Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

Which of the following concepts refers to the idea that our self-concept depends largely on how we see ourselves judged by others?

A) the I
B) the superego
C) the significant other
D) the looking-glass self

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to George Herbert Mead, from whom do we receive the first images of the self?

A) social institutions
B) peer interactions
C) significant others
D) mass media

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Cooley's understanding of socialization?

A) All I need to know I learned from my family.
B) I am a good person. You can ask anybody.
C) Approval of others makes me happy.
D) Nobody knows the real me.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Although she is very thin, Heidi is convinced that everyone around her believes she is overweight. She begins to eat very little and, when she does eat, she makes herself vomit in order to keep her weight down. Which of the following concepts best describes Heidi's behaviour?

A) the ego control of the id
B) the looking-glass self
C) taking the role of other
D) faulty development at the abstract moral stage

Question 5

What developmental deficit has research of initially neglected Romanian orphans shown even years after adoption?

A) inferior height and weight
B) emotional and intellectual underdevelopment
C) weak hand-eye coordination
D) insufficient aggression

Question 6

Which of the following refers to the behaviour expected of a person occupying a particular position in society?

A) an ego
B) a sense of identity
C) a sense of self
D) a role

Question 7

Based on the research described in the textbook, which of the following is typical of children reared in isolation?

A) They have difficulties forming intimate social relationships.
B) They have a strong sense of self.
C) They are unable to progress beyond the concrete operational stage of thinking.
D) They lack what Freud called "id" impulses.

Question 8

Three-year-old David's parents teach him how to share his toys with his two-year-old cousin Sam. According to George Herbert Mead, what is being created in this situation?

A) id
B) "I"
C) "me"
D) "you"

Question 9

When does the process of socialization begin?

A) soon after birth
B) at one year of age
C) at six years of age
D) at twelve years of age

Question 10

What do sociologists call the process by which people learn their culture and become aware of themselves as they interact with each other?

A) socialization
B) networking
C) secondary socialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 11

What is the main sociological contribution of Sigmund Freud's theory?

A) that the self emerges during early social interaction
B) that the self provides instant gratification
C) that the self is beyond the pleasure principle
D) that the self is formed in a haphazard manner

Question 12

Which of the following ideas about socialization best explains why teachers' negative evaluation of students may cause the students to do poorly in school?

A) the generalized self
B) the looking-glass self
C) the id
D) the I

Question 13

A young child is repeatedly given negative messages about clumsiness and stupidity, and the parents even express regret that the child was born. As a result, the child develops a negative self-concept corresponding to these parental messages. What sociological concept best captures this process?

A) secondary socialization
B) the looking-glass self
C) assuming social statuses
D) asocial roles

Question 14

Until when does the process of socialization, which begins at birth, continue?

A) 12 years of age
B) 21 years of age
C) death
D) a stable personality is formed

Question 15

As illustrated by the "savage of Aveyron" in the textbook, what occurs without childhood socialization?

A) Adults have intense but inappropriate personal relationships.
B) Most of our human potential remains unactualized.
C) Humans become overly violent.
D) Children grow up and become dependent upon external authorities for leadership.

Question 16

According to Charles Horton Cooley, what is meant by the "looking-glass self" in our interaction with others?

A) The superego is taken over by the generalized other.
B) The I is forced to confront the me.
C) We pay attention to the way others evaluate us.
D) Our thinking becomes fixed in the concrete operational stage.

Question 17

According to Mead, which component of the self is the last to develop?

A) the ego
B) the other
C) the I
D) the me

Question 18

According to George Herbert Mead, how do children first learn to use language and other symbols?

A) They develop the ability to repress the trauma associated with birth.
B) They imitate important people in their lives.
C) They pretend to be other people.
D) They learn the important symbols at school.

Question 19

According to Freudian theory, which of the following BEST characterizes personal conscience?

A) evolutionary advantage
B) innate human nature
C) cost-benefit analysis
D) depository of cultural standards

Question 20

According to Freudian theory, which of the following mechanisms must an infant develop in order to acquire a sense of self?

