
D) employees follow the instructions of managers without question

Question 23

The degree to which the society embraces,or does not embrace,the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards is known as:

A) power distance
B) long-term orientation
C) uncertainly avoidance
D) gender role orientation

Question 24

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of individualism.

A) United States
B) Japan
C) China
D) Indonesia

Question 25

____ is an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of short-term orientation.

A) Czech Republic
B) Japan
C) India
D) China

Question 26

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of low power distance.

A) Argentina
B) Sweden
C) Malaysia
D) The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Question 27

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of high power distance.

A) United States
B) Argentina
C) Finland
D) Norway

Question 28

In terms of the effects of group membership on personality development,which of the following groups probably has the strongest influence on an individual's personality development?

A) family
B) sports teams
C) childhood playmates and school groups
D) adult work and social groups

Question 29

____ is an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of masculinity.

A) Costa Rica
B) Finland
C) Italy
D) Portugal

Question 30

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of low uncertainty avoidance.

A) Japan
B) United States
C) Germany
D) Sweden

Question 31

____ is an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of femininity.

A) Denmark
B) Austria
C) Italy
D) Mexico

Question 32

____ is an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of long-term orientation.

A) United States
B) China
C) United Kingdom
D) Pakistan

Question 33

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of individualism.

A) China
B) Indonesia
C) Australia
D) Venezuela

Question 34

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of individualism.

A) Indonesia
B) Venezuela
C) China
D) none of these are characterized by individualism

Question 35

Members of a family that influence children's development are:

A) parents
B) siblings
C) grandparents
D) all of these

Question 36

The extent to which people in a society accept status and power inequalities as a normal and functional aspect of life is known as:

A) gender role orientation
B) uncertainly avoidance
C) short-term orientation
D) power distance

Question 37

Which of the following statements related to the cultural value of collectivism is false?

A) It implies a tightly integrated society.
B) Harmony and face-saving are highly valued.
C) The culture emphasizes individual initiative,decision-making,and achievement.
D) It involves emotional dependence of the individual on groups,organizations,and institutions.

Question 38

Which of the following statements related to the cultural value of high uncertainty avoidance is not true?

A) individuals seek orderliness and consistency
B) there is a clear specification of social expectations
C) job mobility is accepted
D) there are many rules and norms

Question 39

The extent to which people rely on social norms,procedures,and organizations (including government)to avoid ambiguity,unpredictability,and risk,is known as

A) tolerance
B) long-term role orientation
C) uncertainly avoidance
D) collectivism strategy

Question 40

____ is considered an example of a country characterized by the cultural value of collectivism.

A) China
B) Australia
C) New Zealand
D) United States

Question 41

The structure of people's personalities is most appropriately described using:

A) personality preferences
B) personality dimensions
C) personality differences
D) personality factors

Question 42

The term "personality ____" refers to the basic components of personality.

A) dimension
B) factor
C) trait
D) difference

Question 43

Which of the following is one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) emotional stability
B) assertiveness
C) individuality
D) intellectual agreeableness

Question 44

Which of the following is one of the "Big Five" personality factors that can summarize an individual's personality?

A) sensitivity
B) agreeableness
C) attitude
D) integrity

Question 45

Research has shown that,for all people,individual personality structure can be summarized using ____ major factors:

A) two
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 46

Which of the following statements related to the cultural value of strong short-term orientation is not true?

A) main work values are freedom,individual rights,achievement,and thinking for oneself
B) willingness to subordinate oneself for a purpose
C) managers and workers view themselves as highly distinct groups
D) focus is on the bottom line with an emphasis on the importance of this year's profits

Question 47

In the Self Competency,David Neeleman of JetBlue,the CEO can be seen frequently on flights between New York and Florida:

A) sitting in First Class
B) flying the plane
C) appraising the flight crew for performance
D) serving drinks and snacks

Question 48

Lauren believes that people are basically honest,decent,and trustworthy.It is likely that Lauren is high on:

A) self esteem
B) extraversion
C) agreeableness
D) openness

Question 49

In terms of the effects of group membership on personality development,which of the following groups probably has the strongest influence on an individual's personality development?

A) teenaged peer groups
B) adult work and social groups
C) childhood playmates and school groups
D) sports teams

Question 50

In the Self Competency,David Neeleman of JetBlue,the CEO's personality was heavily influenced by:

A) his heredity
B) his formal education
C) his birth order
D) his experiences with poor people

Question 51

All of the following is true about a person who is high on emotional stability except:

A) they are relaxed
B) they handle crises well
C) they are secure in their interpersonal dealings with others
D) they are excitable

Question 52

In organizational behavior,the term ____ is used to refer to personal attributes that vary in many ways from one person to another.

A) variance
B) individual variability
C) individual differences
D) differentiation

Question 53

Which of the following is one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) locus of control
B) assertiveness
C) conscientiousness
D) responsibility

Question 54

Sarah is developing a personality test to be used for research purposes in her organization.She hopes to use the instrument to identify individuals who would be successful as customer service representatives,acting to resolve conflict between dissatisfied customers and other departments in the company.Sarah should probably include traits in the test that measure the personality factor of:

A) agreeableness
B) likeability
C) intellectual openness
D) locus of control

Question 55

Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) intellectual agreeableness
B) sociability
C) emotional stability
D) conscientiousness

Question 56

All of the following family situations are important sources of personality differences,except:

A) birth weight
B) religion
C) birth order within the family
D) family's size

Question 57

____ is the degree to which a person is calm,secure,and free from persistent negative feelings.

A) emotional stability
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) happiness

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) conscientiousness
B) openness
C) sociability
D) attitude

Question 59

The development of self-esteem depends on a series of experiences that include the opportunity to achieve goals,meet expectations,and develop a clear sense of being valued by others.This would be an example of ____ as an influence on personality.