A) self-control
B) self-actualization
C) immediate gratification
D) immediate satisfaction

Question 21

According to the textbook, what BEST explains different ways of thinking developed in ancient China and Greece?

A) innate psychology
B) social structure
C) evolutionary differences
D) common human nature

Question 22

In many societies, young people are more likely to initiate and support social change than the older ones. How can this difference best be explained?

A) as a generational difference
B) as a difference between age cohorts
C) as a failure of socialization
D) as a failure of rites of passage

Question 23

Arne is a computer programmer, looking for a new position that would enable him to spend more time with his children and travel. Which of the following generations is he most likely to belong to?

A) the greatest generation
B) the silent generation
C) baby boomers
D) Generation X

Question 24

Which of the following is the best example of a rite of passage?

A) a parent-teacher conference
B) a birthday party
C) a wedding
D) Canada day

Question 25

Nasser went to the mall on his lunch hour and on an impulse decided to buy a pair of the latest Nike running shoes. After work, he went back and returned the shoes because they were very expensive and he already had four pairs in his closet. What part of his self made the decision to buy the shoes in the first place?

A) ego
B) me
C) I
D) subconscious ego

Question 26

According to George Herbert Mead, what is the source of people's awareness of themselves as social beings?

A) introspection
B) direct experience
C) childhood conflicts involving significant others
D) imagining themselves from the perspective of others

Question 27

Jasinder is a nine-year-old girl who is already highly skilled at soccer and sought after as a teammate. According to Mead, what is her success dependent upon?

A) evoking memories
B) taking the role of the self
C) repressing the significant other
D) simultaneously taking the role of several others

Question 28

In Mead's theory, which concepts refer to cultural standards acquired through socialization?

A) a significant other
B) the generalized other
C) the "I"
D) the "me"

Question 29

Arjun is a devoted environmentalist, concerned about his carbon footprint and volunteering for Greenpeace. He is confident that grassroots action can stop climate change. Which generation is he most likely to belong to?

A) Generation X
B) the Millennials
C) baby boomers
D) the greatest generation

Question 30

Which of the following forms can feedback from any environment take?

A) constraint or sanction
B) constraint or cooperation
C) cooperation or resistance
D) resistance or sanction

Question 31

Which of the following is the most important consequence of common experiences of a generation?

A) diverse identities
B) common identity
C) diverse rites of passage
D) common rites of passage

Question 32

The goal of adaption is to gain which of the following from the environment?

A) compliance
B) cooperation
C) coercion
D) consideration

Question 33

A young mother is raising a 4-year-old boy and a 3-year-old girl. She makes a point of dressing her children in distinctly masculine or feminine clothes and encourages her son to play with trucks and race cars and her daughter to play with dolls. Which of the following best describes what this mother is doing?

A) secondary socialization
B) gender stereotyping
C) gender role socialization
D) cultural cultivation

Question 34

Which of the following does NOT vary historically and across societies?

A) the marking of life stages by rites of passage
B) the importance of particular life stages
C) the length of particular life stages
D) the length of general life stages

Question 35

Mirella and David are sociology students. Next week, Mirella will attend her brother's bar mitzvah and David his sister's "sweet sixteen" party. Which sociological concept could they learn about during these events?

A) a religious ceremony
B) a secular ceremony
C) an initiation rite
D) a rite of passage

Question 36

A child is getting her first ice-skating lesson. She steps on the ice and immediately falls. What has the environment just provided her?

A) feedback
B) control
C) adaptation
D) socialization

Question 37

When a child pretends to be his father in a make-believe game of "house," who is the child pretending to be?

A) a significant other
B) a generalized other
C) an authority figure
D) a developing "you"

Question 38

According to the textbook, which of the following best characterizes parents who encourage their children by telling them that they can do whatever they set their minds to?

A) They are right to a degree, but should also consider societal influences on success.
B) They are right concerning today's society, but would have been wrong in the past.
C) They are completely right.
D) They are completely wrong.

Question 39

What differentiates generations from age cohorts?

A) formative experiences
B) formative values
C) formative roles
D) formative behaviours

Question 40

Members of which of the following Canadian generations are most likely to be patriotic?

A) the silent generation
B) baby boomers
C) Generation X
D) Generation Next

Question 41

Which theory has proposed the concept of the hidden curriculum?

A) functionalism
B) role theory
C) conflict theory
D) psychoanalysis

Question 42

After spending his childhood in a war-torn region of Africa, Jorge is walking down the street in a small British Columbia town when a car drives by and backfires. Jorge immediately throws himself on the ground and covers his head. Which sociological concept best explains Jorge's actions?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the generalized other
C) the Thomas theorem
D) the hidden curriculum

Question 43

Rosenthal and Jacobson found that when teachers treated students as if they were special, they became high achievers. What is this process known as?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) social class bias
C) reverse discrimination
D) abuse of authority

Question 44

According to research cited in the textbook, in which of the following areas of their children's later lives do parents play a key role?

A) secondary socialization
B) choice of a marriage partner
C) the hidden curriculum
D) religious identification

Question 45

Which of the following correctly defines the Thomas theorem?

A) Social interaction is the result of our personal interests.
B) Phenomenology provides us with the best framework for understanding human behaviour.
C) Perceptions of reality are altered during the educational process.
D) Situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences.

Question 46

What do sociologists call socialization that occurs outside the family after childhood?

A) resocialization
B) secondary socialization
C) ancillary socialization
D) master socialization

Question 47

Students may believe that they are evaluated solely on the basis of impersonal test scores. However, the textbook suggests that other criteria also influence success or failure in school and in the work world. What are these other criteria?

A) flattering teachers and bosses
B) class, gender, and race
C) physical strength
D) the definition of the situation

Question 48

Gaitri and Rowan do not normally attend religious ceremonies, but have decided to have one for their wedding. Who is most likely to influence their decision about the religious organization in which to hold the wedding?

A) their parents
B) their friends
C) their neighbours
D) their peers

Question 49

In school, students are taught not only how to prepare for the job market but also how to be punctual, to cooperate with others, to defer to authorities, and so on. Which of the following refers to the latter area of teaching?

A) the process of socialization
B) citizenship and self-governance
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the hidden curriculum

Question 50

The hidden curriculum is inconsistent with the values to which many students from poor and racial-minority families are exposed at home. What is a common outcome of this situation for these students?

A) They are skeptical of the ability of school to open job opportunities or other paths of achievement for them.
B) They are hostile toward other poor groups, whom they view as competitors for scarce resources.
C) They do very well in non-academic courses that stream them into class-appropriate job opportunities.
D) They work harder than other students to overcome the disadvantages they have.

Question 51

Sometimes an expectation leads people to create the very situation that they predicted. What is this phenomenon known as?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) second vision
C) the Thomas theorem
D) hidden curriculum

Question 52

How can the great variation in character types, as an outcome of socialization, be explained?

A) by variation in the level of human potential
B) by variation in the level of social integration
C) by variation in types of socializing agents
D) by variation in social environment

Question 53

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Thomas theorem?

A) Parents and teachers cooperate closely.
B) Extracurricular activities are essential for students' success.
C) Teachers' expectations influence students' success.
D) The educational system is strictly merit-based.

Question 54

If people believe that a bank is going to fail, this can cause them to pull their money out of the bank. This, in turn, may lead to the bank's failure. What does this situation illustrate?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) status conflict
C) role conflict
D) economic crisis

Question 55

What is the most important agent of primary socialization?

A) family
B) peers
C) education system
D) mass media

Question 56

What does the hidden curriculum refer to?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) becoming an appropriately socialized citizen
C) repressed learning experiences
D) the teaching of radical politics

Question 57

According to the textbook, which of the following changes in primary socialization has occurred over the last century?

A) The socializing influence of education has increased.
B) The socializing influence of peers has decreased.
C) Children now see less of their fathers.
D) Children are less influenced by the mass media.

Question 58

Which type of theorist would view the primary goal of education as socializing students to be effective members of the workforce?

A) a functionalist
B) a conflict theorist
C) a symbolic interactionist
D) a feminist

Question 59

What part of the educational system teaches students how to be "good citizens" once they graduate?