A) family
B) subculture
C) life experiences
D) culture

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) emotional stability
B) responsibility
C) agreeableness
D) sociability

Question 61

A parent who hoped that his or her child would grow up to work successfully in a high status occupation such as physician or college professor should try to ensure that the child's personality development results in:

A) high self-esteem
B) agreeableness
C) introversion
D) extroversion

Question 62

Locus of control typically is considered to be part of the ____ factor of personality.

A) self esteem
B) sociability
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness

Question 63

Aislyn tends to be low key,quiet and deliberate.It is likely that Aislyn is low on:

A) agreeableness
B) self esteem
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 64

Sharlene is developing a personality test to be used for research purposes in her organization.She hopes to use the instrument to identify individuals who would perform well as security guards.Sharlene should probably include traits in the test that measure the personality factor of:

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) intellectual openness
D) sociability

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true with regard to individuals with low self-esteem?

A) They may be more attracted to high status occupations.
B) They are more susceptible to adverse job conditions (such as stress or conflict).
C) They are more likely to choose unconventional or nontraditional jobs.
D) They are more likely to accept a job before graduation.

Question 66

The link between personality and specific behaviors often is most clear when focus is on:

A) a single factor
B) multiple factors
C) a single trait
D) heredity

Question 67

Jordan enjoys being with people,is full of positive energy and often experiences positive emotions.It is likely that Jordan is high on:

A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) extraversion
D) openness

Question 68

Self-esteem would most likely be considered part of the ____ factor of personality.

A) agreeableness
B) sociability
C) conscientiousness
D) emotional stability

Question 69

Neal is developing a personality test to be used for research purposes in his organization.He hopes to use the instrument to identify individuals who would be comfortable and easily adapt to the ambiguities and rapid changes in policies and procedures that will be required to respond to the dynamics of a competitive marketplace in his Internet startup company.Neal should probably include traits in the test that measure the personality factor of:

A) intellectual openness
B) adjustment
C) sociability
D) agreeableness

Question 70

Which of the following is a characteristic of each of the Big Five personality factors?

A) represents a collection of exclusive,unrelated traits
B) represents a continuum
C) both of these are characteristics of each of the Big Five personality factors
D) neither of these are characteristics of each of the Big Five personality factors

Question 71

Dr.Xu is developing a personality profile to be used as one of several screening devices in the hiring of research scientists for Texas Instruments.In order to maximize the probability of measuring personality dimensions that would be related to appropriate differences in the job performance of research scientists (which primarily involves unconventional insights and creative problem solving),Dr.Xu should probably include traits on the test that measure the personality factor of:

A) intellectual openness
B) sociability
C) adjustment
D) agreeableness

Question 72

Jonah is short tempered,uncooperative,and irritable.It is likely that Jonah is low on:

A) openness
B) helpfulness
C) conscientiousness
D) agreeableness

Question 73

The traits of curiosity,originality,dullness,and literal-mindedness are related to the ____ factor of personality.

A) adjustment
B) conscientiousness
C) intellectual openness
D) agreeableness

Question 74

Carl is comfortable talking with others and speaking up in a group.It is likely that Carl is high on:

A) agreeableness
B) openness
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 75

Research on the relationship between the Big Five personality factors and job performance has demonstrated that employees who are responsible,dependable,persistent,and achievement-oriented perform better than those who lack these traits.This seems to imply that assessing the ____ factor may be desirable as a selection tool for many employers to use in determining which job applicants to hire.

A) extravertedness
B) agreeableness
C) intellectual openness
D) conscientiousness

Question 76

The trait ____ refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events affecting them.

A) of hope
B) authoritarianism
C) self-esteem
D) locus of control

Question 77

Andrew is developing a personality test to be used for research purposes in his organization.He hopes to use the instrument to identify individuals who would be open to new ideas and be able to come up with creative solutions to problems.Andrew should probably include traits in the test that measure the personality factor of:

A) introversion-extroversion
B) sociability
C) extraversion
D) intellectual openness

Question 78

Which of the following statements about self-esteem and work behavior is false?

A) Self-esteem is unrelated to the influence of worker's opinions on each other.
B) Self-esteem is related to initial vocational choice.
C) Self-esteem is positively related to achievement and a willingness to expend effort to accomplish tasks.
D) Employees with low self-esteem are more susceptible than employees with high self-esteem to adverse job conditions such as stress or conflict.

Question 79

The trait ____ refers to individuals who believe that chance,fate,or other people primarily determine what happens to them in life.

A) of hope
B) internal locus of control
C) of self-esteem
D) external locus of control

Question 80

The trait ____ refers to the extent to which individuals believe that their own actions primarily,but not necessarily totally,determine many of the events in their lives.

A) internal locus of control
B) self-esteem
C) of hope
D) external locus of control