A) career counselling
B) the hidden curriculum
C) streaming and tracking
D) the open curriculum

Question 60

Darlene has generally had good grades in university, until she enrolls in Professor Jameson's course. After studying for days and then failing the midterm test she gets discouraged and decides against studying for the final exam, believing that it will not make any difference in her grade. Consequently, she fails the final exam. Which sociological concept best explains Darlene's situation?

A) the deduction theorem
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the hidden curriculum
D) gender discrimination

Question 61

What is the dominant socializing agent from middle childhood through adolescence?

A) the family
B) a school
C) a peer group
D) the mass media

Question 62

Six-year-old Tiffany's parents buy her an Easy Bake oven, a Barbie doll, and some princess dress-up clothes for her birthday. What are they engaging in?

A) feminization
B) female bonding
C) gender socialization
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 63

Sociological research shows that families have more influence on many important areas of life than do peer groups. Which of the following is one such area?

A) clothing choices
B) music preference
C) educational aspirations
D) entertainment preferences

Question 64

Which of the following is an important characteristic of a peer group?

A) similar ideology
B) similar behaviour
C) similar role-sets
D) similar status

Question 65

According to Turkle, which of the following is an outcome of our continuous connectivity?

A) connectivity costs are coming down
B) individuals are losing the capacity to be compassionate
C) social interaction is becoming more significant
D) the promotion of a culture of conversation

Question 66

The conflict between adolescents and parents may be intense. Which of the following is also its usual characteristic?

A) It is permanent.
B) It is long lasting.
C) It is temporary.
D) It is less intense than the media portray.

Question 67

Which of the following refers to widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act?

A) media roles
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) ideal roles

Question 68

According to the textbook, which of the following is the most important behavioural change influenced by the Internet?

A) social isolation
B) time wasting
C) multi-tasking
D) erosion of authority

Question 69

What percentage of Canadians between the ages of 15 and 25 report having been a victim of cyber-bullying in the past five years?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 70

Sometimes situations we define as real become real in their consequences. What does this phenomenon illustrate?

A) the hidden curriculum
B) the secondary socialization
C) the generalized other
D) the Thomas theorem

Question 71

Which of the following comprise your peer group?

A) family members
B) students at your school
C) senior employees who mentor you at work
D) professors at your university

Question 72

Five-year-old Mitch's parents buy him a Hot Wheels car set for Christmas, along with some Thomas the Train books and a Cars DVD. What are they engaging in?

A) gender socialization
B) bonding behaviour
C) male status engagement
D) secondary socialization

Question 73

As soon as Jocelyn got into secondary school, she changed her style of dress and the music she enjoyed, and took up new activities. Which agent of socialization was most likely responsible for these changes?

A) her family
B) her school
C) her peer group
D) the mass media

Question 74

Which of the following groups would be most likely to regularly access social networking sites?

A) Generation X
B) boomers
C) the silent generation
D) Millennials

Question 75

Which of the following best characterizes cyber-bullying?

A) It is harmless.
B) It is harmful.
C) It is common among the elderly, but not the young.
D) It is common among women, but not men.

Question 76

In which of the following areas do peer groups often have greater influence than parents over children?

A) religious identity
B) lifestyle
C) class identity
D) educational achievement

Question 77

In preindustrial societies, why were children expected to grow up quickly?

A) It was believed this would protect them from abuse.
B) In traditional societies, people were quicker at developing a mature sense of self.
C) It was due to the religious teachings of the time.
D) It was a social necessity.

Question 78

The gender roles that most strongly influence people are those that are the most widespread. Which of the following statements helps explain their pervasiveness?

A) These roles are the easiest for youth to accept.
B) These roles are supported most widely throughout virtual communities.
C) These roles allow for the most flexibility of gender expressions.
D) These roles are most closely aligned with existing cultural standards.

Question 79

Research has shown that teachers can influence the outcome of tests by telling randomly assigned students that they are going to do well on those tests. What does this example illustrate?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) status conflict
C) role conflict
D) hidden curriculum

Question 80

How is schoolyard bullying different from cyber-bullying?

A) It makes it easy for victims to retaliate.
B) It has disappeared from Canadian schools.
C) It is limited to a small audience.
D) It is harmless.